[역사이야기] 고려왕조 탄생 1100주년, 통일국가 고려

신안식 한국자치학회 2018 월간 공공정책 Vol.147 No.-

고려 고종초기 거란유종의 침입과 김취려의 활약

신안식 한국중세사학회 2011 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.30

There was an Khitan invasion August 14th in 1216. After that, Kim Chwi-ryeo was appointed Hugunbyeongmasa and he distinguished himself in War. Although Vanguard of Khitan came southward fiercely, thanks to his trying, Goryeo could drive them away Cheongsaejin by blocking them in Joyangjin and Hyangshan battles. Subsequently the battle with Khitan’s Hubaldae became more fierce. When Goryeo army’s strength fell because of previous battles, Kitan’s Hubaldae constantly came southward with expanding its front to Gaegyeong and Central region getting across Cheongcheon and Daedong Rivers. Their southward movement was considered that not only they could secure the foundation for building up a nation but also they tried to get out of the range of Jin Dynasty and Mongolia. It was Kim Chwi-ryeo’s Maekgok and Bakdalhyeon battles that stopped this southward advance. The road which connects Wonju and Chungju were important military strategic point which was able to get to Gyeongsang-do region. The primary perimeter was the Maekgok battle. The victory at the Maekgok battle could induce Hubaldae to come Bakdalhyeon where it was a road to go from Jeju to Chungju area. Also the triumph at the Bakdalhyeon could throw them out Myeongju region. Yet because Goryeo did not completely suppress invaders, since then, it made it possible for Hubaldae to move to Yeojin land passing by Donggae area. As a result, the war kept continuing because Vanguard appeared on Bukgae and Hubaldae appeared on Donggae. Meanwhile, the Khitan’s retreat from the Yeojin land gave Dongjin Country where were in Yeojin an excuse to intrude Goryeo. Eventually it became the opportunity for Mongolia and Dongjin to invade Donggae region. Although the allied powers claimed that it was a pretext for sweeping Khitan, it brought about another critical situation to Goryeo. It was Kim Chwi-ryeo who took the important role to overcome this crisis. He understood Mongolia’s intent and by active responding, completely mopped up the remainders of Khitan in the Gangdongseong battle. After all, by establishing ‘A Pact of Brotherhood’ between Goryeo and Mongolia, Goryeo could overcame the new war crisis. Finally ‘Pact of Brotherhood’ meant not only finishing long war with Khitan but also leading the consequence to make a new external environment with Mongolia. However we should remember this Pact because it played an important role to lead beneficial aspects for Goryeo dynasty in the process of war and negotiation with Mongolia. There was an Khitan invasion August 14th in 1216. After that, Kim Chwi-ryeo was appointed Hugunbyeongmasa and he distinguished himself in War. Although Vanguard of Khitan came southward fiercely, thanks to his trying, Goryeo could drive them away Cheongsaejin by blocking them in Joyangjin and Hyangshan battles. Subsequently the battle with Khitan’s Hubaldae became more fierce. When Goryeo army’s strength fell because of previous battles, Kitan’s Hubaldae constantly came southward with expanding its front to Gaegyeong and Central region getting across Cheongcheon and Daedong Rivers. Their southward movement was considered that not only they could secure the foundation for building up a nation but also they tried to get out of the range of Jin Dynasty and Mongolia. It was Kim Chwi-ryeo’s Maekgok and Bakdalhyeon battles that stopped this southward advance. The road which connects Wonju and Chungju were important military strategic point which was able to get to Gyeongsang-do region. The primary perimeter was the Maekgok battle. The victory at the Maekgok battle could induce Hubaldae to come Bakdalhyeon where it was a road to go from Jeju to Chungju area. Also the triumph at the Bakdalhyeon could throw them out Myeongju region. Yet because Goryeo did not completely suppress invaders, since then, it made it possible for Hubaldae to move to Yeojin land passing by Donggae area. As a result, the war kept continuing because Vanguard appeared on Bukgae and Hubaldae appeared on Donggae. Meanwhile, the Khitan’s retreat from the Yeojin land gave Dongjin Country where were in Yeojin an excuse to intrude Goryeo. Eventually it became the opportunity for Mongolia and Dongjin to invade Donggae region. Although the allied powers claimed that it was a pretext for sweeping Khitan, it brought about another critical situation to Goryeo. It was Kim Chwi-ryeo who took the important role to overcome this crisis. He understood Mongolia’s intent and by active responding, completely mopped up the remainders of Khitan in the Gangdongseong battle. After all, by establishing ‘A Pact of Brotherhood’ between Goryeo and Mongolia, Goryeo could overcame the new war crisis. Finally ‘Pact of Brotherhood’ meant not only finishing long war with Khitan but also leading the consequence to make a new external environment with Mongolia. However we should remember this Pact because it played an important role to lead beneficial aspects for Goryeo dynasty in the process of war and negotiation with Mongolia.

[역사이야기] 새로운 세상을 위한 밀알, 명학소민 망이·망소이의 저항

신안식 한국자치학회 2017 월간 공공정책 Vol.143 No.-

고려전기의 麗宋 교통로와 교역

신안식 한국중세사학회 2012 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.33

In the first half of Goryeo Dynasty, the traffic route of Goryeo Dynasty and Song Dynasty also was a traffic route of the diplomatic corps. This point could serve as an important variable in the trade between the two countries. The case of trade in Goryeo Dynasty were at the same time through the political contacts with envoys. On the other hand, Song Dynasty, by separating the political and commercial exchanges had led traders to trade. In this paper, the diplomatic corps of Goryeo Dynasty were followed up traffic from Deungju or Myungju to capital of Byeongyeong of Song Dynasty. To travel from Deungju to Byeongyeong would have passed ‘Yuju→ Jeju→ Seoju’ due to the main road and the big cities, to travel from Myungju to Byeongyeong also could have been come across to the center of canal connected ‘Hangju→ Soju→ Choju→ Namgyeong’ such a huge commercial city. In addition, considering the diplomatic corps of Goryeo Dynasty stayed nine months in Song Dynasty, assuming that the various trade were more likely to have been made. Eventually, the replacement of transportation route to Myungju from Deungju was replacement was a consensus between Goryeo Dynasty and Song Dynasty. If the diplomatic corps of Goryeo Dynasty went from Deungju to the capital of Byeongyeong, it was inconveniences that they used the land route. But if they used Myungju, it would be possible to larger trade through the canal. Goryeo Dynasty as the country took advantage tribute, by combining diplomacy and trade would have many advantages for the purpose of transporting goods. Meanwhile, the diplomatic corps of Song Dynasty stayed one month and merchants of Song Dynasty was able to stay 3-5 months on the mainland of Goryeo Dynasty. In the first half of Goryeo Dynasty, the traffic route of Goryeo Dynasty and Song Dynasty also was a traffic route of the diplomatic corps. This point could serve as an important variable in the trade between the two countries. The case of trade in Goryeo Dynasty were at the same time through the political contacts with envoys. On the other hand, Song Dynasty, by separating the political and commercial exchanges had led traders to trade. In this paper, the diplomatic corps of Goryeo Dynasty were followed up traffic from Deungju or Myungju to capital of Byeongyeong of Song Dynasty. To travel from Deungju to Byeongyeong would have passed ‘Yuju→ Jeju→ Seoju’ due to the main road and the big cities, to travel from Myungju to Byeongyeong also could have been come across to the center of canal connected ‘Hangju→ Soju→ Choju→ Namgyeong’ such a huge commercial city. In addition, considering the diplomatic corps of Goryeo Dynasty stayed nine months in Song Dynasty, assuming that the various trade were more likely to have been made. Eventually, the replacement of transportation route to Myungju from Deungju was replacement was a consensus between Goryeo Dynasty and Song Dynasty. If the diplomatic corps of Goryeo Dynasty went from Deungju to the capital of Byeongyeong, it was inconveniences that they used the land route. But if they used Myungju, it would be possible to larger trade through the canal. Goryeo Dynasty as the country took advantage tribute, by combining diplomacy and trade would have many advantages for the purpose of transporting goods. Meanwhile, the diplomatic corps of Song Dynasty stayed one month and merchants of Song Dynasty was able to stay 3-5 months on the mainland of Goryeo Dynasty.

[역사이야기] 다시 생각해 보는 고려의 지도<SUP>地圖</SUP>

신안식 한국자치학회 2022 월간 공공정책 Vol.195 No.-

[역사이야기] 위대한 외교 전략가, 서희

신안식 한국자치학회 2015 월간 공공정책 Vol.119 No.-

고려시대의 삼경(三京)과 국도(國都)

신안식 ( Shin An-sik ) 한국중세사학회 2014 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.39

In Goryeo Dynasty establishment of a country early, Gaegyeong of National Capital and Seogyeong of Second Capital was coexisting as the Two Capital System. This status of Seogyeong was changed that it was built Donggyeong in Gyeongju. As a result, the Three Capital System was established. Gyeongju was upgraded a member of Three Capital because of inherited consciousness of Silla history and the political trends in Goryeo Dynasty. However, the Two Capital System was sustained since it was out of the patrol in the target from the stand after Seongjong period. The instrument in institutional system from formal system in the Three Capital System was changed that it was built Namgyeong in Yangzhou. Namgyeong was constructed for the purpose of Capital Relocation. It was meant that a one-side the patrol of Seogyeong was magnifying of Namgyeong. The symbol of National Capital was the National Castle. In other words, it was the Nasung of Gaegyeong. Also the Nasung of Seogyeong has been established before the Nasung of Gaegyeong, but it did not call the National Castle. The actual relationship of National Capital and Second Capital was the King's patrol. After Sukjong period, the patrol of Seogyeong and Namgyeong has been progressing steadily. The Three Capital System was complementary the historical limitations of Gaegyeong, but it did not complement the Gaegyeong in the crisis of foreign war. This was meant that the Three Capital System was more important the political purposes than the military purposes. Gaegyeong has become the National Capital as the birthplace of the ancestors. Nevertheless, the migration debate in new National Capital was raised consistently. The position of the National Capital was an important issue on systematic order of the land operations. Of course, the migration debate of new National Capital was all discarded except for the migration of Ganghwa in the war time of Mongolia. The reason is thought to have been derived from cyclic structure from the Two Capital System of Gaegyeong·Seogyeong and the Three Capital System of Gaegyeong·Seogyeong·Donggyeong. Thus, the Three Capital System of Goryeo Dynasty was a big influence on that it was the systematic operations of National land as well as the ups and downs of political forces.

고려 무인집권기 지방사회 저항에 대한 연구동향과 과제

신안식(Shin An-Sik) 건국대학교 통일인문학연구단 2007 통일인문학 Vol.45 No.-

The 12 · 13th century were pressed for a new change in the Koryo Dynasty. In this treatise. I have a mind to comprehend through a study on social character during the military rule. specially the trend of local society. During the period. it is to form a base of unrest of local society the resistance of people better than anything else. The national situation of wandering of people which have begun at the first half of 12th century changed in a full scale resistance. There was the resistance of people a opposite phase against a direct abuse and also was powerful a side of desire-gushing to demand change of governing system from foundation society. Meanwhile the ruling classes were willing to pursuit a whole stability through concentration of the central power and improvement of a policy for public. But. when the resistance of local society and central confrontation had been not synthesis. both collision was inevitable. which given rise to insecurity of whole society. After all the tendency of local society during the military rule directly had an effect on fluctuation of the ruling classes and governing system as well as movement of several powers in local society. As a result. I think that a study on this theme will be of help to understand character of Koryo society in during the military rule. Considering that social change in 14th century should solve contradiction in 12 · 13th century. I propose that the resistance in those days should be significance to begin for a new change.

[역사이야기] 꿈이 다른 두 정치가, 정몽주와 정도전

신안식 한국자치학회 2021 월간 공공정책 Vol.185 No.-

고려전기의 축성(築城)과 개경의 황성

신안식 한국역사연구회 2000 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.38