제주도 지하수 질산염 농도의 시·공간적 변화 특성: 장기(1993-2015) 모니터링 자료의 평가

김호림(Ho-Rim Kim),오준섭(Junseop Oh),도현권(Hyun-Kwon Do),이경진(Kyung-Jin Lee),현익현(Ik-Hyun Hyun),오상실(Sang-Sil Oh),감상규(Sang-Kyu Kam),윤성택(Seong-Taek Yun) 대한자원환경지질학회 2018 자원환경지질 Vol.51 No.1

1993년부터 2015년까지 관측된 제주도 지하수 장기모니터링 관측정(N = 4,835)에서 수집된 지하수 수질자료(N = 21,568)를 기반으로 질산성질소의 시공간적 변동 특성을 평가하였다. 제주도 지하수의 질산성질소 농도의 중앙값은 2.5 mg/L로서 다른 국가나 대륙의 조사 결과에 비해 다소 높거나 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 지하수 용도, 행정구역 및 고도 별로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 특히, 산간 지역에 비해 저지대 해안가에 위치한 농업 및 주거지역에서 농도가 높음을 확인하였다. Mann-Kendall 및 Sen’s slope 분석을 활용한 질산성질소 농도의 추세 분석 결과, 하류 저지 대에 비해 중산간지역에서의 질산성질소 농도 증가 경향이 뚜렷하였다. 제주도 내 토지 피복의 시계열 변화 특성과 결부 지어 보면, 중산간지역의 오염 증가 추세는 농업지역의 확장 등 인위적 활동 증가에 기인한 결과로 판단된다. 반면,기지정된 지하수자원특별관리구역에서는 전반적으로 질산성질소 농도의 감소 경향이 나타났는데, 이는 지하수 관리 측면에서 수질관리를 위한 적극적인 정책이 유효함을 시사한다. 본 연구에서는 제주도 지하수의 질산성질소 오염관리를 위한 적정 방안을 제안한다. The spatio-temporal variations of nitrate concentrations in groundwater of Jeju Island were evaluated by an analysis of time series groundwater quality data (N = 21,568) that were collected from regional groundwater monitoring (number of wells = 4,835) for up to 20 years between 1993 and 2015. The median concentration of NO 3 -N is 2.5 mg/L, which is slightly higher than those reported from regional surveys in other countries. Nitrate concentrations of groundwater in wells tend to significantly vary according to different water usage (of the well), administrative districts, and topographic elevations: nitrate level is higher in low-lying agricultural and residential areas than those in high mountainous areas. The Mann-Kendall trend test and Sen’s slope analysis show that nitrate concentration in mid-mountainous areas tends to increase, possibly due to the expansion of agricultural areas toward highland. On the other hand, nitrate concentrations in the Specially Designated Groundwater Quality Protection Zones show the temporally decreasing trend, which implies the efficiency of groundwater management actions in Jeju. Proper measures for sustainable groundwater quality management are suggested in this study.

유기물함량이 다른 감귤원 토양에서 8 개 농약의 흡착상수

오상실(Sang Sil Oh),현해남(Hae Nam Hyun),문두길(Doo Khil Moon) 한국환경농학회 2000 한국환경농학회지 Vol.19 No.1

This study was carried out to determine the adsorption characteristics of eight pesticides on thirty citrus orchard soil so soil samples were taken from nineteen soil series containing different fractions of organic carbon(Foc). The adsorption characteristics for eight pesticides fitted to Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption isotherms showed C-type for alachlor and chlorpyrifos, L-type for linuron and diniconazole. and S, C, and L-types for metribuzin, metolachlor, and alachlor with increasing Foc, respectively. In particular, the adsorption of chlorothalonil showed S, C, L, and H-types with increasing Foc. Distribution coefficient(Kd) values of metribuzin, metolachlor, and alachlor were below 10 L ㎏^(-1) and increased linearly with Foc. Kd values of linuron, diuron and chlorothalonil increased exponentially to 60, 200, and 400 L ㎏^(-1), respectively and those of diniconazole and chlorpyrifos increased logarithmically. Kf value. Freundlich adsorption coefficiient, increased with Kd in the same manner with Kd. Furthermore, the linearity of Kf value was larger than that of Kd value.

제주도 감귤원 토양에서 GUS , RF , AF 지수를 이용한 농약의 용탈잠재성 평가

오상실(Sang Sil Oh),현해남(Hae Nam Hyun),문두길(Doo Khil Moon),정종배(Jong Bae Chung) 한국환경농학회 2002 한국환경농학회지 Vol.21 No.1

Contamination of groundwater by agrochemicals used in the regional-scale is now a major environmental problem, and this is especially true for Cheju island where virtually all potable water is from groundwater. The objective of this study was to assess leaching potential of eight pesticides in soils of citrus orchards using groundwater ubiquity score (GUS), retardation factor (RF) and attenuation factor (AF). Considering GUS estimated in 30 citrus orchard soils, metribuzin and metolachlor were classified as leacher, alachlor in volcanic ash soils and linuron in non-volcanic soils were classified as leacher, but chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos were classified as non-leacher. For RF values, metribuzin was classified to be mobile in soils of low organic carbon, metolachlor and alachlor were classified to be moderately immobile in most soils, but linuron, diuron, diniconazole, chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos were all classified to be very immobile. For AF values, diniconazole, chlorothalonil, and chlorpyrifos were classified to be very unlikely leachable in all of the soils, metribuzin was classified to be likely leachable, and metolahclor, alachlor, linuron and diuron were classified to be leachable only in non-volcanic soils. Although there were some variations in the relative potential of leachability of pesticides estimated with the three different indices, the ranking was essentially determined on the base of the intrinsic properties of the chemicals and environmental properties. Among the eight pesticides, metribuzin, metolachlor, and alachlor, which have high water solubility and low K_(oc) values, have a significant leaching potential especially in non-volcanic ash soils of low organic carbon. But diniconazole, chlorothalonil, and chlorpyrifos, which have low water solubility and high K_(oc) values, were classified to be very immobile in all of the soils. Therefore, to lower the possibility of pesticide contamination of the groundwater in Cheju island, those pesticides which have high water solubility and low K_(oc) values should be used with care in soils of low organic carbon including non-volcanic ash soils.

제주도 감귤원 토양의 화학적 특성과 물 분산성 콜로이드 함량

오상실(Sang Sil Oh),현해남(Hae Nam Hyun),정종배(Jong Bae Chung) 한국환경농학회 2002 한국환경농학회지 Vol.21 No.2

Water-dispersible colloids are suspected to facilitate transport of contaminants to groundwater. This study evaluated some soil chemical properties in relation to the stability of colloids in soils of Jeju citrus orchards. Thirty surface soil samples were collected, and pH, organic matter content, oxalate-extractable Al and Fe contents, and water-dispersible colloid content were measured. In soils of higher pH, water-dispersible colloid contents were higher. The stability of colloids was found to be significantly promoted at pH above 5~6. Since organic matter can act as a flocculant, organic matter content significantly enhanced the colloid stability. In soils of less than 5% organic C, water-dispersible colloid content was expected to be significantly higher. In soils of higher oxalate-extractable Al and Fe contents, colloids remaining in suspension were lower. This indicated that amorphous oxides and hydroxides play important stabilizing roles in soil structure and can stabilize soil clay against dispersion. Therefore in soils of higher pH, lower organic matter, and lower amorphous clay minerals, the stability of water-dispersible colloids and the potential of colloid-mediated transport of organic chemicals to groundwater could be higher.

제주도 지하수중 오염물질의 농도와 토양중 그의 행동에 관한 연구 - 1. 호텔 및 상가주변에서의 지하수중 NO3-N 의 농도 변화 ( 1987 - 1992 ) -

현해남,오상실,고승학 ( Hae Nam Hyun,Sang Sil Oh,Seung Hak Koh ) 한국환경농학회 1994 한국환경농학회지 Vol.13 No.1

This study was conducted to investigate the degree of ground water pollution used for drinking water in Cheju Island. Samples were collected monthly from 31 wells of 10 divided areas and were analyzed for NO₃-N, pH, SO₄, Cl and hardness from 1987 to 1992. NO₃-N concentrations in the samples, with the exception of sample No.23, did not exceed the standard concentration of drinking-water (10 ㎎/ℓ). NO₃-N concentrations at area 10, unpolluted area, ranged from <1.0 ㎎/ℓ to just over 1.2 ㎎/ℓ. However, samples from the business district of the area 8 showed the concentrations ranging from 5 ㎎/ℓ in 1987 to 8.l ㎎/ℓ in 1992 with a mean of 6.8 ㎎/ℓ, about 5 times higher than those from the area 10. NO₃-N concentration in sample No. 23 increased from 4 ㎎/ℓ in 1987 to 12.6 ㎎/ℓ in 1991. Average rate of increase in NO₃-N in samples of No. 1, 2, 4, and 8 at area 8 was about 1.2㎎/ℓ per year in the study period. The ground water at area 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 showed in the range of pH 7 to 8.1, being similar to area 10. However, pH at area 8 was in the range of 6.6 to 7.3, being lower than that in the other areas. Hardness at area 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 were in the range of 30 to 80 ㎎/ℓ, being higher than that at area 10. Those at area 8 were the highest among all the other areas tested. The results of this study suggest that NO₃-N contamination in ground water could be a problem at hotel complexes and business district in Cheju Island.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Soil Chemical Properties Using Soiltek^® KA-P Spectrophotometer

현해남,오상실,구본준,강호준,Hyun, Hae-Nam,Oh, Sang-Sil,Koo, Bon-Jun,Kang, Ho-Jun 한국토양비료학회 2000 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.33 No.2

일반 밭, 논, 과수원 및 비닐하우스 토양 78점을 채취하여 3반복으로 농촌진흥청 표준분석법과 Soiltek$^{(R)}$ KA-P 분광광도계법으로 유기물, 치환성 K, Ca 및 Mg, CEC, 유효규산 및 질산염 함량을 측정하였다. Soiltek$^{(R)}$ KA-P 분광광도계로 측정한 유기물, 치환성 Ca, 및 Mg 용액의 발색 안정도는 1시간 동안 약 2%정도 낮아졌으며, 치환성 K, CEC및 질산염은 거의 변화가 없었다. Soiltek$^{(R)}$ KA-P 분광광도계로 측정한 분석 절대값은 농촌진흥청 표준분석법으로 측정한 값과 거의 1:1의 관계를 갖고 있었으며, 결정계수($R^2$)는 0.9501 이상이었다. 두 방법으로 측정한 유기물, 치환성 K, Ca 및 Mg, CEC, 유효규산 및 질산염의 표준편차는 각각 ${\pm}1.8gkg^{-1}$, ${\pm}0.05cmol^+kg^{-1}$, ${\pm}0.18cmol^+kg^{-1}$ 및 ${\pm}0.13cmol^+kg^{-1}$, ${\pm}1.0cmol^+kg^{-1}$, ${\pm}5.0mgkg^{-1}$ 및 ${\pm}10.0mgkg^{-1}$ 이하였다. 모든 성분에 대한 분석값은 95% 신뢰수준을 만족시켰으며, 변이계수는 7~17% 이하였다. 따라서, 기기조작의 간편성 저가 기기의 사용, 정확도, 정밀도 등을 고려한다면 Soiltek$^{(R)}$ KA-P 분광광도계에서 제시하는 방법으로 측정하는 것도 유용한 방법이라고 생각된다. To enable rapid and convenient soil test, new soil analytical methods, which require only one instrument, UV/Vis spectrophotometer, were developed and named "Soiltek KA-P spectrophotometric methods". The Soiltek$^{(R)}$ KA-P spectrophotometric method was compared with standard method of RDA in analytical capability for soil chemical properties. Using the 78 soils collected from upland, paddy, orchard, and vinyl house soils, soil organic matter, exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg. CEC, available $SiO_2$, and nitrate were analyzed by the two methods. The color stability(ratio of the absorbance at elapsed time t to the absorbance at time t=0) of organic matter. Ca, Mg, and available $SiO_2$ decreased to about 2% within one hour. However, that of exchangeable K, CEC, and nitrate remained constant. The results obtained with Soiltek$^{(R)}$ KA-P spectrophotometric method showed highly significant correlation with those measured by the standard method of RDA($R^2$ >0.9501), in which the slopes were near unity of $1.0{\pm}0.05$. The standard deviation values of organic matter, exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg, CEC, available $SiO_2$, and nitrate were apparently lower than ${\pm}1.8gkg^{-1}$, ${\pm}0.05cmol^+kg^{-1}$, ${\pm}0.18cmol^+kg^{-1}$, and ${\pm}0.13cmol^+kg^{-1}$, ${\pm}1.0cmol^+kg^{-1}$, ${\pm}5.0mgkg^{-1}$, and ${\pm}10.0mgkg^{-1}$, respectively. All the measurements showed coefficients of variation of less than 7~17% and were within the confidence level of 95%, which means both the methods are precise. Considering the relative simplicity, low cost, precision and accuracy, the proposed Soiltek$^{(R)}$ KA-P spectrophotometric methods could be recommended as an alternative to standard method.

제주도 대표 토양에서 Alachlor 와 Chlorothalonil 의 흡착과 이동 연구

현해남,오상실,유순호 ( Hae Nam Hyun,Sang Sil Oh,Sun Ho Yoo ) 한국환경농학회 1995 한국환경농학회지 Vol.14 No.2

This study was conducted to investigate the adsorption characteristics, distribution coefficients, and movement of alachlor(2-chloro-2`, 6`-dimethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide) and chlorothalonil(tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) for the 3 soils sampled from major soil groups in Cheju Island. Namwon, Jeju, and Mureng soils used in this study were classified as black volcanic ash soil, dark brown volcanic ash soil and dark brown nonvolcanic soil, respectively. Organic carbon content and CEC of Namwon soil were very high and those of Mureung soil were very low. Linear and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were the best to fit the adsorption of alachlor and chlorothalonil in the soils. K value, Freundlich coefficient, of alachlor for Namwon soil was 21.38, being 5.4 and 97.2 times higher than that for Jeju and Mureung soils respectively. The values of chlorothalonil for the soils were similar to those of alachlor but were much higher than them. When Mureung, Jeju and Namwon soil columns were leached with a solution containing 10.25 ㎎/ℓ of alachlor and 1.50 ㎎/ℓ of chlorothalonil, alachlor was first detected at 0.265, 0,47, and 1.86 pore volume (PV) and chlorothalonil was 3.71, 4.7 and 17.5 PV, respectively. The pore volumes at C/C_o=1 of alachlor in the leachates from Mureung, Jeju and Namwon soil columns were 1.1, 3.7 and 6.6 PV and those at C/C_o=0.2 of chlorothalonil were 7.5, 8.5 and 27.5, respectively. This means that the deceasing order of the mobility of the chemicals in soils was Mureung soil>Jeju soil》Namwon soil. The pore volumes detecting C/C_o=0.5 of alachlor and C/C_o=0.05 of chlorothalonil in leachate were positively correlated with the distribution coefficients for the soils.

제주 녹차의 무기성분 분포특성

고광섭(Kwang Sup Ko),오상실(Sang Sil Oh),이진호(Jin Ho Lee),현진욱(Jin Wuk Hyun),김영걸(Young Gul Kim) 한국차학회 2010 한국차학회지 Vol.16 No.1

Contents of inorganic elements in green tea produced in Jeju-do were determined by ICP-MS. Inorganic elements in Jeju green tea were within the range of K 27,362- 30,112 mg/kg, Ca 2,430- 2,919 mg/kg, Mg 1,873- 2,261 mg/kg, Mn 355 .85- 548.68 mg/kg, Fe 156.00- 165.47 mg/kg, Zn 54.69- 95 .94 mg/kg, B 27. 62- 33.64 mg/kg, Cu 9. 15- 13.00 mg/mg, Na 3 15.33- 370.69 mg/g, AI 289.63- 333.60 mg/kg, Si 53.98- 68.39 mg/g, Ni 19.49- 25.55 mg/kg, Cr 1 6.14- 1 7 .49mg/kg, Sr 4.1 8- 6.69 mg/kg, Co 1.49- 2.1 6 mg/kg, V 1.59- 1.94 mg/kg, and Se 0.06- 0.27 mg/kg. The amounts of K, Ca, Mg, Co, Cr, and Na were higher than in china green tea while the amounts of Fe, Zn, B, Na, and Ni were higher than in japan green tea. However, the amounts of Mn, AI, Sr, Se, and AI were lower than in china green tea, with Ca content lower than in japan green tea. In relation to Jeju-do, the contents of Mg, Cr, and Se were highest in the eastern area, the contents of Ca, Mo, Ni, V, Sr, and Na were highest in the western area, and the contents of K, Zn, B, Cu, Co, AI, and Si were highest in the southern area

Lysimeter를 이용한 제주도 토양의 alachlor, carbofuran,ethopophos, napropamide, tebuconazole의 용출 특성

장공만 ( Gong Man Jang ),오상실 ( Sang Sil Oh ),강경구 ( Kyoung Goo Kang ),박원표 ( Won Pyo Park ),현해남 ( Hae Nam Hyun ) 한국토양비료학회 2009 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 Vol.2009 No.-

Lysimeter를 이용한 제주도 토양의 alachlor, carbofuran, ethopophos, napropamide. tebuconazole의 용출 특성

장공만(Gong-Man Jang),오상실(Sang-Sil Oh),강경구(Kyoung-Goo Kang),박원표(Won-Pyo Park),현해남(Hae-Nam Hyun) 한국토양비료학회 2009 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2009 No.5