제주재래마의 혈청 , 혈구단백질 및 효소의 생화학적 유전형질에 관한 연구 2 . 혈구단백질 및 혈청효소의 유전적 다형현상

정의용(E . Y . Chung),한상기(S . K . Han),신유철(Y . C . Shin),양교석(K . S . Yang) 한국축산학회 1990 한국축산학회지 Vol.32 No.10

Genetic polymorphisms of hemoglobin protein, serum esterase. amylase, ceruloplasmin enzymes were analyzed by the method of starch gel electrophoresis in 116 Che Ju native horses, and phenotvpes and gene frequencies for loci controlling these biochemical traits were determined. The results obtained from the present study were summaritzed as follows; 1. In the hemoglobin(Hb) locus, three different phenotypes AA, Aa and as were founded, presumed to be controlled by two codominant alleles, Hb^A and Hb^a at a single autosomal locus. The distributions of phenotypes were AA type 87.93%, Aa type 11.21% and as type 0.86% It was observed that the frequency of Hb^A allele(0.935) was remarkably higher than that of HP allele(0.065). 2. Considering esterase(Es) isozyme locus, four phenotypes FF or F0, II or IO, FI and OO were demonstrated, and these isozyme could be explained by the action of three autosomal alleles, two codominant alleles, Es^F and Es^I and one recessive allele, Es^O lacking a detectable gene product. The phenotype distribution was 23.28% for FF or FO, 34.48% for II or IO. 38.79% for FI and null phenotype OO was lower than 5%. At the gene frequencies for locus controlling Es molecular form, the Es^I with a frequency of 0.470was the most common allele. Secondly. the Es^F allele frequency was 0.374 and the silent Es^O allele frequency was 0.156 and the Fs^S allele was not recognized. 3. The amylase(Am) and ceruloplasmin(Cp ) loci were observed to lack any individual variation. Therfore, these loci were defined to be monomorphic.

육우의 유전적 표식로서 생화학적 유전형질의 다형현상에 관한 연구 2 . 품종간 유전적 변이성 및 유연관계 (類緣關係)

정의용(E . R . Chung),정호영(H . Y . Chung),김지은(J . E . Kim),전기준(K . J . Chun),류충현(C . H . Yu),한상기(S . K . Han),신유철(Y . C . Shin) 한국축산학회 1993 한국축산학회지 Vol.35 No.1

By using gene frequency data on the six biochemical polymorphic loci(Hb, Al, Tf, Am, CA and Cp) of blood protein and enzymes of three imported beef cattle breeds(Angus, Hereford and Charolais) raised in Korea, the genetic variability within breeds was quantified by the expected average heterozygosity, effective number of alleles and gene homogeneity index. The phylogenetic relationships among three breeds were estimated by the genetic distance. In addition, the efficacy of the genetic marker in solving problems of questionable parentage and in identifying individuals was investigated. From comparision of genetic variability between breeds, it was observed that Charolais showed somewhat higher than the other two breeds. The genetic variability of Angus was similar to that of Hereford. In comparision of genetic identity and standard genetic distance among three breeds, the most close relationship was observed between Angus and Hereford and the lowest genetic similarity was recognized between Angus and Charolais. The combined probability of excluding wrong parentage by the six blood marker loci in the three breeds was estimated to be 61-68%. The probability of distinguishing individuals over all the 6 loci was estimated to be 97.6-98.4%. Accordingly, it was proved that parentage control could be carried out practically by using the six polymorphic loci and these loci were considerably useful as genetic markers for application to the pedigree registry of beef cattle breeds.

제주재래마의 혈청 , 혈구단백질 및 효소의 생화학적 유전형질에 관한 연구 3 . 혈구효소의 유전적 다형현상

정의용(E . Y . Chung),한상기(S . K . Han),신유철(Y . C . Shin),양교석(K . S . Yang) 한국축산학회 1990 한국축산학회지 Vol.32 No.10

Genetic polymorphisms of erythrocytic catalase. carbonic anhydrase and acid phosphatase enzymes were analyzed by the method of starch gel electrophoresis in 116. Che Ju native horses, and phenotypes and gene frequencies for loci controlling these biochemical traits were determined. The results obtained from the present study were summarized as follows; l. At the catalasc(Cat) isozyme locus, all three possible phenotypes were observed, each designated F, M and S, and shown to he controlled by two codominant autosomal alleles, Cat^F and Cat^S. The phenotype distribution was 19.83% for FF, 42.24% for FS and 37.93% for SS. Gene frequency of Cat^S allele(0.591) was slightly higher than that of Cat^F allele(0.409). 2. In the case of the carbonic anhydrase(CA) isozyme locus, all three possible phenotypes FF, FS and SS were observed and assumed to be controlled by a pair of codominant autosomal alleles, CA^F and CA^S . The phenotype distribution was estimated to be 4.31%, 17.24% and 78.45%, respectively, for the FF, FS and SS. At the distribution of the alleles controlling the synthesis of CA isozyme, the overwhelmingly predominant allele was CA^S with a frequency of 0.871, whereas CA^F allele was in low gene frequency(0.129). 3. For acid phosphatase(AP) isozyme locus, two different AP phenotypes FS. SS except for FF homozygote were identified, which considered to be controlledby means of two codominant alleles, AP^F and AP^S at a single autosomal locus. The SS phenotype(98.28%) showed a very high frequency, but the occurence of FS phenotype(1. 72%) was extremely rare. In the gene frequency, th AP^S allele(0.991) was overwhemingly predominated, while the AP^F allele(0.009) was encountered infrequently.

육우의 유전적 표식로서 생화학적 유전형질의 다형현상에 관한 연구 1 . 혈액단백질 및 효소의 유전적 다형현상

정의용(E . R . Chung),정호영(H . Y . Chung),김지은(J . E . Kim),전기준(K . J . Chun),류충현(C . H . Yu),한상기(S . K . Han),신유철(Y . C . Shin) 한국축산학회 1993 한국축산학회지 Vol.35 No.1

Biochemical polymorphic loci of blood protein and enzymes, albumin(Al), trans ferrin(Tf), hemoglobin(Hb), amylase-1(Am-1), carbonic anhydrase(CA) and ceruloplasmin(Cp), as genetic markers for three imported beef cattle breeds (131 Angus, 130 Hereford and 56 Charolais) in Korea were analyzed by using starch gel electrophoresis. The genotype distributions and gene frequencies from the phenotypes were estimated at these loci for each breed. At the A1 locus, gene frequencies of Al^A and Al^B were 1.00 and 0.00 for Angus, 0.99 and 0.11 for Hereford and 0.96 and 0.04 for Charolais, respectively. Gene frequencies of Tf^A, Tf^D1 , Tf^D2 and Tf^E in Tf^E locus were 0.485, 0.111, 0.216 and 0.278 for Angus, 0.422, 0.355, 0.215 and 0.008 for Hereford and 0.232, 0.527, 0.233 and 0.018 for Charolais, respectively. Gene frequencies of Hb^A and Hb^B in Hb locus were estimated to be 1.00 and 0.00 for Angus and Hereford, and 0.837 and 0.163 for Charolais, respectively. Gene frequencies of Am^A, Am^B and Am^C in Am locus were estimated to be 0.035, 0.328 and 0.637 in Angus, 0.070, 0.440 and 0.490 in Hereford and 0.540, 0.491 and 0.455 in Charolais, respectively. In CA locus, the frequencies of gene CAF and CAS were found to be 0.103 and 0.897 for Angus, 0.165 and 0.835 for Hereford and 0.577 and 0.423 for Charolais, respectively. Gene frequencies of Cp^F and Cp^S in Cp locus were 0.637 and 0.363 in Angus, 0.640 and 0.160 in Hereford and 0.938 and 0.062 in Charolais, respectively. In comparing the gene frequencies of each locus among three breeds, significant differencies in the gene frequencies between Angus and Charolais were found in all loci examined. Also, significant differencies in the gene frequencies of the Tf, Am, CA and Cp loci except for Al and Hb loci were recognized between Angus and Hereford and between Hereford and Charolais, respectively. Consequently, it was found that there were marked differences in the genetic constitution between beef cattle breeds.

제주재래마의 혈청 , 혈구단백질 및 효소의 생화학적 유전형질에 관한 연구 1 . 혈청단백질의 유전적 다형현상

정의용(E . Y . Chung),한상기(S . K . Han),신유철(Y . C . Shin),양교석(K . S . Yang) 한국축산학회 1990 한국축산학회지 Vol.32 No.6

By means of starch gel electrophoresis, the biochemical polymorphism of α₁-protease inhibitor, albumin, transferrin. Xk protein and slow α₂-globulin in a total 116 Che Ju native horses were examined. The analyzed result of phenotype, genotype and gene frequency was following; 1. In the α₁-protease inhibitor(Pi) locus, nine possible phenotypes, except heterozygous FI phenotype, FF, II, LL, SS, FL, FS, IL. IS and LS were identified and assumed to be controlled by four autosomal codominant alleles designatied Pi^F, Pi^I, Pi^L and Pi^S. The phenotype distribution was estimated to be 68.10% for LL type and 12.93% for It type and the others were below 10%. The Pi^L allele with the frequency of 0.741 showed the highest frequency, while the frequencies of Pi^I, Pi^S and Pi^F alleles with relatively low frequencies were 0.164, 0.078 and 0.017, respectively. 2. With respect to albumin(Al) locus, three diffrent Al phenotypes assumed to be controlled by two codominant alleles were identified as AA, AB and B13 and their phenotype distribution was 15.52%, 40.52% and 43.96%, respectively. The frequency of Al^B allele was markedly predominant(0.641) whereas in Al^A allele it was 0.358. 3. Concerning transferrin(Tf) locus, eleven different phenotypes DD, FF, RR, DF, DO, DR, FH, FO, FR, HR and OR were recognized. assumed to be controlled by five autosomal codominant alleles designatied Tf^D, Tf^F, Tf^H, Tf^O and Tf^R, but two homozygous type(HH and OO) and two Heterozygous type(DH and HO) were not found. The observed percentage of Tf phenotypes FR, FF and RR were found to be 29.31% 28.45% and 12.93% respectively, and the other phenotypes were below l0%. Of the total, Tf^F was the most frequent allele(gene frequency, 0.496), Tf^R was the second(0.345) and Tf^D, Tf^O and Tf^H were negligible(0.065, 0.060 and 0.034, respectively). 4. As for the Xk protein locus, two different phenotypes FK and KK were observed, whereas homozygous FF type was not recognized. The observed Xk polymorphism was assumed to be controlled by a pair of codominant alleles designated Xk^F and Xk^K at a single autosomal locus. The number of the KK phenotype was 93.10%, that of FK phenotype 6.90%. The significantly higher frequency of Xk^K allele(0.966) was obtained than that of Xk^F allele(0.034). 5. In slow α₂-globulin(Sα₂) locus, any individual variation was not found, therefore, this locus was defined to be monomorphic.

제주재래마의 혈청 , 혈구단백질 및 효소의 생화학적 유전형질에 관한 연구 4 . 유전적 변이성 및 유록관계 (類綠關係)

정의용(E . Y . Chung),한상기(S . K . Han),신유철(Y . C . Shin),양교석(K . S . Yang) 한국축산학회 1990 한국축산학회지 Vol.32 No.11

On the basis of the gene frequencies of the marker traits at blood protein and enzymes, the genetic variability within populations of Che Ju native horse was evaluated, then the genetic relationships and the genetic distance between Che Ju native horses and east Asian native horses were analyzed. The conclusions were drawn as follows; 1. Of the 13 genetic loci examined, 9 were defined as polymorhpic(Pi, Al, Tf, Xk, Hb, Es, Cat, CA and AP) and 4 as monomorphic(Sd2, Am, Ch and Cp). Thus the proportion of polymorhpic loci(Ppoly) at the 99%, level was estimated to be 0.6923±0.1280. 2. The expected heterozygosity per locus estimated for the Tf, Es, Cat, Al, Pi, CA, Hb, Xk and APloci was 0.626, 0.615, 0.484, 0.460, 0.418, 0.224, 0.122, 0.066 and 0.018, respectively. The expected average heterozygosity for 13 loci combined was calculated as 0.233±0.071. 3. The effective number of alleles per locus for the Tf, Es, Cat, Al, Pi, CA, Hb, Xk and AP were 2.674, 2.597, 1.938, 1.852, 1.178, 1289, 1.139, 1.071 and 1.018, respectively. The average effective number of alleles calculated over the nine loci was 1.649. 4. In the gene frequencies of each locus between the Che Ju native horses ad improved horses statistically significant differences in the gene frequencies of all loci except for Al locus were observed. From the above results, it could be considered that the gene constitution of the Che Ju native horses differed markedly from the improved horses. 5. From the results of comparison of five biochemical polymorphic loci with the Nei`s identity of genes, genetic distance and gene substitution calculated from the gene frequencies between the Che Ju native horses and east Asian native horse breeds (Tokara, Misaki, Tsushima, Miyako, Yonaguni, Kiso, Philippine, Sabah-Sarawak,Thailand and Hokkaido native horses), it was supposed that the Che Ju native horses and the Japanese native horse breeds with the exception of the Tokara native horses had a common ancestry and the Japanese native horses originated from Korean native horses.

육우의 유전적 표식로서 유단백질의 다형현상에 관한 연구

정의용(E . R . Chung),류충현(C . H . Yu),정호영(H . Y . Chung),김지은(J . E . Kim),전기준(K . J . Chun),한상기(S . K . Han),신유철(Y . C . Shin) 한국축산학회 1993 한국축산학회지 Vol.35 No.3

Milk protein polymorphisms of as,-casein (αS₁-CN), β-casein (β-CN), κ-casein (κ-CN) and β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) loci as genetic markers for three imported beef cattle breeds (86 Angus, 92 Hereford and 32 Charolais) in Korea were analyzed by electrophoresis. On the basis of the marker genotype and gene frequencies at these polymorphic loci, the genetic structure of each breed population was analyzed, and the genetic variability within population was quantified, then the genetic relationships among breeds were determined. As for the marker gene and genotypes of each milk protein polymorphic locus, three genotypes, BB, BC and CC, controlled by two alleles (αS₁-CN^B and αS₁-CN^C) at αS₁-CN locus, tcn genotypes, A¹A¹, A¹A², A²A², A¹B, A²B, BB, A¹C, A²C. BC and CC, controlled by four alleles (β-CN^(A1), β-CN^(A2), β-CN^B and β-CN^C at β-CN locus, three genotypes. AA, AB and BB, controlled by two alleles (κ-CN^A and κ-CN^B) at κ-CN locus and three genotypes. AA, AB and BB. controlled by two alleles (β-LG^A and β-LG^B) at β-LG locus were identified among breeds. For the αS₁-CN locus the BB was the most common type (over 80%) in all three breeds. In the β-CN locus the prevalent genotypes were A²A²(65.8%) for Angus, A¹A²(35.6%) and A¹A¹(32.2%) for Hereford and A²A²(19. 3%), A¹B(19.3%), A²B(16.1%) and A²C(12.9%) for Charolais. At the κ-CN locus the highest frequency of the AA genotype(61.7 and 78.0% resp.) was observed in Angus and Hereford, whereas the BB genotype was extremely low. However, in Charolais the AB(38.7%) and BB(38.7%) genotypes were much more frequent than the AA genotype(22.6%). The most frequent genotypes at the β-LG locus were BB(63.9%) in Angus, AB(38.3%) and BB(35.1%) in Hereford and AA(50.0%) in Charolais. The most common casein(αS₁-, β- and κ-CN) genotype combinations(haplotype) in Angus, Hereford and Charolais were BB A²A² AA(33.0%), BB A¹A² AA (29.1%) and BB BA¹ AA(16.1%), respectively. In all breeds the frequency of the αS₁-CN^B gene ranging from 0.891 to 0.967 was overwhelmingly higher than that of the αS₁-CN^C gene. The highest gene frequency of β-CN locus was β-CN^(A2)(0.766) in Angus, β-CN^(A1)(0.511) in Hereford and β-CN^(A2)(0.371) and β-CN^B(0.306) in Charolais. Of the two genes in κ-CN locus the κ-CN^A gene(0.759 and 0.879 resp.) dominated in Angus and Hereford, while the κ-CN^B gene(0.581) was the most common in Charolais. In the β-LG locus the β-LG^B (0.797) and β-LG^A(0.641) genes were predominant in Angus and Charolais, respectively, whereas Hereford had an approximately equal distribution of β-LG^A(0.475) and β-LG^B(0.543). Significant differences between breeds were found at the gene frequencies of the β-CN, κ-CN and β-LG loci except for αS₁-CN locus. From the comparison of the data by measuring the average heterozygosity, effective numbers of alleles and gene homogeneity, the genetic variability within breed population was greatest for the Charolais, followed by the Hereford and Angus. In comparison of genetic identity, genetic distance and dendrogram calculated from the marker gene frequencies of milk protein polymorphic loci, the most close relationship was obtained between the Angus and Hereford and the lowest genetic similarity was obtained between the Angus and Charolais. And the Korean native cattle had close relationship with the Angus.

경주마의 혈액형에 관한 연구 1 . 혈청 Transferrin 의 유전적 다형

한상기,정의용,강희일 ( S . K . Han,E . Y . Chung,H . I . Kang ) 한국축산학회 1986 한국축산학회지 Vol.28 No.7

This experiment was carried out to estimate phenotypes and gene frequencies in genetic variant of transferrin(tf) system in serum proteins from total 137 individuals racing horses reared in Korea by means of starch gel electrophoresis, and thus to get fundamental data for the improvement of racing horses by pedigree registry using blood type. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. At the present time, serum Tf types in horses are controlled by 11 alleles, named Tf^A(Tf^D), Tf^B(Tf^(F1), Tf^(F2) and Tf^(F3)), Tf^G, Tf^C(Tf^(H1) and Tf^(H2)), Tf^J, Tf^M, Tf^D(Tf^O), and Tf^E(Tf^R). In Korean racing horse population, however, Tf types were shown to be controlled by five codominant autosomal alleles, Tf^A, Tf^B Tf^C, Tf^D and Tf^E, and alleles Tf^(F3), Tf^G, Tf^J and Tf^M were not recognized. 2. In the Tf system 13 phenotypes(5 homozygote and 8 heterozygote), AA, BB, CC, DD, EE, AB, AD, AE, BC, BE, CD, CE and DE were classified. However, heterozygous Tf phenotype AC was not found. The distribution of Tf phenotypes was Tf BB type 33.58%. Tf AB type 28.47% and Tf AA type 10.95%. All the other phenotypes were lower than 10%. The expected numbers of phenotypes were in good agreement with the observed numbers 3. The frequencies of the five alleles Tf^A, Tf^B, Tf^C, Tf^D and Tf^E were 0.296, 0.544, 0.029, 0.073 and 0.058, respectively. Therefore, gene frequencies indicate that Tf^B was the most common allele and, secondarily, Tf^A gene. The Tf^C, Tf^D and Tf^E showed low gene frequency. These results were stikingly similar to the data reported in Thoroughbred and Anglo-Arab breeds.

경주마의 혈액형에 관한 연구 3 . 혈청 Prealbumin 의 유전적 다형

한상기,정의용,강희일 ( S . K . Han,E . Y . Chung,H . I . Kang ) 한국축산학회 1986 한국축산학회지 Vol.28 No.11

The purpose of the present paper was to report genetic constitution of genetic variants o1 serum prealbumin(Pr) locus in Korean racing horse populaltion by starch gel electrophoresis. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows: 1. The prealbumin locus was controlled by four codominant autosomal multiple alleles, designated Pr^F, Pr^I, Pr^L and Pr^S. 2. The prealbumins were classified into nine phenotypes, FF, FL, FS, II, IL, IS, LL, LS and SS. However, the heterozygous phenotype FI was not observed. In the distribution of phenotypes, Pr LL type was the most common allele(66.42%). Secondarily, Pr II type was 13.87%, and all the other types were less than 5 %. 3. The frequencies of the Pr^L, Pr^I, Pr^F and Pr^S alleles were 0.726. 0.157, 0.044 and 0.073. respectively. Therefore, gene frequency of Pr^L allele was highly predominant.

국산 무당연유 ( 無糖練乳 )와 가당연유 ( 加糖練乳 )의 지질에 관한 비교시험

유제현,정의용,윤재인 ( J . H . Yu,E . Y . Chung,J . I . Youn ) 한국축산학회 1982 한국축산학회지 Vol.24 No.4

This experiment was carried out to compare and examine the composition of lipids of domestic evaporated milk and sweetened condensed milk by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and densitometry and to analyze and compare the composition of fatty acids of total, neutral and polar lipid by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), and to get fundamental data for the manufacture of domestic concentrated milk.. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The total lipid was extracted 7.53% of evaporated milk, 8.37% of sweetened condensed milk, of which the ratio of neutral lipid to polar lipid was 98.67%: 1.33%, 99.10%: 0.90%, respectively. 2. The neutral lipid mainly consisted of triglyceride as 78.62% of evaporated milk, 75.63% of sweetened condensed milk and was extracted 1.2-diglyceride, 1.3-diglyceride, free fatty acid, sterol ester, hydrocarbon, a very small amount of sterol and monoglyceride in common. Especially the sweetener condensed milk in comparison with evaporated milk was contained a small quantity of triglyceride, on the contrary free fatty acid was somewhat high. 3. The polar lipid was most abundant in phosphatidyl choline in the evaporated milk, sphingomyelin in the sweetened condensed milk, respectively. Besides ceramide monohexoside, phosphatidyl ethanolamine ceramide dihexoside and lysophosphatidyl choline were detected in common. 4. As for fatty acid composition of total lipid, palmitic acid was most abundant in both evaporated milk and sweetened condensed milk, to be followed by other components such as stearic, myristic, oleic and butyric acid. Specifically, palmitic and butyric acid were more contained in evaporated milk, while stearic and oleic acid were more abundant in sweetened condensed milk than the evaporated milk. 5. The fatty acid composition of the neutral lipid was similar to that of the total lipid in pattern. But oleic acid and essential fatty acids in the sweetened condensed milk were 2 times higher than the evaporated milk. 6. The fatty acid composition of the polar lipid was different from those of total and neutral lipid, while the low molecular weight fatty acid including butyric acid was contained more than 70% in common and the rest components were contained small or trace amount distinctively.