도재용 귀금속 합금표면의 전자현미경 관찰

이화식,배봉진,남상용 대구보건대학 1991 대구보건대학 論文集 Vol.12 No.-

The purpose of this study was to discover the elemental change of the tracemetal surface of the precious porcelain alloy used in Korea. The alloy was degudent U. For this purpose, Auther did analysis the surface oxide by E. D. S and S. E. M. Ther was no difference in surface elemental change between the raw alloy and the casted alloy. And the Indium was difussed to the surface of the alloy.

구강보건관리와 치아우식증에 관한 의식조사

이화식 대구보건대학 1996 대구보건대학 論文集 Vol.16 No.-

치과기공사의 직업 및 직무만족도에 관한 연구 - Denture part 근무자를 중심으로 -

이화식,배봉진,한석윤,Lee, Hwa-Sik,Bae, Bong-Jin,Han, Sok-Yoon 대한치과기공학회 2012 대한치과기공학회지 Vol.34 No.4

Purpose: This study was survey on future job vision and its pride (self-esteem) of dental technicians. It also investigates the future vision on their major of job (denture) and its awareness to improve the work environment and enhance their satisfaction towards job and duties. Methods: In order to research job and its duty satisfaction of dental technicians who mainly work at denture part, certified questionnaire was modified and upgraded for its use. Collected documents were used by 'Window SAS 8.0 Program' for analysis. The significance of the test related to the items and its standards has been decided for p<0.05. To find out the differences between choices when choosing career and the duty satisfaction, t-test, one-way ANOVA and two-way ANOVA have been used. Results: Following research findings show: 1. There was high self-esteem towards the job as dental technicians but low in future job vision. 2. It has been found that if satisfaction on their job (dental technician) is high then also their satisfaction on its duty (denture part) is high. 3. The factors that affects mostly on duty satisfaction of denture part are 'the contribution on improving oral cavity of people'(${\beta}$=0.33118), 'The possibility of growth of person's job choices'(${\beta}$=0.30035) and 'person's satisfaction on choosing job'(${\beta}$=0.16069). 4. If there is an increase level on the contribution of improving people's oral cavity, the possibility of growth of person's job choices and the person's satisfaction on choosing job, then there is also high growth in denture part's duty satisfaction. 5. It has been found that if there are more employment histories of denture part, the duty satisfaction of denture part were also high. On the other hand, the more employment history of dental technicians get, the duty satisfaction of their denture part was low. Conclusion: Following research results show that there is high self-esteem towards the job as dental technicians but the vision towards future was low. This shows that there is no bright future on dental technology. Therefore, it is important that not only to improve the work environment and pay rise on dental technologists but also to satisfy them. Various program developments and continuous research are needed to increase satisfaction.

대학생의 진로장벽에 관한 연구 (D대학 치기공과 재학생을 중심으로)

이화식,배봉진,박명호,Lee, Hwa-Sik,Bae, Bong-Jin,Park, Myung-Ho 대한치과기공학회 2010 대한치과기공학회지 Vol.32 No.3

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the career barriers of students studying dental technology in D-College. Methods: This study targeted 490 college students studying Dental Technology in D-College. The survey about career barriers on this study consisted of 45 questions and was scored with 5-points per question. The corrected data was analyzed by SAS V8 for Windows. Results: The difference analysis of career barriers shows that differences exist depending on gender(p<.01) and serving military service(p<.05). Especially, female students(2.69) and male students(2.65) who didn't serve the military are more susceptible to career barriers. In the sub factors of career barriers, differences exist depending on and in order of gender, serving military service, experience studying one more year to enter the college, day and night, the affiliation of highschool graduated from, and hometown. The correlation between the sub factors of career barriers and perception of career barriers manifested 'Lack of self assurance'(0.84), 'Sense of physical inferiority'(0.76), 'Relationship with other important people'(0.73) and 'Lack of information on occupation' in order. Conclusion: In the factors affecting non-decision on the career, 'Lack of self assurance'(=0.2465) is the highest in terms of influence, followed by 'Difficulty in interpersonal relations’(=0.1801) and 'Lack of information on occupation' (=0.1391).

치기공과학생의 임상실습만족도에 대한 조사 연구 -대구지역을 중심으로-

이화식,배봉진,박명호,Lee, Hwa-Sik,Bae, Bong-Jin,Park, Myoung-Ho 대한치과기공학회 2009 대한치과기공학회지 Vol.31 No.4

This study is analyzed to conduct better on-site practices with recognizing importance of the clinical practice of Dept. of dental technology and use it as a basic material in the clinical practice. Target people who are students studying dental technology in D college in Daegu were questioned by survey. Study results below 1. Average score of the survey about satisfaction of the operating method of clinical practice shows 3.26. In detail elements, 'credit assignment(10 credits)' is 3.65 as the highest score, 'execution period(vacation)' is 3.50, 'choice of the clinical practice organization' is 3.25, 'measures after practice' is 2.98 and 'pre-education' is 2.98 as the lowest score. 2. Through the real clinical practice, 'experience of new equipments and technology' is 3.64 as the highest score, 'choice of lecturer' is 3.61, 'guidance way' is 3.49, 'contents properness' is 3.44, 'environment of practice organization' is 3.36, 'evaluation way' is 3.35 and 'practical use of the evaluation material' is 3.18 as the lowest score. 3. The average score of survey about satisfaction after clinical practice of the participated students is 3.46 that is higher than both 'satisfaction about operating method(3.26)' about clinical practice of college and 'satisfaction about organization(3.44)' about environment of dental craft organizations and labs, guidance way of lecturer and evaluation. 4. In the improvement of distribution of the clinical practice evaluation, in the 'practice organization: college' viewpoint, '7:3' is 35.77% as the highest response, '6:4' is 25.20%, '8:2' is 22.76% and '4:6' is 16.26 in regular sequence. 5. In site evaluation reflection of clinical practice, 50% reflection is 32.93% as the highest percentage, 60% reflection is 26.83%, 20% reflection is 20.73% and 80% reflection is 6.10% in regular sequence. In attendance score, it shows percentage of reflecting 50% and 40% is 26.98%, students wanting to reflect 30% is 25.40%, reflecting 10% is 20.63% and no reflecting is 0%. In result of the analyzed data, clinical practice has to be studied more in considering that clinical practice is important point in education of Dept. of Dental Technology and also problems in college and on-site practice need improvements.

치기공과 교육과정 개발에 관한 연구

이화식,Lee, Hwa-Sik 대한치과기공학회 1994 대한치과기공학회지 Vol.16 No.1

The object of this study is, after the dental technology department is developed into the three-year curriculum and so new curriculum is needed, to compare, analyze, and appreciate the two-year model curriculum that has been practiced in our country, to analyze the curriculum and national quality system practiced in the developed country like U. S. canada, Germany and Japan, and, on the basis of the result from the upper part and inquiry result in the dental technology faculty commity of the nationwide junior college, to establish the new curriculum that is suitable the condition of our dental technology department in the junior college. 1) Since the width of the education is broader after the dental technology department is developed into three-year curriculum from the two-year curriculum, the course of study connected with the dental technology is added. 2) The fundamental course is propounded and the practical course which is needed on the spot is assigned. 3) Since the importance of the practical education is understood time and unit of the experimental practice is extended. 4) The time control in the curriculum commected with the national examination is adjected. 5) On the basis of the actual experience, the actual course is propound and time and unit are added widely to uplift the adjustment of the current environment of the dental technology.

법무부 산하의 특성화 학교인 고봉중,고등학교에서 미술과 교육과정 개발 연구

이화식 ( Hwa Sik Lee ) 한국예술교육학회 2012 예술교육연구 Vol.10 No.2

본 연구는 소년원학교에서 인성교육을 위한 예술과 교육과정을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 인성교육을 위한 예술과 교육과정의 영역을 크게 미술, 음악, 무용, 연극이라는 4가지 영역으로 나누어 그 중에서도 이번 연구는 ‘미술과`` 를 중심으로 교육과정을 제시하였다. 이번 연구를 통하여 소년원학교뿐만 아니 라 인성교육을 강조하는 대안교육센터에서 교수학습의 지침이 될 수 있을 것이다. 인성 교육을 위한 예술과 교육과정을 제시하기 위해 인성 요소를 추출하고 이러한 요소를 함양할 수 있도록 미술과 내용 체계를 미적 체험과 표현, 감상라는 대영역으로 나누고 체험의 중영역으로 지각과 소용으로 제시하였디 표현은 회화 조소, 디자인과 공예, 서예의 중영역으로 나누었고, 감상은 미술사와 미술비평이리는 중영 역으로 나누었다. 각각 중영역을 기준으로 다시 소영역을 실정하였는데 소영역을 인성을 도야할 수 있는 실제 활동으로 구성하였다. 이러한 예술(미술)과 교육과정 개발을 통하여 소년원학교나 대안교육센터 등에서 인성교육을 휘한 구제적인 프로그램을 개발하고 사용하는데 지침을 될 수 있을 것이다. The purpose of this paper shows practical education curriculum as a following study of <The study of the way to get characteristics and purpose of Art program for personality education in reformatory school>. In this study, I separated education curriculum and Art for personality education into 4 territories such as fine arts, music, dance, and play, and above all showed education curriculum in order to be a guideline in school with ``Fine Arts`` as the central figure. I separated the structure of contents and fine arts into experience, expression, and understanding as a big field. I also separated experience into nature value and aesthetic value, and expression into painting, sculpture, design and handicraft, and calligraphy as a middle field, also understanding into fine arts and understanding of culture and element and understanding of principle as the same middle field. In addition, I set a small field according to the middle field, which is composed as practical activity which we can cultivate personality with. Through this education curriculum development and Art, T would like to show the guideline to use and develop program for personality education in reformatory school and alternative education center.

정의의 관점에서 미술 교육: 노직, 롤스, 샌델을 중심으로

이화식 ( Lee Hwa-sik ) 한국예술교육학회 2016 예술교육연구 Vol.14 No.3

본 연구는 노직, 롤스, 샌델의 대표적인 정의관을 소개하고, 그에 따른 미술을 연결하여 동시대의 사회적ㆍ정치적 관점을 제공하고자 한다. 노직의 정의관은 자유주의적 입장이 강하다고 할 수 있고, 롤스의 정의관은 평등주의적 입장이 강하다고 할 수 있으며, 샌델의 정의관은 미덕적 정의관이 강하다고 할 수 있다. 이처럼 이들 세 사람의 정의관은 같으면서도 서로 많은 차이점이 있다. 그래서 이번 연구는 노직, 롤스, 샌델의 정의관을 제시하고 그들의 관점에 따라 미술과 디자인에 적용하여 보다 심화된 미술 교육을 시도하였다. 그래서 노직의 정의관은 팝아트와 기능주의 디자인과 연계가 가능하다. 또한, 롤스의 정의관은 프랑스의 사실주의, 미국의 사회적 사실주의, 한국의 민중미술, 유니버설 디자인에 연계가 가능하며, 샌델의 정의관은 현대의 신사실주의와 적정 디자인과 연계가 가능하다. The purpose of this study is to introduce Nozick, Rawls and Sandel`s representative view of justice and connect the visual culture to provide social and political perspectives of the same age. It can be considered that Nozick`s view of justice is strongly liberalistic, Rawls`s view is strongly egalitarian and Sandel`s view is strongly virtuous. Likewise, the view of justice between these three people is same but there are also many differences in their view of justice. Therefore, Nozick, Rawls and Sandel`s view of justice was presented and the visual culture (fine arts, design) was applied each to three types of forms according to their viewpoints to attempt the integration between the justice and visual culture. Therefore, Nozick`s view of justice was linked with pop art and functionalism design, Rawls`s view was linked with socialistic realism and universal design, and Sandel`s view was linked with Neorealism and appropriate design.

실존주의 측면에서 영교육과정 연구

이화식(Lee Hwa Sik) 한국미술교육학회 2014 美術敎育論叢 Vol.28 No.3

이 연구는 고등학교 미술교과서 미술문화 에서 다루고 있는 영교육과정을 실존주의 관점에서 분석하고 해석하였다. 실존주의에서는 인간의 긍정적인 면뿐만 아니라 부정적인 모든 면도 인간의 참된 모습이라 여긴다. 그러므로 실존주의 교육도 인간의 부정적인 면도 교육에서 다루어져야 한다고 주장한다. 전통교육 측면에서 인간의 참된 모습은 삶, 안정, 쾌활로 규정하였다. 이에 반하여 실존주의 교육은 죽음, 불안, 권태를 인간 실존의 필수 특징이라고 규명하였다. 그래서 전통교육에서 강조하는 인간 특징과 실존주의 측면에서 강조하는 인간 특징을 서로 대비시켜 미술교과서 미술문화를 분석ㆍ해석하였다. 이러한 규명 결과 미술교과서에서는 삶, 안정, 쾌활이 죽음, 불안, 권태보다 지문이나 도판 양에서 월등이 많고, 내용적인 측면에서 분석해도 삶, 안정, 쾌활이 사용되는 경우에는 인간 세계의 긍정적인 측면에서 사용되는 경향이 있었고, 죽음, 불안, 권태를 사용하는 경우에는 인간의 나약함이나 회피해야 하는 상황 등을 제시할 때 사용되었다. 이처럼 미술교과서에 내재되어 있는 영교육과정을 실존주의 측면에서 규명하는 것은 미술교육이 추구하는 전인교육에 이바지할 것이다. This study analyzed and interpreted the null curriculum dealt with by high school art textbooks 『Arts and Culture』 from the aspect of existentialism. In existentialism, not only the positive sides of the humans but also the negative sides are considered the true nature of human beings. Therefore, existentialism education argues that the negative sides should be dealt with in education. The true images of human beings in traditional education are defined as life, stability and cheerfulness. In contrast, existentialism education identifies death, anxiety and weariness as critical features of the existence of human beings. In this regard, this study analyzed and interpreted art textbooks 『Arts and Culture』 based on the human attributes stressed in conventional education and in the perspectives of existentialism. As a result, art textbooks had much more articles or figures about life, stability and cheerfulness rather than death, anxiety and weariness. In content analysis, textbooks tended to use life, stability and cheerfulness on the positive sides of human beings while it used death, anxiety and weariness to suggest the weakness of human beings or the situations to be sublated and avoided. Defining the null curriculum inherent in art textbooks from the aspect of existentialism will contribute to the whole-person education pursued by art education.

쉴러의 『인간을 위한 미적 교육에 관한 서간』과 『예기(禮記)』 『락기(樂記)』의 미적 인간상 비교

이화식 ( Hwa Sik Lee ) 한국예술교육학회 2012 예술교육연구 Vol.10 No.3

본 연구는 쉴러의 『Briefe』 와 『禮記』 「樂記」에서 제시하는 미적 교육을 서로 비교하여 공통점과 차이 점을 찾아가는 연구이다, 쉴러가 말하는 ``이상적 인간상(der ideale Mensch)`` ``전인적 인간 (der ganze Mensch)``은 감성과 이성,자연성과 문화성, 삶과 꼴이 모순 없이 통일 [das Ganze der Menschheit]된 인간이며 ``인간성의 이상(Humanitatsideal)``, ``아름다운 성격 (schoner Charakter)``을 가진 인간이다. 그는 이러한 인간을 크게 두 가지로 구분하여 설명하는데 ``미적 인간``, ``그리스적 인간``으로 설명한다. 『禮記』「樂記J에서 말하는 이상적인 인간상은 중(中)과 화(和)올 추구하는 인간이다. 개인적 측면에서 중(中)을 가지는 것이다. 중(中)은 여러 가지 성질 중에서 적절한 균형을 유지한다는 것이다. 이러한 합리적 특성을 가진 인간을 중용적 인간이라고 하겠다. 「樂記」 는 전체적인 맥락에서 『禮記』 와 균형을 유지하려고 하고 있다. 즉 악(樂)과 예(禮)에서 균형을 유지하려고 하고 있다. 다음으로 화(和)는 사회적 인간이 특징이다. 화(和)를 가진 인간은 사회적 관계에서 한쪽으로 치우지지 않고 균형을 유지하며 그 안 에서 도리를 지키는 인간을 말한다. 정리하면 중(中)이 개인적【修身】 에서 이상적 인간을 강조하였다 면,화【和】는 사회적 관계 【治人】에서 이상적 인간을 뜻한다. This study aims to compare the aspects of the Aesthetic Education suggested by F. Schiller`s 『Briefe』and『Li-Chi』ㆍ『Yue-Chi』to identify their similarities and differences. The ``desirable human character(der ideale Mensch)``, ``well-rounded person(der ganze Mensch)`` proposed by F. Schiller means the person who has unified[das Ganze der Menschheit] sensibility and rationality; naturalness and cultural abilities ; life and image without contradiction, with the ``idea of humanity(Humanitatsideal)``, ``high-minded personality(schoner Charakter)``. According to F. Schiller, such a person can be divided into 2 types; ``aesthetic person``, ``Greek person``. He is the person who has moderation and hannony, pursuing the ideal human character described in 『Yue-Chi』 『Li-Chi』. ``Moderation`` is related our individual aspects; it means keeping the appropriate balance among various properties. The person who has rational properties is called a moderate person keeping to the middle way. 『Yue-Chi』 aims to keep balance with 『Li-Chi』 in the overall context, namely, the balance of Yue(pleasure) and Li(manners). In contrast, ``harmony`` is related to social man and it also means ``combination``, ``balance``, The harmonious person means the person who keeps balance impartially in social relations, doing what`s right. In short, while ``moderation focuses on the ideal human character in terms of individual aspects, ``harmony`` means the ideal human character in social relations.