Overview: The beginning and Development of SP group therapy(A Study on International Research Trends in SP Group Therapy)

안운경 (사) 한국학교공공모래놀이학회 2024 학교상담 및 모래놀이 Vol.6 No.1

Modern SPT(sand play therapy) is evolving from individual psychotherapy based on empiricist psychology to group therapy based on evidence-based psychology. However, there is no systematic literature study on SP(Sand Play) group therapy, and recent reviews of SPT also did not systematically distinguish between group therapy and individual therapy. Therefore, this study systematically reviewed the literature on SP group therapy, which is developing into evidence-based psychology based on empiricist psychology, and explored the development process of group therapy. SP group therapy is a psychotherapy method that has been applied in various clinical settings around the world since the 1980s. SP group therapy developed unique therapeutic characteristics of SP group therapy while sharing therapeutic factors such as‘play, transfer, meditation, and symbolism’of SPT. This study summarizes the beginning and development process of SP group therapy applied in countries around the world, and seeks to find out the therapeutic characteristics of SP group therapy by classifying the period of development process. To this end, a total of 40 academic journal studies were selected through a preliminary research on international sand play group therapy between 1980 and 2021, and analyzed focusing on 'research contents' and 'treatment methods'. SP group therapy began with exploration from the 1980s to 2022, and developed into the period of qualitative research and evidence-based research, strengthening the evidence base of SPT. This study is meaningful in that it is the first study to explore the development process and therapeutic characteristics of SP group therapy.

모래놀이치료가 청소년의 행동, 정서에 미치는 임상효과 - 다면적 인성검사를 중심으로

안운경,곽현정,김종우,임명호 한국콘텐츠학회 2017 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.17 No.12

The sand play therapy showed a clinical treatment effect to such children with lots of problem behaviors at the previous studies. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effect to emotional and behavioral problems with 20 adolescents after 10 weeks group sand play therapy. After sand play therapy, the subjects showed a significant effect such that the MMPI depression scale score, somatic symptoms complaints, social discomfort, psychomotor retardation, somatic dysfunction, affection desire, bizarre sensation experience, shyness/self-consciousness were decreased from baseline to 10 weeks of the study. We suspected that the sand play caused to clinical effect to physical problems as well as emotional problems of the adolescents with school maladaptation. 모래놀이치료는 여러 가지 문제행동을 나타내는 아동청소년에서 유용한 임상치료방법이다. 본 연구는 문제행동을 주소로 내원한 20명의 청소년을 대상으로 10주간의 집단모래놀이 치료를 수행하였으며 정서 및 행동에 대한 임상효과를 미네소타 다면적 인성검사-2(MMPI-2)를 통하여 객관적으로 평가하고자 하였다. 모래놀이 치료 후에 청소년은 시행 전 Baseline에 비해서 우울증, 신체증상호소, 사회적 불편감, 정신운동지체, 신체적 기능장애, 애정욕구, 기태적 감각경험, 수줍음/자의식 등의 임상척도에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. 모래놀이치료는 학교부적응 고등학생의 정서적 문제뿐만 아니라 신체적인 문제에도 임상적인 효과가 있는 것으로 추정된다.

모래놀이 치료적 관계에서 전이와 역전이 분석

안운경 (사) 한국학교공공모래놀이학회 2022 학교상담 및 모래놀이 Vol.4 No.2

The purpose of this study is to examine the problems of transference and countertransference between the therapist and the client in the sandplay therapy process. Transference and countertransference are important therapeutic functions of psychotherapy. Lowenfeld first mentioned transference in sandplay therapy through a debate with psychoanalysts about transference in psychotherapy, and Kalff emphasized the importance of transference in sandplay therapy through the expression 'mother-son unity'. This study aims to examine transference in the sandplay therapy process, focusing on Okada's‘sandplay triangle’between the client, the therapist, and the sandplay picture. The client of this study was a female student in the second year of middle school, and the therapist was a 39-year-old male. This counseling was the first case of sandplay therapy. The treatment was carried out for 25 months and 24 sessions, and the client's sand picture and a dream symbolizing the counseling relationship or the client during treatment were presented together. The transferance phenomenon between the client and the therapist centered on the sandplay work can be seen directly through the work, but on the contrary, it may have to be felt implicitly through the metaphor of the work. Therefore, this study aims to examine animus and amnima as internal personalities through the male image in the client's sand picture and the female image in the therapist's dream in the sandplay therapeutic relationship. Through this, we try to find the possibility of positive transference and countertransference in the therapeutic relationship of sandplay.

자살성 사건을 경험한 청소년의 Sandplay Therapy(SPT) 임상효과

안운경(Un-Kyoung Ahn),곽현정(Hyeon-Jeong Kwak) (사)한국학교공공모래놀이학회 2022 학교상담 및 모래놀이 Vol.4 No.1

본 연구는 자살시도, 자살사고, 자해 등 자살성 사건을 경험한 22명의 청소년을 대상으로 MMPI-2를 통해 Sandplay Therapy(SPT)의 임상적 치료 효과를 검증하고자 한 연구이다. 이를 위해 2019년부터 2021년까지 20주간 천안, 아산 소재 중·고등학교에서 자살성 사건을 경험한 청소년 22명을 대상으로 SPT 15회기를 시행하였다. 본 연구의 참여자는 남자 6명(27.3%), 여자 16명(72.7%)이었고 평균 연령은 16.32±1.25세였다. 평가도구는 역학 설문지와 MMPI-2를 base line과 치료종료 후 사용하였다. MMPI-2 임상척도와 세부평가척도에 따른 점수를 15회기 전후 비교한 결과 통계적으로 유의한 변화가 있었다. 임상척도 가운데 Hs(Hypochondriasis, t=3.298, p= .003), D(Depression, t=4.402, p=<.001), Hy(Hysteria, t= 4.034, p=.001), Pd(Psychopathic Deviate, t=3.139, p=.005), Pa(Paranoia, t=3.505, p=.002), Pt(Psychathenia, t=2.861, p=.009), Sc(Schizophrenia, t=3.491, p=.002), Si(Social Introversion, t=5.081, p=<.001)에서 통계적으로 유의한 변화가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 LSE(Low Self Esteem, t=4.158, p=<.001), Es(Ego Strength, t=-2.626, p=.016), PK(Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, t=3.324, p=.003), DEP3(Self-Depreciation, t=4.124, p<.001), DEP4(Suicidal Ideation, t=4.102, p=.001) 등에서 유의한 변화가 보고되었다. SPT는 자살충동, 자해 및 자살시도와 같은 자살성 사건을 경험한 청소년에서 외상, 자존감, 정신과적 상태와 같은 위험인자에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 여겨진다. This study aims to verify the clinical treatment effect of Sandplay Therapy (SPT) through MMPI-2 for 22 adolescents who have experienced suicidal events such as suicide attempts, suicide accidents, and self-injury. To this end, for 20 weeks from 2019 to 2021, SPT 15 sessions were conducted for 22 teenagers who experienced suicide cases at middle and high schools in Cheonan and Asan. The subjects of this study were 6 males (27.3%) and 16 females (72.7%) with an average age of 16.32±1.25 years. As the evaluation instruments, MMPI-2 were used during the baseline phase and after the termination of the therapy. The comparison of the scores according to MMPI-2 clinical scales and detailed evaluation scales before and after the 15 session showed that there are statistically significant changes. There was a statistically significant difference among Clinical Scales: Hs(Hypochondriasis, t=3.298, p= .003), D(Depression, t=4.402, p= <.001), Hy(Hysteria, t= 4.034, p=.001), Pd(Psychopathic Deviate, t=3.139, p=.005), Pa(Paranoia, t=3.505, p=.002), Pt(Psychathenia, t=2.861, p=.009), Sc(Schizophrenia, t=3.491, p=.002), Si (Social Introversion, t=5.081, p=<.001). In addition, there was a statistically significant changes: LSE (low self-esteem, t=4.158, p=<.001) of Content scales, Es (Ego Strength, t=-2.626, p=.016), PK(Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, t=3.324, p=.003) of Supplementary Scales, DEP3 (Self-Depreciation, t=4.124, p<.001), DEP4 (Suicidal Ideation, t=4.102, p=.001)in Content Component Scales. It is believed that SPT provided a positive effect on risk factors such astrauma, self-esteem and psychiatric status in adolescents who experienced suicidality episodes such as suicidal ideation and self-injury and suicidal attempt.

종설 : 모래놀이 집단치료의 국내 학술지 연구 동향

안운경(Un-Kyoung Ahn),곽현정(Hyeon-Jeong Kwak),김영렬(Young-Ryeol Kim) (사)한국학교공공모래놀이학회 2021 학교상담 및 모래놀이 Vol.3 No.2

우리나라에서 모래놀이치료는 1983년 서울대학병원에서 소개되었다. 지난 30년 동안 아동시설, 복지기관, 민간상담실을 통해 대중적으로 보급되었고, 최근 학교모래놀이로 그 학술적 연구가 확대되었다. 이 연구는 모래놀이 집단치료에 대한 국내 학술지 연구를 중심으로 한국의 모래놀이 집단치료의 현황을 조사하고, 모래놀이 집단치료의 이론과 실제에 대해 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2010년부터 2020년 사이 국내 모래놀이 집단치료 선행연구 조사를 통해 총 43편의 학술지 연구를 선정하고, 모래놀이 집단치료의‘연구내용’과 ‘치료방법’을 중심으로 분석하였다. 이를 통해 심리학과 정신의학에 근거한 모래놀이 집단치료의 치료적 방법을 모색하고자 한다. In Korea, sandplay therapy was introduced at Seoul National University Hospital in 1983. For the past 30 years, it has been popularly distributed through children s facilities, welfare institutions, and private counseling centers, and its academic research has recently been expanded to school sandplay. This study was to investigate the current status of group therapy for sandplay in Korea, focusing on domestic academic journal research on group therapy for sandplay, and to analyze the theory and practice of group therapy for sandplay. To this end, a total of 43 academic journal studies were selected through the preliminary research on sandplay group therapy in Korea between 2010 and 2020, and the ‘research content’ and ‘treatment method’ of sandplay group therapy were analyzed. Through this, we intend to explore a therapeutic method of sandplay group therapy based on psychology and psychiatry.

The Efficacy of School Sandplay Group Counselling on the Attachment of Elementary School Students with Early Self-injury Behavior: A Preliminary Study

박에스더,안운경 (사) 한국학교공공모래놀이학회 2024 학교상담 및 모래놀이 Vol.6 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of school sandplay group counselling on self-injury behavior and attachment to elementary school students showing early self-harm behavior. The study consisted of 22 students in the sixth grade of elementary school located in a small and medium-sized city with a population of 870,000, and group counselling for school sandplay was conducted once a week for a total of 8 times, 40 minutes. In order to verify the effectiveness of group counselling for school sandplay, self-harm function evaluation (FASM) and attachment (ECR-R) were conducted before and after, and significant changes were observed in self-harm behavior (t=-3.823, P=.001) and unstable attachment (t=-3.078, P=.006)

문학작품과 모래놀이치료에 나타난 순례의 상징적 의미

이호경,안운경 (사) 한국학교공공모래놀이학회 2022 학교상담 및 모래놀이 Vol.4 No.2

Pilgrimage is an important element of religious life in most religions. It is no exaggeration to say that the Bible is a record of the long pilgrimage history of the people of Israel. Buddhism also has a tradition of pilgrimage to the Holy Land, which contains Buddha's footprints. In the case of Islam, Hajj is obliged to make a pilgrimage to the Holy Land Mecca once in his life. In this study, we look at the theme of pilgrimage in four literary works, We would like to find out the symbolic meaning of the theme of pilgrimage in Sandplay therapy. The pilgrimage, which was examined through literary works, is first a journey to find oneself, truth and holiness, and secondly a journey of danger and hardship, which sometimes equates to wandering through unknown paths, a labyrinth, and, thirdly, with the aim of reaching a destination only after these trials and finally returning to one's reality. The journey of the narrator in the Sandplay picture is beset with many invisible dangers, but it nevertheless shows that it is time for the narrator to come out of the isolated mountain and walk his own way, like a deer that can only reach his own tree through that journey.

학교모래놀이 집단상담이 자해경험이 있는 초등학생의 자아개념, 자해 기능, 자살사고에 미치는 효과 예비연구

전문주,이호경,안운경 (사) 한국학교공공모래놀이학회 2023 학교상담 및 모래놀이 Vol.5 No.2

This study attempted to investigate the effect of group counseling for school sand play in terms of self-concept, self-injury function, and suicide ideation for elementary school students with self-injury experience. Among the students of A Elementary School in Asan-si, six students who reported their self-injury experiences in Wee-class counseling were selected as subjects of the study, and a total of 10 group counseling sessions were conducted from September to November 2021. To verify the effectiveness of group counseling, Piers-Harris Children′s Self-Concept Scale-Korean Version (PHCSS), The Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation-Korean Version (FASM), and Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire-JR-Korean Version (SIQ-JR) were used as measurement tools, and Wilcoxon signed-ranks test was performed using the SPSS 21.0 program and the effect size was calculated. As a result of the analysis, the scale of self-injury frequency(z=-2.207, p=.027, Cohen's d=0.14) and internal motivation(z=-2.032, p=.042, Cohen's d=1.15) of the self-Mutilation function was significantly reduced. These results suggest that school sand play group counseling can be an effective way to reduce self-injury frequency.

학교모래놀이 집단상담이 아동의 정서, 행동에 미치는 임상효과

곽현정(Hyeon Jeong Kwak),안운경(Un Kyoung An),한길자(Kil Ja Han),임명호(Myung Ho Lim) 한국콘텐츠학회 2018 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.18 No.12

본 연구는 초등학교 학생을 대상으로 학교모래놀이 집단상담이 아동의 정서 및 행동에 미치는 임상적인 효과를 국내에서 처음으로 알아보고자 하였다. OO시에 소재한 초등학교의 4-6학년 학생 113명을 대상으로 2015년 3월부터 7월까지 12주간 10회기의 학교모래놀이 집단상담을 시행하였다. 소그룹은 아동 10명-16명으로 구성되었으며, 회기는 Baseline 평가, 치료 10회기, 사후 평가회기 등 총 12회기로 구성되었다. 대상군은 남아 56명(49.6%), 여아 57명(50.4%)이었으며, 평가도구로는 역학 설문지와 한국아동청소년인성검사(Korea Child & Youth Personality Test, KCYP)를 Baseline 시점과 치료 후에 각각 평가하였다. 12주의 모래놀이 시행전후에서 KCYP의 임상척도 및 세부평가척도 점수를 각각 비교한 결과 학교모래놀이 집단상담 후 초등학생의 자존감이 향상되었으며 우울증상이 유의하게 감소하였다. 학교모래놀이 집단상담은 초등학생의 정서적 문제뿐만 아니라 자존감에 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. The study was to identify the clinical effects of school sandplay group counseling on the emotions and behavior of elementary school students for the first time in Korea. The method of survey is to consult 113 students in the 4th - 6th grade of OO elementary school for 10 weeks from March to July 2015. The small group consisted of 10 to 16 children, with one principal counselor and three or four assistant counselors participating, with 40 minutes of treatment, and a total of 12 follow-up sessions, including the Baseline assessment and treatment sessions. It was conducted to 56 male(49.6%) and 57 female(50.4%) students with questionnaires for their sex and age, assessing KCYP results at the point of baseline and post-therapeutic condition. A comparison of the clinical and detailed assessment scale scores of KCYP before and after 12 weeks of Sandplay resulted in a significant effects in improved and reduced symptoms depression of elementary school students after the school sandplay group counseling. School sandplay group counseling is thought to help elementary school students emotional problems and self-esteem.

모래놀이치료의 상징적 인식방법에 대한 고찰 : 선사시대 Bushman족의 암벽화와 모래놀이 개별사례의 개구리 상징을 통하여

박문희(Moon-Hee Park),안운경(Un-Kyoung Ahn) (사)한국학교공공모래놀이학회 2021 학교상담 및 모래놀이 Vol.3 No.2

이 연구는 모래놀이치료에서 작품의 상징적 인식에 대하여 탐구하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 문헌연구를 통해 이미지와 상징, 상징적 사고, ‘Kawai-Okada의 모래놀이 작품 감상법’ 등 상징의 인식방법을 고찰하였다. 또한 선사시대 남아프리카 Bushman 개구리 암벽화와 모래놀이 개별치료의 사례에 등장한 개구리의 상징에 대하여 상징적 인식방법을 적용하여 탐구해보았다. 이는 모래놀이치료에서 상징적 인식방법은 상징성을 훼손하지 않고 치료적 관계에서‘살아있는 상징’을 안전하게 체험할 수 있도록 유도하는 치료적 작용에 기여할 수 있다. The purpose of this study is to explore the symbolic recognition of works in sandplay the rapy. For this purpose, through literature study, methods for recognizing symbols such as images, symbols, symbolic thinking, and ‘how to appreciate Kawai-Okada’s sand play’ were considered. In addition, the symbolic recognition method was applied to explore the symbolism of frogs that appeared in the prehistoric South African Bushman frog rock paint ings and sandplay individual treatment cases. In sandplay therapy, the symbolic recognition method can contribute to the therapeutic action of inducing safe experiences of ‘living sy mbols’ in a therapeutic relationship without damaging the symbolism.