해조양식장 수질환경 모니터링을 통한 이산화탄소 단순 수지모델

심정희,강동진,한인성,권정노,이용화,Shim, Jeong Hee,Kang, Dong-Jin,Han, In Sung,Kwon, Jung No,Lee, Yong-Hwa 한국해양학회 2012 바다 Vol.17 No.4

부산시 기장군 일광 해조류양식장에서 2011년 7월 5일부터 6일까지 약 30시간동안 해양 표층수의 수온, 염분 등의 환경인자와 pH와 이산화탄소분압($fCO_2$)을 연속 관측하였다. 표층수의 수온과 염분은 $12.5{\sim}17.6^{\circ}C$, 33.7~34.0범위를 보였으며, 조석과 광주기, 해류 등의 영향으로 일변화 및 일간변화를 크게 나타내었다. 이산화탄소분압과 pH는 381~402 ${\mu}atm$, 8.03~8.15범위를 보였으며, 엽록소는 0.8~5.8 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ 범위를 보였다. 이산화탄소분압, pH 그리고 엽록소는 최대 간조와 성층이 강했던 5일 오후 5시 전후에 최소 및 최고치를 보였으며, 이는 엽록소에 의한 생물생산 결과 이산화탄소는 낮고 pH는 높아진 것을 의미한다. 해조양식장 이산화탄소변화에 대한 단순 수지모델을 적용한 결과, 낮에는 생물생산에 의한 감소가 수온상승, 대기와의 교환에 의한 증가와 상쇄하는 것으로 나타났으며, 밤에는 대기와의 교환 물리적 혼합에 대한 과대 평가로 관측치보다 다소 높게 나타났다. 모델결과는 해조양식장 이산화탄소분압 총변화량의 14~40%는 해조류의 일차생산에 의한 것으로 나타났다. Real-time monitoring for environmental factors(temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, etc.) and carbonate components( pH and $fCO_2$) was conducted during 5-6th of July, 2012 at a seaweeds farm in Gijang, Busan. Surface temperature and salinity were ranged from $12.5{\sim}17.6^{\circ}C$ and 33.7~34.0, respectively, with highly daily and inter-daily variations due to tide, light frequency(day and night) and currents. Surface $fCO_2$ and pH showed a range of $381{\sim}402{\mu}atm$ and 8.03~8.15, and chlorophyll-a concentration in surface seawater ranged 0.8~5.8 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$. Environmental and carbonate factors showed the highest/lowest values around 5 pm of 5th July when the lowest tidal height and strongest thermocline in the water column, suggesting that biological production resulted in decrease of $CO_2$ and increase of pH in the seaweed farm. Processes affecting the surface $fCO_2$ distribution were evaluated using a simple budget model. In day time, biological productions by phytoplankton and macro algae are the main factors for $CO_2$ drawdown and counteracted the amount of $CO_2$ increase by temperature and air-sea exchange. The model values were a little higher than observed values in night time due to the over-estimation of physical mixing. The model suggested that algal production accounted about 14-40% of total $CO_2$ variation in seaweed farm.

남해안 통영지역 가두리양식장 해수-퇴적물 경계면에서의 chemical fluxes

심정희,강영철,최진우,Shim, Jeong-Hee,Kang, Young-Chul,Choi, Jin-Woo 한국해양학회 1997 바다 Vol.2 No.2

1995년 6월, 남해안 통영지역 가두리양식장 해수-퇴적물 경계면에서 입자상유기물의 수직유입량과 용존산소의 소모량, 영양염류의 용출량을 관측하였다. 입자상유기물의 수직유입량은 저층고정식 sediment trap을 이용하였으며, 용존산소의 소모량과 영양염류의 용출량은 benthic chamber method로 측정하였다. 가두리양식이 연안부영양화에 미치는 영향과 가두리에서 유출된 입자상유기물의 확산강도를 정량하기 위해, 가두리 아래(수심 약 18 m, Cage Site)와 가두리에서 수평으로 약 100 m 가량 떨어진 곳(수심 약 32 m, Control Site)의 해수-퇴적물 경계면에서, 암모니아와 인산염, 규산염의 용출량을 비교하고, 탄소와 질소와 인의 mass balances를 추정하였다. 관측결과, 가두리정점(Cage Site)으로는 6400 mg C $m^{-2}d^{-1}$의 입자상유기물이 유입되었고, 동시에 230 mmol $O_2\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$ 이상의 용존산소가 소모되었다. 따라서 탄소의 경우, 가두리 아래 해저면으로 공급되는 유기 입자의 약 40%에 달하는 양이 해수-퇴적물 경계면에서 분해되며 (ca. 2400 mg C $m^{-2}d^{-1}$), 나머지 약 60%는 퇴적되어 매몰되는 것으로 보인다. (ca. 4000 mg C $m^{-2}d^{-1}$) 그러나 대비정점(Control Site)에서는 가두리정점에 비해 상대적으로 적은 양의 유기물유입과(ca. 4000 mg C $m^{-2}d^{-1}$), 낮은 용존산소소모율이 관측되었다(75 mmol $O_2\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$). 관측결과는 가두리에서 투기되는 대부분의 입자상유기물이 가두리 아래 해저면에 집중적으로 퇴적되고 있음을 보여주며, 가두리 부근 해저면으로 확산되는 입자상유기물의 양은 가두리에서 멀어질수록 급속히 감소함을 시사한다. Benthic respiration and chemical fluxes were measured at the sediment-water interface underlying the marine fish cages floating on the open coastal waters off Tong-Young, the South Coast of Korea. The effects of cage farming on coastal benthic environment and on mass balance of organic carbon in the benthic boundary layer under the marine fish cages are addressed. In a growing season of caged fishes of June, 1995, benthic chambers and sediment traps were deployed on the sediment-water interfaces of the two sites chosen for this study: 1) Cage Site, directly underlying the fish cages of the farm at 18 m water depth, and 2) Control Site, about 100 m away from the farm at 32 m water depth. Benthic respiration rates and chemical fluxes were calculated from the evolution of dissolved oxygen and chemicals in the chamber water, and mass balance of organic carbon in the benthic boundary layer was constructed based on the vertical flux of particulate organic matter (POM) and chemical fluxes out of the sediment. High organic dumping (6400 mg C $m^{-2}d^{-1}$) and high benthic respiration (230 mmol $O_2\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$) were observed at the Cage Site. Equivalent to 40% of vertical flux of organic carbon into the Cage Site seemed to be decomposed concurrently and released back to overlying waters (2400 mg C $m^{-2}d^{-1}$). Consequently, up to 4000 mg C $m^{-2}d^{-1}$ of organic carbon could be buried into the farm sediment (equivalent to 60% of organic carbon flux into the Cage Site). At the Control Site, relatively less input of organic carbon (4000 mg C $m^{-2}d^{-1}$) and low benthic respiration rate (75 mmol $O_2\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$) were observed despite short distance away from the cages. The influence of cage farming on benthic chemical fluxes might be restricted and concentrated in the sea bottom just below the fish cages in spite of massive organic dumping and high current regime around the fish cage farm.

MPEG-7 시각 기술자와 멀티 클래스 SVM을 이용한 의료 영상 분류와 검색

심정희 ( Jeong-hee Shim ),고병철 ( Byoung-chul Ko ),남재열 ( Jae-yeal Nam ) 한국정보처리학회 2008 한국정보처리학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.15 No.1

본 논문은 의료 영상에 대한 효과적인 분류와 검색을 위한 알고리즘을 제안한다. 영상 분류와 검색을 위해서 MPEG-7 표준 기술자인 색 구조 기술자와 경계선 히스토그램 기술자를 사용해 영상들에 대한 특징 값을 추출한다. 이렇게 구해진 특징 값들을 의료 영상의 분류와 검색에 적용해 본 결과 비교적 낮은 성능을 보여줌을 확인하고 앞서 구해진 특징 값들을 교사 학습 방법인 SVM(Support Vector Machine)과 비교사 학습 방법인 FCM(Fuzzy C-means Clustering)에 적용시켰다. 기존 연구에서는 SVM과 FCM의 통합으로 의료 영상에 대한 분류와 검색을 시행하였지만 본 논문에서 실험한 결과 SVM과 MPEG-7 시각 기술자 중에 하나인 EHD(Edge Histogram Descriptor)를 가중치 선형 결합하여 실험한 결과가 더 정확한 분류와 높은 검색 성능을 나타냄을 확인하였다.

미역 (Undaria pinnatifida)의 생장에 따른 영양염과 CO2 흡수율 변화

심정희 ( Jeong Hee Shim ),황재란 ( Jae Ran Hwang ),이재성 ( Jae Seong Lee ),김종현 ( Jong Hyun Kim ),김성수 ( Sung Soo Kim ) 한국수산과학회 2010 한국수산과학회지 Vol.43 No.6

해수 중 이산화탄소의 증가가 감성돔(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)의 초기성장에 미치는 영향

심정희 ( Jeong Hee Shim ),김경수 ( Kyung Su Kim ),김수암 ( Su Am Kim ) 한국수산과학회 2013 한국수산과학회지 Vol.46 No.6

Since the industrial revolution, seawater has increased in temperature and acidity due to the increase in anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. To understand the effect of elevated CO2 on the early life stages of fish, we reared fertilized eggs of black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegelii under three CO2 concentrations (400, 850 and 1550 ppm) for 3 weeks. The standard length and wet weight of black sea bream larvae declined with enhanced CO2 concentration in the rearing water (P<0.05). However, chemical analysis using ICP-OES on internal tissues of black sea bream larvae indicated that the whole-body calcium concentration increased with CO2 concentration in the rearing water. These conflicting results suggest that future experiments should examine the acid-base balance to investigate the formation of bone and otolith during larval growth.

해양산성화가 넙치의 초기발달에 미치는 영향: 현장 메조코즘(mesocosm) 실험

심정희 ( Jeong Hee Shim ),권정노 ( Jung No Kwon ),박주면 ( Joo Myun Park ),곽석남 ( Seok Nam Kwak ) 한국환경생물학회 2013 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.31 No.4

해양에서 이산화탄소 증가에 따른 해양산성화가 넙치치어의 성장에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 현장 메조코즘 실험을 실시하였다. 동해 남부에 위치한 기장군장안읍의 사질저질에서 실험군(이산화탄소 주입)과 대조군의 실험장비를 설치하여 43일 동안 총 447개체 (실험군 223개체, 대조군 224개체)를 대상으로 실시하였다. 실험군의 pH는 평균 7.63±0.13, 이산화탄소 (fCO2)농도는 평균 1660±540 μatm로 2100년도에 예상되는 수준으로 (IPCC 2007) 유지하였으며, 대조구는 현재 기장군 장안읍해역의 해양환경으로 유지하였다. 실험기간동안 사망률은 실험군과 대조군 사이에서 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았고 시간이 지남에 따라 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 넙치치어의 체장과 체중은 대조군에서 더 큰 증가양상을 나타내어, 그 결과 대조군에서 더 큰 성장률(specific growth rate)을 보였다. 결론적으로 본 연구는 해양에서 이산화탄소 농도의 증가는 넙치 치어의 초기 성장에 영향을 줄수 있는 가능성을 제시하였다. An in situ mesocosm experiment was designed to investigate how exposure to ocean acidification by increased carbon dioxide affected the growth of juvenile oliver flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). A total of 447 individuals were reared in the mesocosm experimental devices deployed at sandy-muddy bottom in the southern coast of East Sea for 43 days and divided into two groups: treatment group (223 individuals, 6.32±0.75 cm, high-CO2 environment) and control group (224 individuals, 6.34±0.84 cm, natural CO2 environment). The average values of pH and CO2 concentration in the treatment device were 7.63±0.13 and 1660±540 μatm, respectively, while those in the control device were 8.07±0.05 and 514±65 μatm, respectively. There was no significant difference in mortality rate between treatment and control group, and the mortalities in two groups gradually decreased during the study period. But, the increase of size and weight of juvenile oliver flounder was higher in control group than treatment group, i.e., weight gain or growth rate was higher in control group. These results suggested that high CO2 environments could have a significant negative influence on the early growth of juvenile oliver flounder.

방사무늬김(Porphyra yezoensis Ueda)의 영양염과 이산화탄소 흡수율 정밀 평가를 통한 양식해역의 질소와 탄소 요구량 산정

심정희 ( Jeong Hee Shim ),황재란 ( Jae Ran Hwang ),이상용 ( Sang Yong Lee ),권정노 ( Jung-no Kwon ) 한국환경생물학회 2014 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.32 No.4

부산시 강서구 낙동강 하구에서 채집한 방사무늬김(Porphyra yezoensis Ueda)의 용존산소 생산율은 68.8±46.0 μmol gFW-1 h-1, 질산염과 인산염 흡수율은 각각 2.5±1.8 μmol gFW-1 h-1, 0.18±0.11 μmol gFW-1 h-1 그리고 용존무기탄소 흡수율은 87.1±57.3 μmol gFW-1 h-1이었다. 용존산소 생산율과 질산염, 인산염, 용존무기탄소 흡수율은 각각 음의 선형관계를 보여, 광합성활동에 의한 결과물임을 파악할 수 있었다. 김의 생중량에 따른 이들 성분의 생산/흡수율은 로그함수적으로 감소하여, 성체(¤~0.3 g)보다는 어린 엽체의 광합성효율이 매우 높은것으로 나타났으며, 이는 질소부족으로 인한 황백화가 양식초기에도 발생할 수 있음을 제시하였다. 우리나라시도 단위로 월별 생산되는 김 생산량과 양식면적을 바탕으로 질소요구량과 탄소흡수율을 산정한 결과, 생산량이 가장 높은 전라남도보다 부산(경상남도 포함)과 전라북도의 단위면적당 질소요구량이 높았다. 최근 김 황백화가 빈발하는 전라북도는 좁은 면적에서의 과밀 생산과 최대수확기가 육상과 저층으로부터 영양염 공급이부족한 12~1월인 점 등이 황백화의 원인인 것으로 추정된다. In order to understand the contribution of seaweed aquaculture to nutrients and carbon cycles in coastal environments, we measured the nutrients & carbon uptake rates of Porphyra yezoensis Ueda sampled at Nakdong-River Estuary using a chamber incubation method from November 2011 to April 2012. It was observed that the production rate of dissolved oxygen by P. yezoensis (n=30~40) was about 68.8±46.0 μmol gFW -1 h-1 and uptake rate of nitrate, phosphate anddissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was found to be 2.5±1.8 μmol gFW -1 h-1, 0.18±0.11 μmol gFW -1 h-1 and 87.1±57.3 μmol gFW -1 h-1, respectively. There was a positive linear correlation existed between the production rate of dissolved oxygen and the consumption rates of nitrate, phosphate and DIC, respectively, suggesting that these factors may serve as good indicators of P. yezoensis photosynthesis. Further, there was a negative logarithmic relationship between fresh weight of thallus and uptake rates of nutrients and CO2, which suggested that younger specimens (0.1~0.3 g) were much more efficient at nutrients and CO2 uptake than old specimens. It means that the early culturing stage than harvesting season might have more possibilities to be developed chlorosis by high rates of nitrogen uptake. However, N & C demanding rates of Busan and Jeollabuk-do, calculated by monthly mass production and culturing area, were much higher than those of Jeollanam-do, the highest harvesting area in Korea. Chlorosis events at Jeollabuk-do recently might have developed by the reason that heavily culture in narrow area and insufficient nutrients in maximum yield season (Dec.~Jan.) due mostly to shortage of land discharge and weak water circulation. The annual DIC uptake by P. yezoensis in Nakdong-River Estuary was estimated about 5.6×103 CO2 ton, which was about 0.03% of annual carbon dioxide emission of Busan City. Taken together, we suggest more research would be helpful to gain deep insight to evaluate the roles of seaweed aquacul-ture to the coastal nutrients cycles and global carbon cycle.

2011년 11월 고성만 굴( Crassostrea gigas ) 양식장 수질환경 모니터링을 통한 이산화탄소 수지 평가

심정희 ( Jeong Hee Shim ),예미주 ( Mi Ju Ye ),임재현 ( Jae Hyun Lim ),권정노 ( Jung No Kwon ) 한국수산과학회 2014 한국수산과학회지 Vol.47 No.6

Abstract: Real-time monitoring for environmental factors (temperature, salinity, chlorophylla , etc.) and fugacity of carbon dioxide ( f CO2) was conducted at an oyster Crassostrea gigas farm in Goseong Bay, south coast of Korea during 2-4th of November, 2011. Surface temperature and salinity were ranged from 17.9-18.7℃ and 32.7-33.8, respectively, with daily and inter-daily variations due to tidal currents. Surface f CO2 showed a range of 390-510 μatm and was higher than air CO2 during the study period. Surface temperature, salinity and f CO2 are showed significant correlations with chl.a and nutrients, respectively. It means when chl.-a value is high in surface water of the oyster farm, active biological production consume CO2 and nutrients from environments and produce oxygen, suggesting a tight feedback between biological processes and environmental reaction. Thus, factors affecting the surface f CO2 were evaluated using a simple mass balance. Temperature and biological productions by phytoplankton are the main factors for CO2 drawdown from afternoon to early night, while biological respiration increases seawater CO2 at night. Air-sea exchange fraction acts as a CO2 decreasing gear during the study period and is much effective when the wind speed is higher than 2-3 m s-1. Future studies about organic carbon and biological production/respiration are required for evaluating the roles of oyster farms on carbon sink and coastal carbon cycle.

남서해역에서 양식되는 방사무늬김(Porphyra yezoensis Ueda)의 색소조성과 농도에 영향을 미치는 해양환경 특성

김정배 ( Jeong Bae Kim ),이원찬 ( Won Chan Lee ),홍석진 ( Sok Jin Hong ),심정희 ( Jeong Hee Shim ),박정임 ( Jung Im Park ),박지혜 ( Ji Hye Park ),이유진 ( Eu Gene Lee ) 한국환경생물학회 2012 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.30 No.3

The effect of water temperature, salinity and water column nutrient contents on pigment composition and concentration of purple lavers were studied at the main purple lavers production areas in Southwestern coast of Korea, during January to March, 2011. Water temperature was between 3.0 and 11.3°C. Salinity range was between 32.7 and 34.7, those were lower St. 1 and St. 6, which were at close to the seashore. Water column dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and silicate concentrations were 1.73~12.84 μM, 0.07~0.67 μM and 4.93~18.29 μM, respectively. Chl a concentration was between 0.41 and 9.14 μg L-1, and it was the highest at St. 1 during January. Photosynthetic pigment of fucoxanthin was dominant at all sites, which showed its highest concentration (0.06~3.41 μg L-1) at St. 1 on January. Water column DIN concentration was higher at January during low salinity period at all sites, but it was low at St. 1. Photosynthetic pigment of Chl a, PE and PC concentration of porphyra blades was between 1,173~8,124 μg DW g-1, 3,281~10,076 μg DW g-1, 388~1,346 μg DW g-1, respectively. The concentration was relatively high at the St. 2 and St. 3. The pigment concentration of porphyra blades was higher at only Porphyra yezoensis was cultured than at Porphyra yezoensis and Porphyra seriata were cultured. The pigment concentration of porphyra blades was higher at St. 2 and St. 3 in only Porphyra yezoensis was cultured. This study shows that pigment concentration of porphyra blades may depend on habitat environment and culture methods.

다시마(Saccharina japonica)의 생장에 따른 영양염 및 CO₂ 흡수율과 광합성 특성 변화

황재란,심정희,김정배,김숙양,이용화,Hwang, Jae-Ran,Shim, Jeong-Hee,Kim, Jeong-Bae,Kim, Sook-Yang,Lee, Yong-Hwa 한국해양학회 2011 바다 Vol.16 No.4

국내 해조류 양식종인 다시마(Saccharina japonica (Laminaria japonica Areschoug))의 영양염 및 무기탄소 흡수율과 광합성 특성을 살펴보기 위해, 부산시 기장군 일광해역 양식장에서 2011년 l월부터 5월동안 시료를 채집하여 실내 배양하였다. 배양 시료의 엽장과 엽폭 범위는 각각 46~288 cm, 4.8~22.0 cm였으며, 이들의 용존산소 평균 생산율은 $6.9{\pm}5.8{\mu}mol\;g^{-1}$ fresh weight(FW) $h^{-1}$, 질산염과 인산염 흡수율은 각각 $175.6{\pm}161.1\;nmol\;g^{-1}\;FW\;h^{-1}$, $12.7{\pm}10.1\;nmol\;g^{-1}\;FW\;h^{-1}$ 그리고 용존무기탄소 흡수율은 $8.9{\pm}7.9{\mu}mol\;g^{-1}\;FW\;h^{-1}$이었다. 다시마 엽장에 따른 이들 성분의 생산/흡수율은 로그함수 관계를 보여, 엽장 100~150 cm 이상부터는 다시마의 광합성 및 생장율이 다소 둔화되는 것으로 나타났다. 용존 산소 생산율과 질산염, 인산염, $TCO_2$ 흡수율은 각각 음의 선형관계를 보였으며, 특히 용존산소 생산율과 $TCO_2$ 흡수율은 높은 상관관계 ($r^2$=0.94)를 나타내어 서로에 대한 간접 지표가 될 수 있음을 의미한다. 다시마의 최대양지수율($F_v/F_m$)과 용존산소 및 무기탄소 생산/흡수율사이에 선형관계가 나타났으며, 양자수율이 높을수록 활발한 광합성작용으로 용존산소 생산이 활발함을 증명하였다. 광합성 형광특성 중 최대상대전자전달률은 비교적 엽체가 생장할수록 증가하였으며, 엽체의 부착부에 비해 상부 말단으로 갈수록 증가하였다. 이는 다시마가 생장할수록 광합성활성 조직 비(단위 면적당 습중량)가 증가하여 나타난 결과로 사료된다. 기장해역에서 다시마에 의한 연간 무기탄소 흡수량은 $1.0\sim1.7{\times}10^3C$ ton으로 추정되며, 이는 부산시 이산화탄소 배출량의 0.02~0.03%에 해당한다. 따라서 해조류에 의한 연안의 탄소 및 물질순환과 지구시스템에서의 역할을 파악하기 위해 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. To investigate the contribution of macroalgae to biogeochemical nutrients and carbon cycles, we measured the uptake rates of nutrients and $CO_2$ and characteristics of fluorescence of Saccharina japonica (Laminaria japonica Areschoug) using an incubation method in an acrylic chamber. From January to May 2011, S.japonica was sampled at Ilkwang, one of well-known macroalgae culture sites around Korea and ranged 46~288 cm long and 4.8~22.0 cm wide of whole thallus. The production rate of dissolved oxygen by S. japonica (n=25) was about $6.9{\pm}5.8{\mu}mol\;g^{-1}$ fresh weight(FW) $h^{-1}$. The uptake rate of total dissolved inorganic carbon ($TCO_2$), calculated by total alkalinity and pH, was $8.9{\pm}7.9{\mu}mol\;g^{-1}\;FW\;h^{-1}$. Mean nutrients uptake were $175.6{\pm}161.1\;nmol\;N\;g^{-1}\;FW\;h^{-1}$ and $12.7{\pm}10.1\;nmol\;P\;g^{-1}\;FW\;h^{-1}$. There were logarithmic relationships between thallus length and uptake rates of nutrients and $CO_2$, which suggested that younger specimens (<100-150 cm) were much more efficient at nutrients and $CO_2$ uptake than old specimens > 150 cm. There was a positive linear correlation ($r^2$=9.4) existed between the dissolved oxygen production rate and the $TCO_2$ uptake rate, suggesting that these two factors may serve as good indicators of S. japonica photosynthesis. There was also positive linear relationship between maximal quantum yield ($F_v/F_m$) and production/uptake rates of dissolved oxygen, $TCO_2$ and phosphate, suggested that $F_v/F_m$ could be used as a good indicator of photosynthetic ability and $TCO_2$ consumption of macroalgae. Maximum relative electron transport rate ($rETR_{max}$) of S. japonica increased as thallus grew and was high in distal part of thallus which may be resulted from the increase of photosynthetic cell density per area. The annual $TCO_2$ uptake by S. japonica in Gijang area was estimated about $1.0\sim1.7{\times}10^3C$ ton, which was about 0.02-0.03% of carbon dioxide emission in Busan City. Thus, more research should be focused on macroalgae-based biogeochemical cycles to evaluate the roles and contributions of macroalgae to the global carbon cycle.