국제통상 관점에서 탄소국경조정제도(CBAM) 평가

정인교(Inkyo Cheong),유정호(Jeong-Ho Yoo),임병호(Byeong-Ho Lim),박슬기(Seul-Ki Park) 한국무역학회 2021 貿易學會誌 Vol.46 No.6

인도의 지역무역협정 정책 평가와 정책시사점

정인교(Inkyo Cheong) 인하대학교 산업경제연구소 2010 경상논집 Vol.24 No.1

Traditionally, India has concluded regional trade agreements(RTAs) with poor market access, which are focusing trade liberalization for goods. For long time, its RTA partners were limited to Southeast Asia, including Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, etc. Recently, they concluded RTAs with Thailand, Singapore and Korea, based on 'Look East Asia' policy. Still these RTAs adopted shallow market access, which might not be utilized by companies. The trade authorities of Korea try to improve FTA utilization ratios in its current FTAs. Unless the market access of its CEPA with India is improved in near future, companies are not likely to utilize the agreement when they trade with Indian partners.

An Approach for Facilitating E-Commerce between China and Korea

Inkyo Cheong(정인교) 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 2019 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 학술대회 Vol.2019 No.10

신보호무역주의와 대응방안

정인교(Inkyo Cheong) 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 2016 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.12

[연구총서 2007-02] FTA 원산지기준의 파급영향 분석

정인교(Cheong, Inkyo),조정란(Cho, Jungran) 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 2007 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 연구총서 Vol.- No.-

한-EU FTA의 한국 경제에 대한 파급영향

정인교(Inkyo Cheong),조정란(Jungran Cho) 한국무역학회 2007 貿易學會誌 Vol.32 No.5

중국의 자유무역협정 체결과 무역네트워크 변화

정인교 ( Inkyo Cheong ),위민 ( Min Wei ),유정호 ( Jeongho Yoo ) 사단법인 아시아문화학술원 2019 인문사회 21 Vol.10 No.2

2001년 중국은 세계무역기구(WTO)에 가입함으로써 세계경제의 글로벌화 및 지역화 확산 추세에 적극 참여해 왔다. 대외통상 분야 가장 두드러진 실적은 자유무역협정(FTA) 체결이며, 중국은 2018년 7월까지 24개 국가와 16개의 FTA를 체결하였다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 중국의 FTA 체결확대가 FTA 상대국과의 무역 관계를 어떻게 변화시켰는지를 사회연결망분석(SNA)을 통해 연결정도 중심성, 인접 중심성, 매개 중심성을 고찰해 보고 한국의 통상 정책에 대한 시사점을 찾고자 한다. 동아시아 무역에서 중국의 중심적 역할이 강화되었다. 그뿐만 아니라 지난 10여 년 동안 무역 네트워크에서 아세안 국가들의 중요성이 크게 높아진 것으로 확인하였다. In 2001, China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) and actively promoted China’s integration to global market and free trade agreements (FTAs). China signed 16 FTAs with 24 countries so far. In this paper, we examine how the FTAs of China has changed the trade relationship with its Asian partners via the method of degree centrality, closeness centrality and betweenness centrality by Social Network Analysis (SNA). Based on the result, the paper will try to draw policy implications for Korea’s trade policy. According to the analysis result, the role of China in East Asian trade has been strengthened, and the importance of ASEAN countries in the trade network has greatly increased over the past decade.

우리나라 FTA 영향 실증분석 - 한ㆍ칠레 FTA를 중심으로

조정란(Cho Jungran),박영일(Park Young-Il),정인교(Cheong Inkyo) 인하대학교 산업경제연구소 2007 경상논집 Vol.21 No.1

  Korea recorded a great performance in establishing FTAs with trading partners in recent years. Although high economic effects are expected in advance based on research papers, it is not sure whether the initial estimates would be realized when the FTAs become implemented.<BR>  This paper tried to empirically assess the trade effects of Korea"s first FTA with Chile, which is the only FT A that can be tested based on the trade data of at least 3 years. Korea could increase its exports to Chile with 44% growth rate on average during last 3 years, which is higher than twice of Korea"s average export growth rate to the world, implying the high export performance of the FTA.

한·칠레 FTA 양허안에 대한 평가와 정책시사점

정인교 梨花女子大學校 法學硏究所 2003 法學論集 Vol.8 No.1

FTA 원산지기준의 파급영향 분석

정인교,조정란 정석물류통상연구원 2007 FTA 원산지기준의 파급영향 분석 Vol. No.

One of the differences between Customs Union(CU) and free trade agreement (FTA) is the authority to change tariffs on imports from non-member countries. CU member countries introduce common tariff rates against non-member countries, and they cannot change tariff rates voluntarily without prior consultation with other member countries. CU also needs ROO during the transitional period toward the implementation of common external tariffs. However, FTA member countries can set tariff rates (not higher than WTO bound rates) independently. Because tariff rates of the member countries of an FTA are different, trade deflection can occur.Trade deflection means that a good imported via a low tariff FTA member country is re-exported into a country with high tariff without paying tariffs. In order to prevent trade deflection, FTA member countries introduce specific rules, regulating that only the goods satisfying the rules be given preferential treatments in terms of tariffs. These rules are called rules of origin (ROO). Stringent ROOcan discourage exporters not to take advantage of tariff preferences provided by FTAs, undercutting the economic gains of FTAs. As different ROOs are introduced by overlapping FTAs, the spaghetti-bowl problem may be present, enforcing dampening trade effects of the ROO. Because of the experimental operating difficulties of the ROO, there is alimited numbers of researches on the stringent ROO effects on trade. Examples are Cadet, et al (2002), Carrere and de Me1o(2004), Kunimoto and Sawchuk(2005), Herm(1986) and Krueger (1995). There are 3 criteria for defining ROO in FTAs. The first criterion is Change in Tariff Classification (CTC) or "tariff line shift." CTC is widely used in regional trading agreements (RTAs), and is preferred by the World Customs Organization (WCO), which promotes the simplification and harmonization of ROO. CTC is based on the Harmonized System (HS), classifying goods at a two-digit chapter level, a four-digit heading level, a six-digit subheading level or an eight (ten)-digit level. The second rule is the requirement of Regional (local) Value Contents (RVC), implying the requirement that the product should acquire a minimum regional value in exporting country or a region of a RTA. The rule of regional value contents can be considered in various ways such as export value, import value and value of parts included in an article. However, we do not consider these separately, regarding all methods as regional value contents. The third rule is the requirement of Technical Process (TP), which requires a specific production process for an item. Each criterion has merits as well as demerits, as shown in Table 1. The CTC approach is relatively simple in requiring the comparison between the tariff line of a final product and those of intermediate materials, but it bears an intrinsic problem in that the HS system does not follow industrial classifications for many products. ROOs act like trade barriers, since they cause extra costs in production and management. Producers/exporters need to pay costs for calculating production costs and producing bookkeeping related documents. Regarding empirical research on administrative costs in a FTA and costs of preparing documents for preferential treatment, refer to Koskinen (1983) and Herin (1986), respectively. Also, extra costs will be incurred in complying with technical and specific process and regional value contents as specified in the ROO protocol, and these costs will be added to the prices of export goods. Several empirical researches on the costs of stringent ROO under NAFTA show substantial costs to intra-regional traders and producers. For example, Cadot et al (2002) found that theutilization rate of NAFTA preferences is as low as 64% due to stringent ROO in part. Regarding more information on the costs of ROO, refer to Estevadeordal (2003, pp.8-9). East Asian countries have short history about FTAs, and politically strong agriculture sector, which interrupt discussion on the conclusion of FTAs in various ways. Governments in the region are not quite active in moving toward the bandwagon of global trend of economic integration, although getting involved with the negotiation of FTAs. therefore, these countries tend to introduce restrictive ROO. Korea is promoting a FTA with US, and it is known that both parties are supportive of restrictive ROO in the bilateral FTA. The FTAs by Korea with Chile, Singapore, and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) have similar ROOs, which are based on the NAFTA ROO. Therefore, it is highly possible that the two countries agree on a NAFTA ROO, which is one of most stringent ROO in FTAs. It is recommended that Korea and US should introduce a neutral and loose type of ROO in their FTA for the higher economic gains.