인공지능 경찰활동에 대한 고찰

정우일,차훈진 한국공안행정학회 2018 한국공안행정학회보 Vol.27 No.2

Artificial intelligence is a favorite with modern technology. Artificial intelligence may differ from country to country in technology, but it is already a trend that can not be resisted worldwide. Anyway, it seems not too long before artificial intelligence exceeds human intelligence. The emergence of a computer system to function as a human brain is an unknown territory that we have never experienced. An approach to an unknown area has a positive aspect, but sometimes it can also bring about unexpected side effects. If artificial intelligence has developed to the extent that it has advanced ahead of humans, people should work harder to produce reliable data if it learns how humans look today. Just as legitimate intentions lead to good results, artificial intelligence that imitates humans should eventually be made into a technology for people and for people. After a democratic society where human rights were neglected and human rights were suppressed in the past, artificial intelligence police action is a challenge that we never expected. In the future, artificial intelligence policing will further intensify concerns that Big Brother's appearance could be used as a mechanism of social control. In addition, job losses caused by artificial intelligence police activities will narrow down the recruitment of police officers, resulting in various social and economic problems. So now is the time to hurry to prepare to wisely solve these imminent problems and respond rationally. 인공지능은 현대 과학기술의 총아이다. 인공지능은 각 나라마다 기술의 차이는 있을 수 있지만 이미 세계적으로 거스를 수 없는 대세이다. 어쨌든 인공지능이 인간의 지능을 넘어설 시기는 멀지 않은 듯하다. 인간의 뇌의 기능을 간춘 컴퓨터 시스템이 등장한다는 것은 그 동안 우리가 경험해 보지 못한 미지의 영역이다. 미지의 영역에 대한 접근은 그것이 긍정적인 측면도 존재하지만 때로는 우리가 예상치 못하는 부작용도 불러 올 수 있다. 과거 인간의 권리가 경시되고 개인의 인권이 억압되던 시기를 지나 인간의 존엄성을 최우선으로 하는 민주주의 사회가 자리 잡은 지금 인공지능 경찰활동은 우리가 예상치 못한 여러 가지 도전과 과제를 앞으로 노정시킬 것이다. 향후 인공지능 경찰활동은 사회통제의 기제로 빅브라더의 출현에 활용될 수 있다는 우려감을 더욱 증폭시킬 것이다. 또한 인공지능 경찰활동으로 인한 일자리 감소 문제는 경찰관 취업문을 더욱 좁아지게 만들 것이고 그로 인해 여러 가지 사회·경제적인 문제들을 야기할 것이다. 따라서 지금은 우리 사회에 곧 다가올 이러한 난제들을 슬기롭게 해결하고 합리적으로 대처하기 위한 준비를 서두를 때이다.

公共組織의 特性에 대한 硏究

정우일 한양대학교 사회과학대학 1995 社會科學論叢 Vol.14 No.-

This paper is to discuss important theoretical and practical issues, concerning the distinction between public and private organization, that fuel controversies and then begin to develop some answers. Of course, it also describes the overlappings of public and private sectors. The discussion then turns to other side of the debate: the importance and meaning of the distinction. If they are not distinctive, why do public organization exist? Answer to this question points to the inevitability and the destinctive attributes of public organization. Thus, this paper starts from a principle assumption that public and private management differs because public organizations are significantly and fundamentally unlike private one. In fact, because of the political roles and ambitions of governmental actors and institutions, public organizations and employees are plunged into politics, which differs from private firms in substantial and fundamental ways. It is why all public organizations are not privatized. Anti-governmental trend around the world during the last decade spawned a movement in many countries to courtail government authority and to foster more privative activity. Nonetheless, none of various approaches can succeed in drawing a clean line between sectors. There are always intermediate types and overlaps on various dimensions. Thus far, no new discrete theory of public organization has developed and public managers have learned and applied techniques developed in the private sector. In summary, given all complexies discussed in this paper, it is safe to say that one could identify large groups of organizations which represent a hard core of public and private organizations, in that they are distinct on a number of basic characteristics.

한국 산업금융지원의 효과에 대한 고찰

정우일,이희창 한양대학교 사회과학대학 2000 社會科學論叢 Vol.19 No.-

The purpose of this research is to investigate its effectiveness in the process of Korean economic growth as to whether industrial credit policy has properly played an important part as a significant measure to improve Korean industrial economy, and then, to provide valuable aid to the economic policy making in days to come. For this study, the financial statements analyses of 34 years, through 1964 to 1997, are examined thoroughly to offer political suggestions. Especially, our main concern is to analyze the negative and positive influences of the credit policy on their economic growth with the comparative studies of industrial sectors, firms and industrial classifications, respectively, supported by the credit policy. Putting all research findings together, it is undeniable that favored industrial sectors grow up in export business to some degree by an excessive financial intervention of the government. On the other side of the coin, it should not overlook that the financial support can also cause a weakening in their industrial growth potentiality. As compared with service sectors received less financial support from the government, it appears by and large that the financial support proves fruitless in functional oriented sectors and seems to be no better than before, no matter how improved its inefficiency may be gradually. In a word, this paper shows that the financial supporting policies of the government has not been properly conducive to the improvement of the supporting policy in effective usefulness and, thereby, the efficiency of Korean industrial policies. Therefore, an conclusion may be safely given that political alternative measures should be strongly tried to find a solution to a productive management of the industrial credit support.

韓國 公務員의 行政統制態度에 관한 實證的分析

鄭宇一 한양대학교 사회과학대학 1987 社會科學論叢 Vol.6 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to test the internal democratic model theoretically developed by this writer as to how the model can reduce abuses of bureaucratic power expansion. Neither external political onctrol nor controls internal to bureaucracy seem to be sufficient to ensure administrative responsibility. Therefore, the new control model concerns itself with such essential requirements of democratic society(independent variables) as non-hierarchy, democratic leadership, representativeness, citizen participation, public unionization and publicity. An assumption for this model is that one's democracy is likely to breed other's democracy. The reserch methods to prove the suggested model are ch9i-square, factor analysis, pearson correlation coefficient and new regression analysis. The sample-size is about 210 persons randomly collected from General Accounting Office, the Ministry of Home Affairs, the Finance Ministry and the Ministry of General Affairs. The reserch finding shows that the internal democratic control model is quite sueful for securing responsible governmental bureaucracy and, thereby, reducing abuses of bureaucratic powers and maing external controls effective. Indeed, much reserach will be needed to generalize the model.

수사기관들 사이의 쟁점 사안 검토

정우일 한국공안행정학회 2021 한국공안행정학회보 Vol.30 No.4

Political neutrality and independence of duties are very important because High-ranking Official Crime Investigation Office(CIO) is in charge of investigations and prosecutions against most high-ranking government officials. Since the establishment of High-ranking Official Crime Investigation Office, our society has brought many changes. We feel the change of time that The prosecutors of National Prosecution Service(NPS), who have caused public distrust in the investigation of covering the ritual equipment, just by looking at them being on and off various media outlets. High-ranking Official Crime Investigation Office as well as National Police Agency(NPA) and National Prosecution Service are three indispensable pillars for realizing social justice and achieving a transparent advanced society. Nevertheless, the absence of clear regulations or procedures for cooperation or cooperation between the three organizations can be said to be a situation that can cause conflict and discord at any time. Therefore, it seems that preparing a system and procedure to adjust this should be a priority above all else. In addition, the police, police, and airlift departments hope to cooperate organically with each other and to maintain the state's anti-corruption response capabilities and contribute together by efficiently utilizing the powers given in accordance with the relevant laws. 공수처는 대부분의 고위공직자들을 대상으로 수사와 기소 등을 담당하기 때문에 정치적 중립성과 직무의 독립성이 매우 중요하다. 공수처 설치 이후 우리사회는 많은 변화를 가져왔다. 그 동안 제식구 감싸기 수사로 국민의 불신을 초래했던 검사들은 공수처의 수사대상으로 각종 언론에 오르내리고 있는 것만 보더라도 세월의 변화를 느낀다. 공수처뿐만 아니라 경찰과 검찰도 사회 정의를 실현하고 투명한 선진사회를 이룩하는데 없어서는 안 될 세 개의 기둥이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 세 기관들 사이의 공조나 협력에 대해 명확한 규정이나 절차가 존재하지 않는 것은 언제든지 갈등과 불협화음을 유발할 수 있는 상황이라 할 수 있다. 따라서 이를 조정할 수 있는 체계와 절차를 마련하는 것이 무엇보다도 우선되어야 할 것으로 보인다. 아울러 경찰, 경찰 및 공수처는 서로 유기적으로 협력하고, 소관 법률에 따라 주어진 권한을 효율적으로 활용함으로써 국가의 반부패 대응 역량 유지하고 함께 기여할 수 있기를 기대한다.

國際去來 所得移轉 : 재무요인을 중심으로

정우일,임병국 한양대학교 사회과학대학 2001 社會科學論叢 Vol.20 No.-

Since launch of the Worlds Trade Organization(WTO) system in 1995, free flow of capitals between countries has been institutionalized and a 'single global market' has been formed, resulting in 'hyper-competition' between multinational enterprises(MNEs). MNEs have conducted activities over the borders. However, the political borders actually exist and each countries is now trying to secure sound national finance. The prupose of this study is investigate the practical effects of factors determining Korean MNEs' international transfer price on income transfer and to propose tax policies for attracting foreign MNEs and their income into Korea.

성충동 약물치료에 관한 고찰

정우일 한국범죄심리학회 2014 한국범죄심리연구 Vol.10 No.1

성충동 약물치료는 기본적으로 남성호르몬 분비를 제어하는 방식으로 이뤄지는 것을 의미한다. 즉, 뇌에서 분비되는 테스토스테론(testosterone)이라는 남성호르몬 이 성욕에 관계된다는 전제 아래, 약물을 통해 이 호르몬의 분비량을 제어하는 것을 말한다. 이는 전립선암 등의 치료과정에서 남성호르몬을 제거하는 방식을 응용한 것이다. 2002년부터 2011년까지 10년 간 우리나라 강력범죄의 발생추이를 보면 강간은 2002년 9,435건에서 2011년 22,034건으로 증가하였으며, 10년간 꾸준히 증가하는 추세이다. 이는 다른 유형의 강력범죄와 비교해 볼 때, 살인은 동 기간 중 약 1.24배, 방화가 약 1.42배 증가, 그리고 강도가 0.3배 감소한 것에 비해 강간이 약 2.34배 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 이처럼 범죄 양상이 심각해짐에 따라 2011년부터 「성폭력범죄자의 성충동 약물치료명령에 관한 법률」(이하 "법")이 실시되고 있지만, 법률의 내용, 실효성 등과 관련하여 지속적인 논란의 대상이 되고 있다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 현재 실시되고 있는 성충동 약물치료에 대한 판례 및 각종 쟁점사항들을 살펴보고 이에 대한 정책적 대안을 논의하였다. Chemical castration is the administration of medication designed to reduce libido and sexual activity. Unlike surgical castration, where the testicles or ovaries are removed through an incision in the body, chemical castration does not actually castrate the person, nor is it a form of sterilization. When used on men, these drugs can reduce sex drive, compulsive sexual fantasies, and capacity for sexual arousal. Life-threatening side effects are rare, but some users show increases in body fat and reduced bone density, which increase long-term risk of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. They may also experience gynecomastia. When used on women, these drugs deflate the breast glands and expand the size on the nipple. Also seen is a sudden shrink in bone mass and discoloration of the lips. reduced body hair, and loss of muscle mass. Although advances over the past decade have been steadily made in the cognitive and behavioral treatment of sexual offenders. Attempts at using hormonal manipulation to control pathological sexual behaviour and to prevent sexual offenses have been developed.

p-Si 기판에 n-형으로 도핑되어 증착된 TiO2 박막의 전류-전압 특성

정우일,맹진영,송종현 한국물리학회 2023 새물리 Vol.73 No.4

We fabricated p-n junction devices by depositing Nb-doped TiO2 thin films on p-Si (100) substrates using pulsed laser deposition method with Nb-doping rates of 0%, 3%, and 6% and carried out current–voltage (I-V) measurements to characterize their electrical transport properties. Results revealed that the undoped TiO2/p-Si device exhibited the ideal diode characteristics when the ideality factor, zero bias barrier height extracted by applying thermionic emission theory, T0 anomaly, and distribution of the zero bias barrier height versus the ideality factor were considered. Rectification characteristics were observed even in device without Nb doping. This phenomenon is interpreted as the natural n-type doping effect of TiO2 thin film due to oxygen deficiencies. For the Nb:TiO2/p-Si device with Nb doping, the inhomogeneities in barrier height increased compared with that of the undoped device. As a result, the characteristics of the diode device degraded. These observations provide insights into the optimal doping condition for the device applications of TiO2. 이 연구에서는 TiO2에 Nb이 각각 0%, 3%, 6%의 도핑율로 도핑된 박막을 펄스 레이저 증착(Pulsed Laser Deposition, PLD) 방법으로 p-Si (100) 기판 위에 증착하여 p-n 접합 소자를 제작하였으며 이들 소자에 대하여 전류-전압(I-V) 특성 분석을 수행하였다. I-V 곡선에 열전자 방출(Thermionic emission) 이론을 적용하여 추출한 이상 계수(Ideality factor)와 제로 바이어스 장벽 높이(Zero bias barrier height), 그리고 T0 변칙과 이상 계수 대비 제로 바이어스 장벽 높이의 분포 분석에 따르면 도핑과정을 거치지 않은 TiO2/p-Si 소자가 이상적인 다이오드 특성과 가장 가까운 것으로 나타났다. Nb 도핑과정이 이루어지지 않은 소자의 경우에서도 정류특성이 관측되는 것은 산소 결핍에 의한 TiO2 박막내에서의 n-형 도핑 효과로 해석된다. Nb 도핑을 한 Nb:TiO2/p-Si 소자의 경우 도핑과정을 거치지 않은 산소 결핍 도핑 소자보다 장벽높이의 불균질성이 증가하여 오히려 다이오드 소자 특성이 우수하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과는 TiO2의 소자 응용측면에서 최적의 도핑조건에 대한 실마리를 제공한다고 할 수 있다.

공·사 조직에 있어 조직문화의 비교연구

정우일 한양대학교 사회과학대학 1993 社會科學論叢 Vol.12 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to examine an argument as to whether there are similarities and differences between organization cultures immanent in public and private organizations, and, in addition, to analyze how these cultural aspects can exert an influence upon an administration of public and private organization respectively. Likewise, the research proceedes from the premises that organizational culture decides its shape and has a great influence on the attitude and behavior of its members. A survey research is carried out, distributing about one thousand questionnaires at random to public officials of ten governmental departments and employees of six big companies in Korea. The collected data are analyzed by such statistical techniques as T-test, Chi-Square test, frequency. Also, the comparative study on organization cultures emphasizes mainly upon the three cultural aspects like "internal aspects of organization", "interaction between organization and environment" and "various characteristics of organization cultures regarding environmental aspects". Finally, a research finding is that there appear to be differences between public and private organizations concerning cultural aspects like value system, ideology, norms and belief system sharing in common among members of organizations. Therefore, it seems safe to conclude that each organization has own organization-oriented ideal and value system being able to distinguish one from other organization.

官僚制의 責任性과 責務性의 槪念定立에 관한 硏究

정우일 한양대학교 사회과학대학 1996 社會科學論叢 Vol.15 No.-

This paper has attempted to give a concrete form to the concepts of responsibility and accountability to develop appropriate mechanisms for securing responsibile and accountability government. In the first, responsibility is that of explicability. A person's conduct is responsibile if it is susceptible to rational explanation and, furthermore, if it is conditioned upon an attempt to obtain the relevant facts, upon deliberation, and upon consideration of, and due regard for, the consequences. The second meaning of responsibility means accountability in the sense of answerability. Accountability is called a means for responsibility. Given the increasing responsibility of the modern administrative state, there is a concurrent need for increasing its public accountability through a wider range of both internal and external controls. Even if ways are found to make the public accountability of public officials more effective, there are likely to arise even more profoundly intractable conflicts because various different concepts of accountability conflict, and because the different bodies to which public officials are responsible conflict. Such conflicts are true of responsibility. Thus this paper tries to show a solution to the complex nature of holding individual officials responsible and accountable in a modern state. In addition, how can responsible and accountable administration be achieved? First, this paper insistes that the public must show courage and accept the sacrifices necessary to protect responsibility and accountability. In fact, there is so little treatment of the idea of the public in public administration. Although there are no generally agreed-on theories of the public, there are perspectives. So this paper argues that contrasting and contradictory notions of the public are the real source of differences in perspectives as to how best to study or practice public administration. And also, every effort should be made to ensure that elected representatives and responsible public servants are held accountable for the proper conduct of their tasks. Of course, the capacity of a nation's political system to prevent, detect, punish and control the abuse of power and authority will have a direct bearing on the legitimacy of a regime and will no doubt to strengthen the moral basis of its governing authority. Then Accountability for and responsibility in holding public office can then be expected from our public servants. Finally, this paper raises several questions and has full discussions on the subjects. Do we have clear standards and requisites of performance for our public servants? To what extent do governments have limitations to implement responsibility and accountability? To what extent do political leaders interfere with bureaucracy for the promotion and protection of responsible administration? What should we do to improve bureaucratic responsibility and accountability? Why do we need the balance between responsibility and accountability?