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김종화 ( Jong Hwa Kim ),황민철 ( Min Cheol Whang ),우진철 ( Jin Cheol Woo ),김치중 ( Chi Joong Kim ),김용우 ( Young Woo Kim ),김지혜 ( Ji Hye Kim ),김동근 ( Dong Keun Kim ) 한국감성과학회 2010 감성과학 Vol.13 No.1
This study is to analyze change of connectivity between brain positions caused by relaxation through EEG coherence. EEG spectrum analysis method has been used to analyze brain activity when relaxation was experienced. However, the spectrum analysis method has a limit that could not observe interactive reaction between brain-functional positions. Therefore, coherence between positions was analyzed to observe connectivity between the measurement positions in this study. Through the method, the reaction of the central nervous system caused by the emotion change was observed. Twenty-four undergraduates of both genders(12 males and 12 females) were asked to close their eyes and listen to the sound. During experiment, EEG was measured at eight positions. The eight positions were F3, F4, T3, T4, P3, P4, O1, and O2 in accordance with International 10-20 system. The sounds with white noise and without were used for relaxation experience. Subjective emotion was measured to verify whether or not they felt relaxation. Subjective emotion of participants were analyzed by ANOVA method(Analysis of Variance). In the result, it was proved that relaxation was subjectively evoked when participants heard sound. Accordingly, it was proved that relaxation could be enhanced by the mixed white noise. EEG coherence between the measurement positions was analyzed. T-test was performed to find its significant difference between relaxation and not-relaxation. In the results of EEG coherence, connectivity with occipital lobes has been increased with relaxation, and connectivity with parietal lobes has been increased with non-relaxed state. Therefore, brain connectivity has shown different pattern between relaxed emotion and non-relaxed emotion.
기존 3차원 인터랙션 동작인식 기술 현황 파악을 위한 메타분석
김용우(YongWoo Kim),황민철(Min Cheol Whang),김종화(Jong Hwa Kim),우진철(Jin Cheol Woo),김치중(ChiJung Kim),김지혜(Ji Hye Kim) 대한인간공학회 2010 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.29 No.6
Most of the research on three-dimensional interaction field have showed different accuracy in terms of sensing, mode and method. Furthermore, implementation of interaction has been a lack of consistency in application field. Therefore, this study is to suggest research trends of three-dimensional interaction using meta-analysis. Searching relative keyword in database provided with 153 domestic papers and 188 international papers covering three-dimensional interaction. Analytical coding tables determined 18 domestic papers and 28 international papers for analysis. Frequency analysis was carried out on method of action, element, number, accuracy and then verified accuracy by effect size of the meta-analysis. As the results, the effect size of sensor-based was higher than vision-based, but the effect size was extracted to small as 0.02. The effect size of vision-based using hand motion was higher than sensor-based using band motion. Therefore, implementation of three-dimensional sensor-based interaction and vision-based using hand motions more efficient. This study was significant to comprehensive analysis of three-dimensional motion recognition for interaction and suggest to application directions of three-dimensional interaction.
집중된 시선 인터렉션의 작업수행도와 생리반응에 관한 연구
김종화(Jong Hwa Kim),황민철(Min Cheol Whang),박강령(Kang Ryung Park),이의철(Eui Chul Lee),우진철(Jin Cheol Woo),김치중(Chi Jung Kim),김용우(Yong Woo Kim),김지혜(Ji Hye Kim) 한국HCI학회 2010 한국HCI학회 학술대회 Vol.2010 No.1
본 논문은 집중에 따른 작업수행도 차이와 생리반응을 분석하고자 하였다. 시선 인터렉션을 사용하여 높은 집중과 낮은 집중을 요구하는 두 가지 과제를 피실험자에게 제시하였다. 집중도는 PPG(Photoplethysmogram), GSR(Galvanic Skin Response) 그리고 SKT(Skin Temperature)센서를 사용하여 자율신경계 반응을 측정하였고, 적외선 카메라를 사용하여 시선 움직임을 측정하였다. 작업수행도는 정답률과 정확도를 사용하여 분석하였다. 과제는 3x3 으로 나눈 9 개의 구역에 문자를 제시하고 역방향 문자를 찾도록 하였다. 실험에는 18 명의 대학생이 참여하였으며, 1 번의 실험에 12 종류의 다른 문자배열을 제시 받았으며 1 번의 연습을 포함하여 총 5 회 실시하였다. 실험 후 자율신경계 반응은 PPG 신호에서 주파수와 진폭을 분석하였고, GSR 과 SKT 는 평균값을 분석하였다. 분석결과값은 정규화(Normalization)을 통해 노이즈와 개인차를 제거하였다. 시선은 9 개의 영역에 1~9 의 번호를 붙인 뒤 각 영역에 시선이 머문 시간으로 분석하였다. 작업수행도는 클릭수와 정답률을 곱하여 정확도를 분석하였다. 분석결과 시선을 사용한 인터렉션에서 집중으로 인해 작업효율이 증가하며, 평균 탐색 시간이 짧아지고, 생리적으로 각성상태를 나타내는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.
김영주 ( Young Joo Kim ),황민철 ( Min Cheol Whang ),우진철 ( Jin Cheol Woo ) 한국감성과학회 2008 감성과학 Vol.11 No.3
This study is to find training effect on EEG(Electroencephalography) and EMG(electromyogram) evoked by repetitive movement of a hand. Five university students participated in this study and were asked to perform repetitive movement of right hand for 5 seconds with rest for 10 seconds. They repeated the movement for 48 minutes and for 5 days. EEG and EMG were measured according to every movement. Coherence between EEG and EMG and power spectrum of EEG were analyzed and were tried to observe their changes within a day and between days of the repetitive movement. Training effect according the time of the movement was significantly found in mu and beta frequencies in EEG. However, training effect was not significant between the days of the movement and also, not in coherence between EEG and EMG.
PPG(Photoplethysmography)분석을 이용한 각성도 평가에 관한 연구
김치중(Chi Jung Kim),황민철(Min Cheol Whang),김종화(Jong Hwa Kim),우진철(Jin Cheol Woo),김용우(Yong Woo Kim),김지혜(Ji Hye Kim) 대한인간공학회 2010 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.29 No.1
This research is to evaluate the arousal level by using cardiovascular response. PPG was used in this study as one of the method of measuring it rather than ECG (Electrocardiography) for the purpose of solving ergonomic problem of sensing. The participants were in the age group of 20 (mean=24, standard deviation= 1.25): five men and five women. Each experiment composed with four identical sets. First, a black screen was displayed for 30 second rest. Then, the prepared 6 pair images were randomly presented for 10 second stimulation and for 30 second non-stimulation. PPG was measured on the earlobes of experimenters at 200㎐ sampling frequency. PPG amplitude, PPI(Pulse to Pulse Interval), and PRV(Pulse Rate Variability) were analyzed according to arousal level. T-test was performed to compare between the PPG variables of rest and relaxation, rest and arousal, and relaxation and arousal. Relative to the rest state, PPG amplitude decreased in relaxed state and increased in aroused state. Relative to the rest state, PPI decreased in both emotional states. However, more significant decline was observed in aroused state. PRV's LF and HF were used in the form of LF/HF to compare between the relaxed and the aroused state. Therefore, PPG signal showed significant differences between relaxed and aroused state. In conclusion, evaluation of human arousal level used in the PPG analysis demonstrated that PPG has better usability and comforter measurement than ECG and is clearly an alternative method of measuring arousal level.
Attentive Multimodal Interaction 구현에 관한 연구
김치중(Chi Jung Kim),황민철(Min Cheol Whang),박강령(Kang Ryoung Park),이의철(Eui Chul Lee),김종화 (Jong Hwa Kim),우진철(Jin Choul Woo),김용우(Yong Woo Kim),김지혜(Ji Hye Kim) 한국HCI학회 2010 한국HCI학회 학술대회 Vol.2010 No.1
본 연구는 멀티모달 인터렉션을 이용하여 사용자의 행위요소를 추출하고, 자율신경계 반응의 분석을 통하여 사용자의 집중도를 판단하여, 이를 통해, 사용자의 행위를 집중여부에 따라 사용자가 의도한 집중된 인터렉션을 구분하는데 목적이 있다. 최근 새로운 유저인터페이스로 등장하는 AUI(Attentive User Interface)는 인간의 집중여부를 통하여 사용자의 의도를 파악하는 인터페이스 기술이다. 이러한 AUI 는 사용자의 의도를 파악하기 위하여, 어떻게 인간의 집중여부를 판단할 것인가의 방법을 해결하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 따라서, 본 연구는 사용자의 손동작과 시선을 추적하여 사용자의 행위를 판단하고, PPG(PhotoPlethysmoGram), GSR(Galvanic Skin Response) 그리고 SKT(SKin Temperature)반응을 통하여 사용자의 집중력을 판단하였다. 판단된 사용자의 행위와 집중력은 집중된 인터렉션과 그렇지 않은 인터렉션을 구분하여, 사용자의 의도를 파악하는데 사용하였다. 이를 통하여, Attentive Multimodal Interaction 을 구현하였다.
TDP(time-dependent parameters)를 적용하여 분석한 자율신경계 반응에 의한 감성인식에 대한 연구
김종화 ( Jong Hwa Kim ),황민철 ( Min Cheol Whang ),김영주 ( Young Joo Kim ),우진철 ( Jin Cheol Woo ) 한국감성과학회 2008 감성과학 Vol.11 No.4
Human emotion has been tried to be recognized by physiological measurements developing emotion machine enabling to understand and react to user`s emotion. This study is find the time-dependent physiological measurements and their variation characteristics for discriminating emotions according to dimensional emotion model. Ten university students were asked to watch sixteen prepared images to evoke different emotions. Their subjective emotions and autonomic nervous responses such as ECG (electrocardiogram), PPG (photoplethysmogram), GSR (Galvanic skin response), RSP (respiration), and SKT(skin temperature) were measured during experiment. And these responses were analyzed into HR(Heart Rate), Respiration Rate, GSR amplitude average, SKT amplitude average, PPG amplitude, and PTT(Pulse Transition Time). TDPs(Time dependent parameters) defined as the delay, the activation, the half recovery and the full recovery of respective physiological signal in this study have been determined and statistically compared between variations from different emotions. The significant tendencies in TDP were shown between emotions. Therefore, TDP may provide useful measurements with emotion recognition.