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이윤성,Lee, Yoon Seong 연세대학교 의과대학 2016 의학교육논단 Vol.18 No.1
Although the state of medicine in North Korea is of great interest, there is little information, if any, about the present state of medicine in North Korea. Even North Korea's laws and regulations on medicine are not publicly available. It is plausible that the dictator's commands or the policy of the Communist Party may be superior to the nation's constitution and laws on medical education and much more. Information is only available from a limited number of publications and mainly from the statements of refugees, which differ greatly among themselves. No one refugee could provide authoritative data or information because they were never in the position to see the larger picture or have experience over the long term. However, what is known is that the major health professions in North Korea include physicians (medical doctors), stomatologists (oral doctors), 'Koryo' doctors (doctors of Korean traditional medicine), midwives, and nurses. The names and the founding year of each of the regular medical schools are listed along with the change and restoration of names of schools. It is known that there have been quasi-physicians and semi-physicians. However, the reasons for any changes that have taken place also remain unknown. The educational system, curriculum, and even the number of years of training needed to qualify to become a physician have varied from time to time.
이윤성(Yoon-seong Lee) 한국의학교육학회 2001 Korean journal of medical education Vol.13 No.2
Though there is a long-standing debate on the faculty ‘inbreeding of Korean medical schools, one knows little about what and how is the status. Based on [Current Educational Status of Medical Schools] by the Korean Council of Deans of Medical College, the basic data on the medical professors are presented. By May 2000, the total of 7,511 professors were in 41 medical schools. Among them, 6,963 (92.7%) were M.D. More than 90% of M.D. professors of 9 medical schools (19.5%) were their own graduates, while those of 15 medical schools (36.6%) do not have the majority of graduates and they are relatively new ones. Many medical professors (3,114, 44.7%) works at the medical schools that they graduated. However, eight schools established before 1955 have their own graduates 40.8% of M.D. professors, and 14 schools established from 1965 to 1982 have 57.7%. Korean medical schools have trend that they have chosen their own graduates as medical professors. And the relatively new schools follows the trend.
복합부위통증증후군에 대한 장애급여금의 지급기준 및 약관 도입 방안
이윤성(Lee Yoon seong) 한국보험법학회 2009 보험법연구 Vol.3 No.2
복합부위통증증후군(CRPS)은 최근에 정립되어 널리 알려지지 않았지만, 외상(가벼운 외상을 포함한다.)이나 수술, 질병 뒤에서 발생하며, 만성적으로 자발통, 이질통, 통증과민 등의 증상을 나타낸다. 특히 일반적인 통증 치료에 잘 반응하지 않으며, 예후도 불명확하다. 외상 뒤에 CRPS가 나타난 피해자가 장애급여의 대상인지에 대하여 논란이 많다. 우선 의학적으로도 CRPS를 진단하는 기준이 있지만, 치료의 목적인지 또는 연구의 목적인지에 따라 기준이 다르다. 더욱이 보험이 담보하는 손해라는 관점에서 진단 기준은 더 엄격해야 하는지 아니면 더 느슨해야 하는지에 대한 합의가 없다. 왜냐하면 CRPS 환자는 통증을 주요 증상으로 호소하는데, 통증은 주관적인 증상이므로 이를 객관적으로 판단하기 어렵고, 심지어 보상성 신경증이나 꾀병이 개입할 가능성이 없지 않기 때문이다. CRPS가 진단되었을지라도 사고와 관련된 상해인지 또는 경미한 외상에 의하여 체질적인 질병이 악화 또는 유발된 것인지에 대한 판단도 어렵다. CRPS는 경미한 외력에 의해서 발생하므로 당해 사고가 유발요인인지 또는 당해 사고 이후에 경험한 다른 유발요인이 있었는지를 긍정하거나 부정하기도 어렵다. 이는 입증책임의 문제로 귀결하기도 한다. 상해로 인정받더라도 정의에 따라 증상이 고정되지 않았으므로 신체장애로 인정하기 어렵다. CRPS는 치료가 되더라도 상당히 오랜 시간이 걸리는 경우가 있고, 치료방법도 단순한 진통제 투여부터 비싼 비용을 지불해야 하는 척수자극기 삽입까지 다양하므로 일률적으로 인정하기가 매우 어렵다. 따라서 보험약관에서는 CRPS를 질병으로만 인정하든지, 상해로 본다면 엄격한 기준과 조건에 따라 한시적으로 인정하는 것이 바람직하다. 앞으로 진행될 여러 연구의 결과를 기다리는 것도 대안일 수 있다. CRPS (Complex Regional Pain Syndrome) is a chronic pain syndrome which may be initiated after minor trauma, surgery, or certain diseases. CRPS is characterized by unusual chronic pain as spontaneous pain, allodynia and hyperalgia. It is often associated with changes of sweating and skin temperature, and even atrophy of nails and hairs, and atrophy of the involved limbs. Two types of CRPS are recognized: Type Ⅰ is RSD (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) which is coded "M89; other disorders of bone" at ICD X (International Classification of Diseases, 10th ed.). Type II is causalgia, G56.4 at ICD X. The causalgia differs from RSD in evident nerve damage. CRPS is characterized by chronic pain which is subjective. That hampers the objective diagnosis. There could be involved with compensatory neurosis and even malingering. Debates on whether CRPS could be a guaranteed by insurance are as follows; (1) Is CRPS a disease or a injury? It is because CRPS is basically constitutional derangement and is aggravated by a minor trauma, surgery or certain diseases, and is not the actual result of any trauma. (2) Even if CRPS is a injury, it is not clear that the concerned trauma is the aggravating agent. It is because CRPS appears after days, weeks, even months and no one could rule other aggravating agent in or out. (3) CRPS could not be a permanent impairment by its definition, because it could be easily fixed in symptom. (4) The treatment modality differs from simple administration of analgesics to implantation of spinal cord stimulator which is of high cost. Therefore, CRPS could be a disease, not an injury or a permanent impairment at the insurance provision. Or it could be an injury after the scrutinization of further researches of medical fields and legal implications.