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불화된 γ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>상에서 아세틸렌으로부터 1,1-difluoroethane의 합성
이윤우,이경환,임종성,김재덕,이윤용,Lee, Youn-Woo,Lee, Kyong-Hwan,Lim, Jong Sung,Kim, Jae-Duck,Lee, Youn Yong 한국공업화학회 1998 공업화학 Vol.9 No.5
${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$을 불화한 촉매상에서 아세틸렌으로부터 1,1-difluoroethane을 합성하는 실험을 반응물질의 몰비와 접촉시간, 그리고 반응온도를 변화하여 실시하였다. 촉매의 불화는 무수 불화수소로 고온에서 행하였다. 제조된 시료는 XRD에 의한 결정성, 질소 흡착에 의한 세공성, 그리고 피리딘-IR과 암모니아-TPD에 의한 산 특성을 측정하였다. 촉매의 활성은 ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$가 불화됨에 따라 향상되었고 반응온도 $200^{\circ}C$ 정도에서 원하는 생성물인 1,1-difluoroethane의 분율이 90% 이상이었다. 불화된 ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$촉매상에서 얻은 중간생성물인 vinylfluoride에 비해 원하는 물질인 1,1-difluoroethane의 비는 불화수소/아세틸렌 몰비가 높고 접촉시간이 큰 경우에서 높았고 반응온도 $210^{\circ}C$에서 최대의 값을 얻었다. The synthesis of 1,1-difluoroethane from acetylene as a function of HF/acetylene ratio, contact time and reaction temperature was studied on a fluorinated ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$. The fluorination of ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ was treated with pure HF gas at high temperature. The crystallinity, the porosity, and the acid properties of the prepared samples were examined using XRD, the nitrogen adsorption, pyridine-IR and ammonia-TPD respectively. The activity was enhanced by further fluorination of alumina. The fraction of 1,1-difluoroethane was obtained above 90% at reaction temperature of about $200^{\circ}C$. The ratio of 1,1-difluoroethane to vinylfluoride over fluorinated ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ catalyst was increased with the mole ratio of HF/acetylene and contact time, and was found to be the highest ratio at reaction temperature of $200^{\circ}C$.
Effects of Agmatine on GABA<sub>A</sub> Receptor Antagonist-induced Tactile Allodynia
이윤우,이시카와 토시쪼,Lee, Youn Woo,Ishikawa, Toshizo The Korean Journal of Pain 2008 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.21 No.3
Background: The intrathecal (IT) $GABA_A$ receptor antagonist, bicuculline (BIC), results in tactile allodynia (TA) through disinhibition in the spinal cord. Such disinhibition is considered to be an important mechanism for neuropathic pain. Agmatine, an endogenous polyamine, has a neuro-protective effect in the central nervous system. We investigated the analgesic effects and mechanisms of agmatine action on BIC-induced TA. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighting 250-300 g, were subjected to implantations of PE-10 into the lumbar subarachnoid space for IT drug injection. Five days after surgery, either $10{\mu}l$ of normal saline (NS) or agmatine ($30{\mu}g$ or $10{\mu}g$) in $10{\mu}l$ NS were injected 10 min prior to BIC ($10{\mu}g$) or NMDA ($5{\mu}g$). We assessed the degree of TA (graded 0: no response, 1: mild response, 2: moderate response, 3: strong response) every 5 min for 30 min. Areas under curves and degree of TA were expressed as mean ${\pm}$ SEM. Results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey test for multiple comparisons. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: IT BIC-induced strong TA reached its peak and plateaued between 10 to 15 min. IT NS-NMDA induced mild transient TA for up to 15 min. Preemptive IT AG attenuated IT BIC-induced TA dose dependently and preemptive IT AG10 completely abolished the IT NMDA-induced TA. Conclusions: Preemptive IT AG attenuated the IT BIC-induced TA through inhibitory actions on postsynaptic NMDA receptor activation. AG might be a viable therapeutic option in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
신경결찰에 의한 신경병증성 통증 쥐에서 NMDA Antagonist 전처치가 이질통 발생에 미치는 영향
이윤우(Youn Woo Lee),윤덕미(Duck Mi Yoon),이종석(J 대한통증학회 1996 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.9 No.2
N/A Background: Following peripheral nerve injury, rats will show a tactile allodynia and hyperalgesia. But the mechanism of allodynia is still obscure. Previous studies have shown this allodynia was reversed by intrathecal alpha-2 agonists and NMDA antagonists, but not by morphine. In formalin test, either the pretreatment of NMDA antagonist or mor- phine prevents the hyperalgesia. The present studies, using rats rendered allodynic by ligation of the left L5 and L6 nerves, aimed to investigate the effects of pretreatment of MK-80l and morphine on the development of tactile allodynia. Methods and Material: Male Sprague-Dawley rats(100-150 g) were anesthetized with halothane, the left L5 and L6 spinal nerves were ligated tightly by 6-0 black silk. For sham operation muscle dissection was performed but the spinal nerve was not ligated. For pretreatment of drugs, MK-801(NMDA antagonist; 0.3mg/kg). CNQX(non-NMDA an- tagonist; 0.3mg/kg), morphine(1 mg/kg) or saline(placebo) was administered subcutaneously 30 minutes before operation. A second dose was administered subcutaneously 24 hours after operation and further doses were given daily for 2 days further. The volume of in- jection was 5 ml/kg. To assess the mechanical allodynia, paw withdrawal thresholds of ip- silateral limb were determined using 8 von Frey hairs. Results: Within 2 days saline, CNQX or morphine injected rats developed tactile allodynia(paw withdrawal threshold was about 2 g), and persisted for over 2 weeks. Pre- treatment of MK-801 delayed the development of tactile allodynia for 3 days comparing to that of saline injected rat. Conclusion: NMDA receptor in the central nerve system plays an important role in the development of tactile allodynia induced by peripheral nerve injury. But the mechanism may be different from hyperalgesia developed in formalin test.
이윤우(Youn Woo Lee),김명희(Myoung Hee Kim),윤덕미 대한통증학회 1990 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.3 No.2
In Incheon Severance Hospital, a secondary delivery hospital, anesthesiologists have treated cancer pain in the operation room when referred from other department. Intrathecal neurolytic block is a valuable means of producing high quality pain relief in any hospital. It is simple to carry out, requires brief hospitalization, can be used in elderly or severely ill patients, can be repeated with the block wears off and its duration is sufficient for the terminal cancer patients. We reviewed the clinical charateristics of the intrathecal alcohol and phenol-glycerine used in two cases of cancer with pain.
제왕 절개술후 통증 치료를 위해 경막외강에 투여된 Morphine 및 Nalbuphine-Morphine 혼합액의 비교 연구
이윤우(Youn Woo Lee),이자원(Ja Won Lee),윤덕미(Duc 대한통증학회 1992 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.5 No.2
N/A The effect of epidural nalbuphine on pruritus, nausea, vomiting, voiding difficulties and/or analgesia induced by epidural morphine was determined in sixty Cesarian delivery patients. They were physical status l or 2 by ASA classification and randomly divided into three groups. They were administered morphine 3 mg only(group A), nalbuphine 5 mg with morphine 3 mg (group B), or nalbuphine 10 mg with morphine 3 mg(group C) at the time of peritoneal closure. During postoperative 24 hours their analgesic effects were evaluated by visual analogue scale(0-l0). Respiratory rates, Trieger dot test and severity of side effects(0-2) were also evaluated. The results were as follows; 1)Analgesic duration of the first epidural administration was significantly long in group A than other groups, but there was no difference between that of group B and group C. 2) Pruritus was more severe in group A than other groups but the severity was decreased by increasing nalbuphine dosage. 3) Nausea and or vomiting was mild in group C and the incidence of nausea andlor vomiting combined with pruritus was decrgased by increasing nalbuphine dosage. 4) Voiding difficulties was more severe in group A than other groups but the severity was not decreased by increasing nalbuphine dosage. 5) None of the patients had objective sedation or low respiration rate(<10 times/minute). We concluded that epidural administration of nalbuphine l0 mg with morphine 3mg for post- Cesarean section pain management is one of good methods to reduce side effects induced by epidural morphine.