HFC 순수냉매 및 혼합냉매의 모세관내에서 마찰에 의한 압력강하

장세동,노승탁,Chang, S.D.,Ro, S.T. 대한설비공학회 1995 설비공학 논문집 Vol.7 No.4

The frictional pressure drop of a capillary tube flow is experimentally investigated for pure refrigerants such as R32, R125, and R134a and refrigerant mixtures such as R32/R134a(30/70 by mass percent), R32/R125(60/40), R125/R134a(30/70), and R32/R125/R134a(23/25/52). The binary interaction parameters for the calculation of viscosities of refrigerant mixtures are found based upon the data in the open literature. Several homogeneous flow models predicting the viscosity of two-phase region are compared to select the best model. Cicchitti's equation is known to be the most adequate for the prediction of the viscosity for refrigerant mixtures, which is used in the analysis of adiabatic capillary flows. A model for the prediction of the frictional pressure drop of single and two-phase flow is developed for refrigerant mixtures in this study. This model may be used to design and analyze the performance of a capillary tube in the refrigerating system.

산화철 배소에 따른 분체 특성 및 Sr-ferrite 자석의 소결 특성

장세동,Jang Se-Dong 한국자원리싸이클링학회 2003 資源 리싸이클링 Vol.12 No.6

제철소 냉연 공정의 염산 폐액에서 ruthner process 공법으로 제조된 산화철을 사용하여 2차 배소 온도변화에 따른 산화철의 분체 특성을 조사하였고, 산화철과 스트론튬을 건식 혼합 및 가소후 Sr-ferrite 자석을 제조하여 자기적 물리적 특성을 조사하였다. Ruthner proces의 산화철을 2차 배소를 실시한 경우, Cl- 함량이 적고 분체 특성이 안정적인 배소온도는 $800^{\circ}C$ 부근으로, 평균 입자(APS)는 1.5 $mu extrm{m}$, apparent bulk density(ABD)는 1.4 g/$m\ell$ 이며, Cl- 함유량은 0.05% 이하를 나타내었다. Ruthner process에서 제조된 산화철을 vibrating disk mill에서 1차 분쇄를 실시한 경우, Sr-ferrite magnet의 보자력(HcJ)은 229 kA/m에서 251 kA/m로 향상하였다. Sr-ferrite magnet의 소결 온도 변화에 따른 잔류자속밀도와 보자력의 희귀식은 Br≒-0.258HcJ+494의 함수 관계를 나타내고 있으며, 성형 중 가한 자장 방향과 수직방향에 따른 수축비는 산화철의 2차 배소 온도 $800^{\circ}C$까지는 1.6으로 안정적인 판상형으로 결정 성장을 나타내고 있으나, 그 이상의 온도로 2차 배소한 산화철을 사용한 경우에는 소결에서 결정이 더 커진 것으로 판단된다. This experiment was carried out to examine the effect of iron oxide roasting for Sr-ferrite magnet. Chloride content was decreased with raising the 2 nd roasting temperature of iron oxide for ruthner process iron oxide. The optimization temperature for roasting of ruthner process iron oxide was around $800^{\circ}C$ as average particle size 1.5∼1.9 $\mu\textrm{m}$, apparent bulk density 1.4 g/$m\ell$ and chloride content 0.05%. The relation between Br and HcJ by sintering temperature for Sr-ferrite magnet was found to be Br≒-0.258HcJ+494. In case of having a vibrating disk mill for the ruthner process iron oxide, the magnetic properties were Br 421 mT and HcJ 251 kA/m.

심령과학개관

장세동 충남대학교 심령과학연구회 1990 심령과학회지 Vol.- No.15

La-Co 치환량에 따른 스트론튬 페라이트의 자기특성

장세동 한국자원리싸이클링학회 2002 資源 리싸이클링 Vol.11 No.5

스트론튬 페라이트에 포화자화를 높이기 위하여 Fe이온에 Co를 치환하고, 원소치환에 따른 전하보상차원으로 La를 동시 치환을 실시한 $_{l-x}$ La$Sr_{x}$ /$Fe_{12-x}$ $Co_{x}$ $O_{19}$ 조성에서 치환량 X=0에서 부터 X=0.5까지 0.1씩 변화하여 하소분말을 제조하여 하소분말 특성을 조사하고, 소결조제와 함께 미분쇄한 후 자장중 성형 및 소결하여 스트론튬 페라이트 자석을 제조하여 미세구조와 자기적 특성을 조사하였다. 스트론튬 페라이트에 La-Co 치환량이 증가할수록 하소 후 이방성자장과 하소분말의 보자력을 강하게 증가시키며, 하소후 결정크기가 작아지는 것으로 나타났다. 스트론튬 페라이트 자석은 La-Co의 치환량에 따라 회귀식 $B_{r}$ $≒0.097_{i}$ $H_{c}$ +4500의 함수적 관계를 나타내고 있으며, La-Co를 치환하지 않은 $SrFe_{12}$$O_{19}$ 조성에서 잔류자속밀도는 4090 G, 보자력은 3560 Oe를 나타내었으나, La-Co치환량 0.3인 $Sr_{0.7}$ $La_{0.3}$ $Fe_{11.7}$ $Co_{0.3}$ $O_{19}$ 조성에서 잔류자속밀도는 4080 G, 보자력은 4800 Oe 특성을 나타내었다. This experiment was carried out to examine the effects of La-Co substitution on Sr-ferrite. The magnetic properties of calcined and sintered materials varied with the substitutional amount of La and Co elements in Sr-ferrite. Anisotropy field and coercivity for Sr ferrite were increased with raising La-Co substitution amounts. The microstructure observation for Sr ferrite substituted by La-Co revealed that La-Co inhabited grain growth during calcination and promoted lateral grain growth during sintering. The relationship between $B_{r}$ and $_{i}$ /$H_{c}$ for La-Co substituted Sr-ferrite was found to be $B_{r}$$≒0.097_{i}$ /$H_{c}$/+4500. In case of $SrFe_{12}$ $O_{19}$, $B_{r} was 4090 G and $_{ i}$$H_{c}$ was 3560 Oe, but $B_{r}$ was 4080 G and and $_{i}$ $H_{c}$ was 4800 Oe for $Sr_{0.7}$ $La_{0.3}$ $Fe_{11.7}$ /$Co_{0.3}$ $O_{19}$.

사색의 공간

장세동 충남대학교 심령과학연구회 1992 심령과학회지 Vol.- No.16

유리겔러 쇼를 보고 나서

장세동 충남대학교 심령과학연구회 1984 심령과학회지 Vol.- No.9

La-Co치환량에 따른 스트론튬 페라이트의 미세구조

장세동,Jang, Se-Dong 한국자원리싸이클링학회 2004 資源 리싸이클링 Vol.13 No.6

La-Co원소 치환량에 따른 스트론튬 페라이트의 미세구조효과와 자기특성변화를 연구하였다. La-Co치환된 스트론튬 페라이트는 La원소 치환량 x는 Fe와 Sr의 몰비 n과 Co원소 치환량 y와 x=2ny의 관계식에서, 하소분말의 보자력(Hcj) 값은 Fe와 Sr의 몰비 n=6.0에서 치환량 x=0.3일때 270 kA/m 및 x=0.2일때 240 kA/m 의 값을 나타내었다. La-Co원소가 치환된 스트론튬 페라이트 소결자석의 미세구조는 판상형으로 성장하고, 몰비가 높을수록 결정의 크기는 감소하였다. 이는 하소후 형성된 초기 결정상태에 의하여 결정된 것으로 판단된다. La-Co치환 스트론튬 페라이트의 소결자석의 자기특성은 몰비 n=0.6에서 치환량 x=0.3의 조건으로 제조한 경우, 잔류자속밀도(Br) 415 mT와 보자력(Hcj) 355 kA/m의 특성이 얻어졌으며, 몰비 n=6.0에서 치환량 x=0.2의 조건으로 제조한 경우 잔류자속밀도(Br) 410 mT와 보자력(Hcj)은 370 kA/m의 특성이 얻어졌다. 또한 자기특성곡선의 각성형은 치환량 x=0.2일때 더욱 향상되었다. This experiment was carried out to examine the effects of morphology on properties of La-Co substituted SrM ferrite. The magnetic properties of calcined and sintered materials were varried with the substitutional amount of La and Co elements in Sr-ferrite. In the substituted SrM ferrite, the atomic fraction x of La is directly related to the mole ratio n of iron oxide and the atomic fraction y of Co by equation x=2ny. The Hcj values of the calcined powder were about 270 kA/m and 240 kA/m with x=0.3 and x=0.2, respectively at stoichiometry, n=6.0. Crystallites of the sintered material were grown with a plate shape, and their size decreased with increasing mole ratios. Such a shape was caused by the initial state of crystallite formed after calcination. In case of x=0.3 and n=6.0, Br was 415 mT and Hcj was 355 kA/m, and in x=0.2 and n=6.0, Br was 410 mT and Hcj was 370 kA/m. The squareness in 2nd quarter of BH curve with x=0.2 was smoothly improved to compared with x=0.3.

R12 및 R22대체냉매의 열역학적 물성치 및 냉동기의 성능비교

장세동,신지영,노승탁,Chang, S.D.,Shin, J.Y.,Ro, S.T. 대한설비공학회 1993 설비공학 논문집 Vol.5 No.1

Thermodynamic properties of alternatives for R12 and R22 were estimated and performances of refrigerating cycle using these refrigerants were compared. In this study, we adopt R134a, R22/R142b, R22/R152a, R22/R152a/R124 as alternatives for R12 and R32/R134a for R22. Thermodynamic properties of these refrigerants were estimated using modified CSD equation of state. Cycle simulations of the refrigerating system considering heat source were carried out in order to compare the performance of the system. R134a shows relatively lower COP than R12 but very similar VCR. R22/R142b(50/50 mass fraction), R22/R152a(10/90), R22/R152a/R124(30/25/45) are good for the substitutes of R12 and R32/R134a(30/70) is appropriate for that of R22 in view of COP and VCR.

R22의 대체냉매를 사용한 공기조화기의 성능 시뮬레이션

장세동,노승탁,Chang, S.D.,Ro, S.T. 대한설비공학회 1994 설비공학 논문집 Vol.6 No.1

Cycle simulation of the air-conditioner was carried out using a number of candidate alternatives to R22;R32/R125/R134a(30/10/60, by mass percent), R32/R125/R134a(10/70/20), R32/R134a(25/75), R32/R134a(30/70), R32/R125(60/40), R290(propane) and R134a. In this study, we considered only the basic parts of the air-conditioner such as the compressor, the evaporator, the condenser and the capillary tube, for the purpose of analysis. The performance characteristics of alternatives considered here were examined by comparing with the case using R22 at the constant volumetric flow rate condition. The results of our analysis revealed that the use of refrigerant mixtures, R32/R134a(30/70) and R32/R125/R134a(30/10/60), was appropriate for the alternatives to R22 in view of the cooling capacity and the COP. For the case of using R134a and R290, the COP was observed to increase under the same volumetric flow rate condition, but the cooling capacity was substantially decreased. Therefore the use of R134a and R290 should be accompanied with increasing considerably the size of compressor in order to maintain the same cooling capacity of R22.

R32를 포함한 R22 대체 혼합냉매의 모세관 유동 특성

장세동,노승탁,Chang, S.D.,Ro, S.T. 대한설비공학회 1996 설비공학 논문집 Vol.8 No.2

The characteristics of the flow of pure HFC refrigerants(R32, R125, and R134a) and their mixtures through capillary tubes were investigated experimentally. Two capillary tubes with 1.2mm and 1.6mm inner diameter and 1.5m length were adopted as test sections. Mass flow rates and temperatures and pressures were measured for several condensing temperatures and degrees of subcooling at capillary tube inlet. The effects of the condensing temperature, inner diameter of capillary tube, and subcooling on the mass flow rate of refrigerants were discussed, and the mass flow rates of HFC refrigerants were compared with that of R22. The pressure and temperature distributions along the capillary tube compared with that of R22. The pressure and temperature distributions along the capillary tube show that there is a metastable equilibrium state in the flow through the tube. Underpressure for vaporization increases as refrigerant mass flux increases and inlet subcooling decreases. Empirical correlation was suggested to predict underpressure for vaporization of the HFC refrigerants.