『유가사지론』 점토석독구결 해독 연구(4)

이전경(Lee Jeon Kyung) 구결학회 2004 구결연구 Vol.13 No.-

각필점토구결 자료인 유가사지론 권8의 7장 1행부터 8장 22행까지의 점토를 정리해 보고 잠정적인 해독방안을 모색한 것이다. This paper surveys the overall textual structure of Yuqie shidi lun(瑜伽師地論) vol. 8, and presents a tentative decipherment and interpretation of cipher kugyols inscribed in a part of that volume.

‘爲’자에 현토된 석독표기자와 그 해독

이전경(Lee, Jeon-kyung) 구결학회 2012 구결연구 Vol.28 No.-

‘爲’는 그 의미가 다양하여 우리말로 번역될 때 다양한 양상을 보이는 한자이다. 여말 선초의 불경 중 음독구결 자료에 ‘爲’자에 약체 한자가 작은 글씨로 첨기되어 있는 자료들이 있다. 팬아시아 종이박물관 소장의 보물1153호 법화경과 연세대 중앙도서관 소장의 법화경 귀중본 647 및 능엄경 귀중본 622에 그러한 예가 나타난다. 사용된 글자들은 대체로 ‘三, ?, ?, 乍, 是/?, 當, 以, 寸’ 등이다. 이들은 ‘爲’자의 새김을 표시한 것으로 보인다. 특히 ‘三’은 석독구결에서 ‘爲’에 현토되는 것이다. 다른 글자들도 그 의미상 ‘爲’자와 관련된 것으로 쉽게 추측할 수 있다. 이글에서 이들의 분포와 용법을 소개하고 이것이 석독구결의 한 종류로 연구될 수 있도록 자료를 제공하여 ‘爲’의 독법에 대한 해결의 실마리를 제시하려 한다. ‘爲’ is a chinese character that has discrete meanings, and thus even its Korean translations seem to reflect such discrete senses of the character. Out of the Eumdok-gugyeol materials of the Buddist scriptures written in the end of the Ko-Ryo dynasty and the beginning of the Cho-Sun dynasty are found the documents that show small letters attached to the word ‘爲’. The Beophwa-Gyeong (Treasure n.1153) of Junju Hanji Musium and the Beophwa-Gyeong(guijungbon n.647) and Neungeom-Gyeong(guijungbon n. 622) of the Central Library of Yonsei University can be taken as examples. The small characters most frequently used are ‘三, ?, ?, 乍, 是/?, 當, 以, and 寸,’ and they seem meant to instruct the semantic readings(saegim) of the word ‘爲’. For example the character ‘三’ is attached to the word ‘爲’, in materials of Seokdok Gugyeol. And it is not hard to surmise that the rest of the characters should be somehow related to the word ‘爲’. The aims of this paper are to examine the locations and usages of these characters for the purpose of suggesting that these characters were employed as a way to indicate semantic readings which originated from Seokdok Gugyeol, and to offer a solution to reading ‘爲.’ Hopefully, this project that takes an in-depth and multidimensional investigation of one text will better illuminate the prevalent translation and learning methods utilized in the end of the Ko-Ryo dynasty and the beginning of the Cho-Sun dynasty.

연세대 소장 각필본 『묘법연화경』의 처격 표기

이전경(Lee, Jeon Kyung) 고려대학교 한국학연구소 2013 한국학연구 Vol.44 No.-

이 글은 연세대 중앙도서관 소장 각필구결본 『묘법연화경』의 점토표기법을 밝히기 위한 연구의 일환으로 이 자료에 나타난 처격의 표기 양상을 살핀 것이다. 이 자료에는 처격조사로서 대체로 ‘?’와 ‘?’, ‘??’, ‘??’가 사용된다. 빈도로 보아 대표적인 처격은 ‘?’이며 나머지 표기들은 용법이 제한적이다. ‘??’의 용법은 유가사지론 계통과 동일하나 ‘??’의 분포가 제한적인 점, ‘??’를 시간 표기에 사용하는 점이 이 자료의 특징이 다. 처격의 ‘?’가 단독으로 사용된 용례나 존대 ‘??/??’는 확인되지 않는다. 다른 석독구결자료에서 나타나는 ‘??’의 예 또한 나타나지 않는다. 이 자료의 처격출현 양상에 한정하여 본다면 이 자료가 석독구결의 시대인 12~13세기 이후의 자료임을 추정해 볼 수 있다. 대체로 석독구결자료 중 오래된 것으로 보이는 화엄경에서만 특이 처격인 ‘??’가 나타나기 때문이다. ‘??’가 다수 현토된 ‘?時’의 예를 통해 시간명사 ‘끠?’표기 가능성을 제시하였다. 15세기의 언해본과 일치할 가능성이 있는 이 표기는 이 자료의 시기가 후대일 가능성을 높인다. Seokdok Kugyol is classified by Huayanjing (華嚴經) Type and Yuqieshidilun(瑜伽師地論) Type. The Code Kukyol, YonseiUniv. collecton, is in accordance with Code Kukyol system of Yuqieshidilun Type. Generally, ‘?’, ‘??’, ‘??’, ‘??’ are used as Locative Case. In terms of frequency, typical Locative Case is ‘?’, but the other cases are limitedly used. The usage of ‘??’ is similar to Yuqieshidilun Type, however, distribution of ‘??’ is limited, and use of ‘??’ as a time mark are the distinct features of this document. There are no examples that show exclusive use of locative case of ‘?’ and use of ‘??/??’ as an honorific word. Also, ‘??’, shown at the Seokdok Kugyol, is not appeared. In terms of Locative case apperance, the document is estimated to be made after 12~13 century, which is the Seokdok Kugyol age because ‘? ?’ is appeared only at Huayanjing which seemed to be the oldest Seokdok Kugyol. It suggests the possibility of the notation ‘?’ which is a timesnoun in 15 century, by example of ‘?時’ where lots of ‘??’ is attatched. Also, it shows that the material is made at the late period.

세종의 문자정책과 훈민정음 창제 동기

이전경 ( Jeon Kyung Lee ) 한말연구학회 2015 한말연구 Vol.- No.37

When it comes to the invention of Hunminjeongeum, it has been overlooked that the new letter system was purposely made to establish the throne of Joseon Dynasty. Here this untreated issues are dealt by reviewing several articles in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty. In Section 2, the reasons why the Hunminjeongeum was invented are studied with the article of Feb 20 of 26 Annals. This article contains significant information about the process of inventing Hunminjeongeum and literary policies in the era of King Sejong as well. Thus reviewing the article led to revealing the dynamics between the king and his officials in the Royal Court which had neglected in previous studies. For example, appeals submitted by Choei Manri turned out to be the attempt to control the throne with the Sadae diplomatic policy and Confucianism. King Sejong however beat off the challenge by laying out logical bases, and it affected other counter arguments against the letter invention. Ever since these appeals had been dealt with, the literary policy went well. In Section 3, the historical background that needed new character system, Hunminjeongeum is mainly reviewed. In the early years of the Joseon Dynasty, the literary policy was established in relation to organizing national administrative systems domestically. It was also related with making its place in the East Asia internationally. The throne needed its authority recognized both internally and externally, so made its own character system and new Unseo(Dictionary of Proper Pronunciations) to achieve the goal effectively.

조선왕조실록 국역본에 나타난 문자(文字)의 번역 문제

연규동 ( Gyu Dong Yum ),이전경 ( Jeon Kyung Lee ),김은희 ( Eun Hee Kim ),김남시 ( Nam See Kim ) 연세대학교 인문학연구원 2012 人文科學 Vol.96 No.-

This paper aims to investigate some aspects of munja(文字) manifested in the Korean translation of the Chosun Dynasty Annals. In order to do so, we first selected examples containing munja(文字) from the original Chinese text of the Annals, and then we checked whether it was correctly translated into Korean according to the context, by comparing the original with the Korean translation. The result is that, though munja(文字) is translated in various terms, including letter, writing, text, book, and knowledge, more than 70 percent of the examples are shown to take literal translation of munja. In case of translating the Korean classics written in Chinese into Korean, the original Chinese words can be either translated into modern Korean sounds for the words or replaced into different Chinese words that carry the same meaning of the orignal or paraphrased into idioms. However, in case of modern Korean expressions, such as munja, where the same words are used, worries about literal or liberal translation would be less involved. This is probably the reason why over 70% of the munja(文字) examples are done in literal translation. However, just because a word appears in an old document in the same form and pronunciation does not mean that it carries the same meaning. By the same token, in translating munja from the original Chosun Dynasty Annals into modern Korean, we must take the specific context into account. Issues pertinent to translating the Chosun Dynasty Annals into modern Korean, one of which is our case of munja, should be continuously addressed. Provided that the Korean translation of the original Annals would be revised according to the context and, as a consequence, enhance the reader`s understanding of the precious cultural legacy, it will well fit into other undertakings of the Annals being currently carried out, including English translation and modernization of it.

조선왕조실록에 나타난 ‘文字’의 의미

연규동(Yurn, Gyudong),이전경(Lee, Jeon-Kyung),김은희(Kim, Eun-Hee),김남시(Kim, Nam-See) 연세대학교 국학연구원 2012 동방학지 Vol.158 No.-

본 논문은 조선왕조실록에 나타나는 ‘文字’가 가진 다양한 의미를 밝히는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 조선왕조 실록 온라인판(http://sillok.history.go.kr) 에서 한문 원문에 나타나는 ‘文字’를 모으 고, 각각의 국문 번역을 참고하여 해당 맥락에서 ‘文字’가 어떤 의미로 사용되었는지 조사하였다. 실록에 나타나는 ‘文字’라는 단 어의 의미를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 글자: 글자(통칭), 문자 체계, 한자 2. 단어, 문구 3. 문장 4. 글: 글(통칭), 한문, 고전(古典), 학문, 글쓰기, 전례(前例), 기록, 규정 5. 문서: 공문서, 증명서, 편지 6. 책7. 학식 이러한 작업을 통해서 조선시대의 ‘文字’의 의미 범주가 현대국어에서보다 더 넓다는 사실이 드러났다. 즉 ‘문 자’는 현대국어와 같이 ‘글자’의 뜻 외에도, 글자가 모인 ‘단어, 문구’나 ‘문 장’을 가리키기도 하고, 문장이 결합한 ‘글’ 전체를 나타내는 데에도 사용된다. 또한 글의 집합체인 ‘문서’, ‘책’의 의미 에까지 확장되며, 추상적인 ‘학식’에 이르기까지 다양하고 포괄적인 의미를 가진 단어이다. 본고의 논의는 동·서양을 포괄하는 모든 문화에서 문자가 오늘날 우리가 사용하는 일반적인 ‘문자’의 의미보다 훨씬 광범위한 인간 활동 일반을 지칭 해왔다는 점을 암시하고 있다. 이는 앞으로 면밀한 연구와 분석을 통해 포괄 적인 문자의 개념과 문자의 역사 서술로 확증되어야 할 것이다. The objective of this paper is to investigate the meanings and usages of munja (文字) manifested in the Chosun Dynasty Annals. In order to do so, we looked at the original Chinese texts of the online Annals where munja is employed, and then compared the originals with their Korean translation. The following is the summary of the meanings of munja in the Annals: 1. Letter: letter (in general), writing system, Chinese character 2. Word or Phrase 3. Sentence 4. Writing: writing (in general), Chinese writing, classics, learning, composition, authority [precedents], record, rule 5. Document: official document, certificate, epistle 6. Book 7. Erudition As this summary suggests, the word munja in the Chosun era was used much more broadly than in modern days. In addition to meaning “letter” as used in modern Korean, munja previously referred to “word,phrase,” and “sentence.” It was also used to describe an entire piece of writing. As extensions, munja also signified “document,” “book,” and even the abstract “erudition.” What this research eventually tries to contend, starting with these findings of the Annals, is that, considered in the long history of “letter” not only in Korea but also other Asian and even western cultures, the word may have been employed to indicate a much wider range of human activities than modern people generally assume. We hope to substantiate this perspective with more elaboration in our future research.