‘또 다른 세계’를 비추는 거울 : ‘축제’의 구성원리와 그 변주

이상룡(Lee Sangryong) 한국슬라브유라시아학회 2003 슬라브학보 Vol.18 No.2

According to Bakhtln, the true and healthy parody of earlier times was "free of any nihilistic denial". All parties to the exchange laughed in all directions. In contrast to its impoverished modern variant. such parody does not undermine a hero or his variants. It parodies only their tragic heroization. This sort of parody can generate true heroes. who are heroic precisely because they contain more possibilities for growth and change than can be encompassed by any single given genre. The serious word is not discredited. Also it is complemented and supplemented. Compared with his treatment of carnival laughter and the grotesque body in the Rabelais book. Bakhtin's concerns center more on the individual speaker and on the tone and content of the speaker's utterance. In retrospect. parody undermines not authority in principle but only authority with pretensions to be timeless and absolute. parodic forms enable us to distance ourselves from words. to be outside any given utterance and to assume our own unique attitude toward it. Thus. the parodic words we use are important not because they can change reality. but because they increase our freedom of interpretive choice by providing new perspectives. The carnival sense of the world. as a process and a technical term. covers many interconnected ideas in Bakhtin. First. it is a view of the world in which all important value resides in openness and incompletion. It usually involves mockery of all serious. closed attitudes about the world. and it also celebrates "discrowning", that is. inverting top and bottom in any given structure. Discrowning points symbolically to the unstable and temporary nature of any hierarchy. Bakhtin generalizes these two actions into one ambivalent gesture. That is. debasement or casting-down. In the carnival symbolic. however. a casting-down is always a positive gesture as well, a bringing-down-to-earth and thus a renewal and refertilization. Bakhtin associates this inverted hierarchy of bodily activities with carnivalistic images. in which the confines between bodies and between the body and the world are overcome. There is an element of utopian radicalism here as well. for unlike the fate of real-life bodies. potential in the grotesque body is always realized. The old always dies and the new always flourishes and grows bigger. As Gogol put it, a carnival sense of the world does not know footlights. Carnival is not a spectacle seen by the people. they live in it. While carnival lasts. there is no other life outside it. Bakhtin insisted on a constantly renegotiated balance between givenness and positedness. According to the new carnival worldview, however, people are all either permanently fixed or else in random flux. pure possibility. Again we experience the appeal and the daring of the carnivalesqe, its pushing to extremes the two contradictiory ideals of embodiment and of potential. We also see the consequences of Bakhtin's new and shortlived taste for binary oppositions.

관념과 심미성의 역동적 융합

이상룡(Sangryong Lee) 한국외국어대학교 동유럽발칸연구소 2024 동유럽발칸연구 Vol.48 No.1

톨스토이의 『부활』은 심미적 서사와 사상적 명제의 역동적 융합이다. 그는 네흘류도프의 정체성 정립과 근원적 인식 전환의 과정을 여러 관점의 중첩적 서사로 그려내고 있다. 인식의 지향점을 잃은 채, 두 자아의 충돌로 발생하는 방황의 긴 파노라마를, 톨스토이는 서정적 심미성이라는 시점에서 서술하고 있다. 문학의 목적성과 심미성에 대한 다른 기준으로 인해, 이 작품에 대한 비평가들의 견해는 극단적으로 엇갈린다. 첨예한 비평적 논쟁에도 불구하고, 톨스토이가 시도한 관념과 심미의 융합, 문학적 주제와 사회적 개혁 사상의 접점을 찾으려는 시도는 상당히 신선하다. 이 작품에서 톨스토이는 네흘류도프의 정체성의 내밀한 분석을 추구한다. 그의 성격적 특성을 상징하는 것이 바로 ‘뷔리당의 당나귀’ 우화이다. 두 개의 등가적 가치 노선 사이에서, 자신의 지향좌표를 자율적으로 결정하지 못하는 네흘류도프를 아주 적절하게 대변하는 수사법이다. 이윽고, 네흘류도프는 새로운 차원으로 도약해가고자 할 때, 자신의 진정한 능력과 고유한 가치에 대해 믿음을 갖지 못한다. 톨스토이는 여기서 ‘강물의 알레고리’를 통하여, 네흘류도프가 궁극적으로 자신이 지닌 내재적 덕목과 천품을 발휘하여 자신의 진면목을 실현할 것이라고 암시한다. 이런 인식 전환의 과정에서 네흘류도프는 부조리한 존재 상황과 제도의 불합리성에 대한 비판을 전개한다. 그 과정에서 몽상적 아나키스트라는 비난을 듣기도 하지만, ‘선한 영혼의 감옥’이라는 헨리 소로의 이론과 밀접하게 교감하며 자신의 여정을 전개한다. 그는 온 힘을 기울인 노력과 개혁적 의지로 사회에 깊이 침투한 허위와 위선을 밝혀나간다. 그런 과정에서 서서히 자신에 대한 확고한 믿음을 찾아서, 마침내 개체적 자율성과 자유의지로 자신의 부활을 이뤄간다. Tolstoy’s Resurrection is the dynamic cohesion of aesthetic narrative and philosophical hypothesis. He delineates the process of Nekhludov building up identity and fundamental transformation of his conceptualization in various terms of multi­layered narratives. Tolstoy describes the panorama of long spiritual wandering caused by two different selves’ never­ending conflicts from the standpoint of lyrical aesthetics. Based on different criteria for literary purposefulness and aesthetics, critics bring about extremely opposite evaluations on this work. Despite of heated arguments, it seems to be very refreshing that Tolstoy’s creative attempt to put together ideas and aesthetics cohesively. On top of that, he tries to merge together literary themes and social reformative thoughts, and it is well established. In this masterpiece, Tolstoy strives to make elaborate analysis of Nekhludov. The fable of ‘Buridan’s donkey’ epitomizes his real characterization. This rhetoric properly symbolizes Nekhludov’s essential personality, which shows his indecisiveness not making final decision with self­autonomy between two equal values for his own destination. Looking forward to the following stage, Nekhludov still can not bring up strong confidence in his capability and authenticity. Tolstoy delineates ‘allegory of the river’, through which he figuratively suggests Nekhludove ultimately comes up with his true identity, exerting himself to fulfill his inborn values and gifted talents. In the process, Nekhludov lays out well articulated criticisms on absurdity of given circumstances and irrationality of administrative systems. During this process, he is criticized as a dreaming anarchist, but never distracted on his way to his purpose­driven journey, closely influenced by Henry Thoreau’s hypothesis ‘good soul’s prison’. He keeps on revealing permeated falsehood and hypocrisy in social system with his full swing effort and reformative will. In so doing, unconsciously he redeems himself with well­deserved sound belief in him, then, he achieves his resurrection with his own individual self­autonomy and willingness.

Design and Control of Cylindrical Linear Series Elastic Actuator

이광진(KwangJin Lee),이상룡(SangRyong Lee),이학(Hak Yi) Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2019 한국정밀공학회지 Vol.36 No.1

Recently, there are numerous studies on robots to function with smoother movement and high efficiency. It is difficult to develop robots with smooth movement and high efficiency. To solve this problem, the Series Elastic Actuator (SEA) is used. It is an actuator that gives compliance to a general actuator. Presence of compliance will bring to advantages. First, robots can reduce external impact force with high compliance. Second, the force of SEA can be controlled more precisely, than a normal actuator. Some SEAs have been developed with many functions, but the structure is complicated. So, in this study, the SEA with compact and simple structure was proposed. Shape of the SEA is cylindrical, and its diameter, height and weight are 70mm, 338mm, and 2.5kg respectively. The SEA was modeled in a two-degree of freedom mass spring damper system. To demonstrate travel response characteristics of the SEA, experiments were conducted and the result revealed design of the SEA is validated.

Friction Parameters Estimation of the Line-of-Sight Stabilization System on Temperature Variation

김경수(KyungSoo Kim),이학(Hak Yi),이상룡(SangRyong Lee) Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2019 한국정밀공학회지 Vol.36 No.6

The objective of this study was to address the parameter estimation of the line-of-sight stabilization system on temperature variation, which is a significant element in regulating the control performance of mobile platform with visual targeting system. To this end, the LuGre friction model in this study was used both to represent the characteristic of the friction behavior and to design a control algorithm for the friction compensation. Results from both simulation and experimental tests helps to identify the friction parameters on LuGre friction model. Based on LuGre with parameter estimation, PI-LEAD control algorithm is designed to compensate nonlinear characteristic of the line-of-sight stabilization system on the variation of temperature. Finally, through simulation, the good control performance of line-of-sight stabilization system was evaluated according to the temperature variation.

농업부문 암모니아 배출특성에 대한 파일럿 기반 미세먼지 형성특성 연구

김은정(EunJung Kim),James Hooper,민경원(KyungWon Min),주혁(Hyuck K Ju),조윤서(Yunseo Cho),이상룡(SangRyong Lee) 환경독성보건학회 2021 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.2021 No.5

정부의 미세먼지 종합대책 이후로 1차 미세먼지(PM<SUB>10</SUB>)의 농도는 감소하는 추세이지만 2차 미세먼지(PM<SUB>2.5</SUB>)로 인한 미세먼지 ‘나쁨’ 일수는 여전히 증가하는 상황이다. PM<SUB>10</SUB>의 주요 원인물질은 명확한 배출원이 알려져 있기 때문에 비교적 관리가 잘되고 있는 반면, PM<SUB>2.5</SUB>의 전구물질 생성에 기여하는 1차 대기오염물질 관련 배출원 중 암모니아(NH<SUB>3</SUB>)의 배출특성 연구에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 암모니아는 국내 악취방지법 주요 악취 물질로서 관리되어왔으며 최근(‘16년) 미세먼지 관리 특별대책에 의해 대기 유해물질에 포함되었다. NH<SUB>3</SUB>가 PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> 생성의 전구물질이라는 연구가 국·내외적으로 발표되면서 NH<SUB>3</SUB> 배출관리를 통해 악취 및 PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> 생성 기여에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행 중에 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 NH<SUB>3</SUB> 발생의 약 79%를 차지하는 농업(가축사육시설, 가축 분뇨 자원화 시설, 농경지 살포 등) 부문(Agriculture Sector) 대상 가축 분뇨 자원화시설, 퇴·액 비화 시설, 농경지 살포시 발생 NH<SUB>3</SUB>를 조사했으며, NH<SUB>3</SUB> 배출특성과 PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> 전환량 산정 분석을 위한 환경조건제어 챔버 시스템 (Environmental Chamber Experiment System, ECES)을 적용하여 온도, 습도, 풍속에 따른 SOx-NOx-NH<SUB>3</SUB>(SNA) 가스 사이의 PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> 전환량 산정을 수행하였다. 그 결과로 각 농업부문의 암모니아 배출량과 PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> 사이에 시간 차가 발생하고 있지만 두 물질의 연관성이 보인다. 또한 ECES 적용 주입 가스들에 대한 미세먼지 생성영향을 시간에 대하여 정량 하였다. 즉 환경요인을 제어했을 때 암모니아가 PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> 생성에 기여하는 것을 보여준다.

He-Ne Laser의 靜脈血管內 照射療法(ILIB)의 臨床硏究

이상룡,이광규,류석현 又石大學校 1996 論文集 Vol.18 No.-