1970년대 일본의 여성정책에 대해-“젠더 백래시” 문제의 관점으로

석향(石?) 전주대학교 한국고전학연구소 2019 공존의 인간학 Vol.- No.2

現代日本社會における 「ジェンダ―フリ―·バックラッシュ」現象

석향 동서대학교 일본연구센터 2008 次世代 人文社會硏究 Vol.4 No.-

젠더 평등·남녀공동 참획(參畵)의 시책이 진행하는 것에 대한 조직적인 공격·반격이 일부에서 행해지고 있다. 이것은 역사수정주의나, 헌법이나 교육기본법 개선을 계획하는 사람들과 대부분이 겹쳐진 사람들에 의해 조직적·의도적으로 행해지고 있다. 본 연구는 현재 일본의 우경화와의 관련에 유의하면서, 젠더 프리(gender freedom) 반격을 둘러싼 논쟁과 그 동향에 대해서 고찰하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 우선 「젠더」·「젠더 프리(gender freedom)」라고 하는 개념의 정의를 밝히고, 그 용어의 사용방법과 유효성에 대해서 검증한다. 그리고 「젠더 프리(gender freedom)」를 둘러싼 혼란과 논쟁을 분석함으로써, 반격파가 「젠더 프리(gender freedom)」의 애매함과 그것을 고의로 왜곡·과장해서 선동하고 있는 것을 밝히고자 한다. 본고는 반격파의 움직임과 논점을 분석함으로써 논리의 비약과 숨겨진 주장의 진실을 논증하는 것에 의의를 둔다.

日本の「ジェンダ-バックラッシュ」勢力の言說とその特性 -性(性別,性の多樣性)を中心-

석향 ( Hyang Seok ) 고려대학교 일본학연구센터 2015 일본연구 Vol.23 No.-

本論文は、1990年代後半以降、バックラッシュ派と言われている反フェミニズム側の保守運動の政治的な力と言說によって、ジェンダ-論及びフェミニズムに對する歪曲.流言(フェミニズムの「害毒と惡玉視」)が擴大再生産されてきたことを明らかにし、その言說(1999~2006)の中でも性をめぐる主たる論点(主張)とその思想的特性について考察したものである。具體的には、性(性別.性の多樣性)をめぐる言說について、「男女二分法のイデオロギ」「同性愛者嫌惡」「女莊家(オカマの授業)」「自己弁護論」「破壞否定論」「男女平等との分離論」「女性蔑視.詭弁.ルサンチマン視」「陰謀論」というキ-ワ-ドでまとめた。とくに重要な論点であるのは、男女二分法と「男らしさ.女らしさ」に代表される「本質主義」「生理的宿命」論に基づく固定的な性別役割分業と性別特性論であり、「性の多樣性」を否定することで、性的マイノリティ、多樣な家族と生き方に對する差別がその根底に蠶んでいると分析した。バックラッシュ言說には、各人の人券意識やジェンダ-平等意識が欠如している主張が多かったにもかかわらず、こうした言說が一部で浸透してしまったのは何故か。ここでは、①とんでもない俗論であっても分かりやすい言葉で說明している点、②俗論であっても社會的通念に訴えかけたものである点(「秩序.規範」「壇統.文化」「家族.家庭」など)、③フェミニストは男女關係を敵對關係として捉えたと歪曲する論法、④「ジェンダ-フリ-は」「性差否定」であると決めつけた論法、⑤人クのエリ-ト.知識人への反發を利用して「フェミニズム=ルサンチマン」視を廣げたこと、などを指摘した。 This paper sheds light on how from the 1990s onward the distortions of and rumors about gender studies and feminism (views about feminism being harmful and poisonous) produced by the discourse of the antifeminist conservative movement known as the backlash group expanded and reproduced. It studies the main points of discussion around the question of gender as well as its ideological characteristics in that discourse (1999-2006). Specifically, this discourse about gender (sex distinction and gender variance) was arranged around the following key words and phrases: the ideology of the male-female dichotomy; homophobia; cross-dressers (lessons from gay men); theories of self-justification; theories of denial and destruction; gender equality and segregation; misogyny, feminist sophisms, and feminist resentment; and conspiracy theories. What is especially important are the issues of the differentiation of roles and special characterization of gender based on theories of “essentialism” and the “biological mission” as represented in the male-female dichotomy and “manliness-womanliness.” Because these deny gender variance, analysis was performed to determine how discrimination toward sexual minorities and diverse families and lifestyles hides in it. Why is it that the discourse of backlash has partially penetrated even though the lack of awareness of individual human rights and gender equality has often been noted? That leads to identification of the next factors. First, although the discourse expresses gross and commonplace views, it explains them using easy-to-understand language. Second, it resorts to generally accepted ideas (“order and rule,” “tradition and culture,” “family and home,” etc.). Third, the distorted logic of saying that feminists think of the relationship between men and women as a hostile relationship. Fourth, the assertion that “gender free” means “denial of sexual differentiation”; and fifth, the spreading of the view that identifies feminism with resentment, making use of the reaction against elites and intellectuals.

現代日本社会における 「ジェンダーフリー・バックラッシュ」現象

석향 동서대학교 일본연구센터 2008 次世代 人文社會硏究 Vol.4 No.-

젠더 평등•남녀공동 참획(参画)의 시책이 진행하는 것에 대한 조직적인 공격•반격이 일부에서 행해지고 있다. 이것은 역사수정주의나, 헌법이나 교육기본법 개선을 계획하는 사람들과 대부분이 겹쳐진 사람들에 의해 조직적•의도적으로 행해지고 있다. 본 연구는 현재 일본의 우경화와의 관련에 유의하면서, 젠더 프리(gender freedom) 반격을 둘러싼 논쟁과 그 동향에 대해서 고찰하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 우선 「젠더」•「젠더 프리(gender freedom)」라고 하는 개념의 정의를 밝히고, 그 용어의 사용방법과 유효성에 대해서 검증한다. 그리고 「젠더 프리(gender freedom)」를 둘러싼 혼란과 논쟁을 분석함으로써, 반격파가 「젠더 프리(gender freedom)」의 애매함과 그것을 고의로 왜곡•과장해서 선동하고 있는 것을 밝히고자 한다. 본고는 반격파의 움직임과 논점을 분석함으로써 논리의 비약과 숨겨진 주장의 진실을 논증하는 것에 의의를 둔다.

大阪府A市立B中學校における「性敎育バッシング」の事例

석향 한국일본근대학회 2011 일본근대학연구 Vol.0 No.33

21世紀に入って、東京都立七生養護學校での性敎育實踐に對する徹底的な攻擊に始まり、國會を舞台にして各地の性敎育實踐とそれを實施した敎員への誹謗中傷が繰り返され、以後性敎育は學校現場で取り組みにくくなっている。「性敎育バッシング」が最も激しかった時期に、大阪府A市立B中學校の性敎育はまさに攻擊の對象になっていた。しかし、どのように攻擊されていたのか、具體的な攻擊の內容は何だったのか、攻擊側の意圖は何なのか、結局どうなっているのか、などについてほとんど公開されていない。本硏究の目的は、大阪府A市立B中學校における「性敎育バッシング」の事例を、このような「ジェンダ―·バックラッシュ」の流れの中に位置づけることにある。そのために、まず、獨自にインタビュ―した內容を分析し、事實の記錄をする作業を行う。その聞き取り調査の結果と關連資料に基づき、事件の槪要と展開過程を整理する。そして、性敎育バッシングに對する市敎委や管理職·敎職員や組合、保護者と生徒達の反應について檢討するとともに、バックラッシュの動きと內容を考察する。それによって、今回の「性敎育バッシング」の實態を究明し、バックラッシュ派の言說と背景に隱蔽されている意圖及び目的を明らかにする。 Following the attack on sex education at the Tokyo Metropolitan Nanao Physically Handicapped and Mentally Retarded School, and repeated slanderous attacks on sex education and those who teach it from the Diet and the rest of the country, it has been increasingly difficult to organize sex education efforts in schools. During the time when "sex-ed bashing" was the most intense, the sexual education program in A junior high school in B city, Osaka became a target. However, the specific nature and content of the attack, the intent of the attackers, and what ultimately resulted from the attack have not been made public. The purpose of this study is to examine the "sex-ed bashing" case at A junior high school in B City, Osaka Prefecture to explore how it fits amid the overall context of the "Gender backlash." In order to accomplish this I first conducted individual interviews and analyzed them to create a record of the event. In this study, based on the results of interviews and related materials, I explore the development of the event and the reaction to "sex-ed bashing" from the City Board of Education administration, teachers, union officials, parents and guardians, and students and how this relates to the gender backlash. My analysis clarifies the events surrounding this "sex-ed bashing" incident and the intent and motivation hidden behind the backlash discourse.

日本における地方自治體のジェンダ―行政とバックラッシュの流れ -1996年から2009年までの4つの時期を中心に-

석향 한국일본근대학회 2012 일본근대학연구 Vol.0 No.36

「ジェンダ―·バックラッシュ」は、歷史認識における過去の戰爭肯定、憲法改正及び敎育基本法への愛國心條項の揷入という政治的バックラッシュと幷行して進行したことに留意すべきである。「ジェンダ―及びバックラッシュ關連年表」に關しては、いくつかの先行硏究にあるが、バックラッシュが始まる1990年代から現在に至るまでのバックラッシュの流れとその特徵を整理した硏究は不在である。本硏究では、1996年から2009年までの「ジェンダ―·バックラッシュ」の動きを發芽期(出發点)·加速化期·最盛期·小康狀態期という4つの時期に圖分することを提起する。その圖分に則して、主要內容の事例を檢討したうえ、その特徵に留意しながら、動きの流れを整理していく。それによって、バックラッシュの流れの全體像を把握することが目的である。バックラッシュの影響は過去の問題ではない。今もマイナス点が殘っているし、「シェンダ―·バックラッシュ」は決して輕視してはならない大きい問題である。 From a historical awareness perspective, Gender-Backlash is not a stand-alone trend or movement. Rather, this research emphasizes that it is in parallel with other social and political backlash movements such as placing positive emphasis on the achievements of Imperial Japan, calling for an Amendment to Japanese Constitution, and inserting of a patriotic clause to Japan`s Fundamental Law of Education. There have been a few instances of previous research on Gender Issues and Backlash and its related indexes, but there is no research undertaken to date on in-depth analysis of the overall trend of Gender-Backlash from 1990s to present. With this in mind, this study proposes to distinguish the overall trend of Gender- Backlash movements from 1996 to 2009 into Four Stages of Gender-Backlash Period which include the Initial Stage (Starting Point), the Accelerating Stage, the Pinnacle Stage and the Stable Stage. Based on each Stage of the Period, this research pinpoints and outlines major components and respective incidents. To this end, the purpose of this research is to define and recognize the overall underlying trend and pattern of Gender-Backlash movements. Gender-Backlash related issues are not a problem of the past. It still remains to have stored more negative ramifications at hand and therefore it should not be overlooked or taken lightly.

일본의 우경화 정치에 따른 “Gender Backlash”담론 연구‒학교교육 현장을 중심으로‒

석향 한국일본근대학회 2019 일본근대학연구 Vol.0 No.65

본 논문은 일본의 우경화 정치에 따른 ‘젠더 백래시’ 담론 가운데 학교교육 현장의 사례내용을 중심으로 담론을 조사 분석하여 그 영향을 고찰하고자 하는 것이다. 본 연구는 젠더시점과 ‘젠더 백래시’ 문제의 관점으로 일본의 우경화를 지탱하는 우경화 정치와 교육과의 관련성을 밝혀내는 데 그 목적이 있다. 더 나아가 본 연구결과를 통하여 한일관계 및 한일양국의 젠더평등에 미치는 영향과 학술적 정책적 의미 즉 시사점을 알아보고자 한다. 1990년대 이후의 일본의 우경화와 함께 젠더 백래시 움직임도 진행되어 왔다. 일본사회의 젠더 백래시 현상과 백래시파의 주장과 논리는 보수사상의 내셔널리즘과 깊이 관련되어 있다. 특히 일본군‘위안부’에 관한 담론과 교과서 기술문제는 일본의 대표적인 백래시 사례 중의 하나이다. 이러한 문제는 일본의 정치 우경화가 그 배경에 있다. 그리고 그 구체적인 사건・사례 중에는 한일관계의 정치외교, 역사인식 문제와도 깊이 결부되어 있다. 특히 젊은이들의 의식과 태도를 형성시키는 요소로서 교육은 매우 중요하다. 본론 4장에서는 백래시파에 의한 교과서 공격의 사례로서 ①가정과교과서와 ②역사교과서의 일본군‘위안부’ 기술문제에 관한 담론과 그 영향에 대해 고찰하였다. This paper aims to examine the impact of the discourse by examining and analyzing the case contents of the school education site among the ‘Gender backlash’ discourse based on Japan’s rightist politics. The purpose of this study is to discover the relevance of the rightist politics and education that supports Japan’s rightward shift from the perspective of the Gender and ‘Gender Backlash’ issues. Furthermore, through this research, we are going to find out the impacts on the relationship between Korea and Japan and on the Gender equality between Korea and Japan, and the implications of the academical and the meaning of policy, namely the implications. Along with Japan’s rightward shift since the 1990s, the Gender backlash movement has also been underway. The Gender backlash phenomenon in Japanese society and the claims and logic of the Backlash faction are deeply related to the nationalism of conservative ideas. Especially‘Japanese military sexual slavery’discourse and Japanese textbooks description problem is one of the backlash cases. This problem lies in the background of Japan’s rightist politics. And among the specific affairs and cases, it is also deeply related to the political diplomacy and history recognition of Korea-Japan relations. Education is especially important as a factor that shapes the consciousness and attitude of young people. In chapter 4, It is considered the point ① home economics text books and ② ‘Japanese military sexual slavery’ of Japanese history textbooks in discourse and its impact on description issues, as an attack case of the textbook by Gender backlash faction.

「ジェンダ-,バックラッシュ」問題の 視点からみる女性政策 -1990年代以降の日本の女性政策を中心に-

석향 한국일본근대학회 2011 일본근대학연구 Vol.0 No.34

戰後の日本女性政策の變遷について畵かれているこれまでの先行硏究を檢討した結果、ジェンダ-平等視点での女性に關わる政策分析やその形成過程の分析については、きわめて限られているし、「ジェンダ-·バックラッシュ」問題の觀点で、女性政策を分析するアプロ-チは、ほとんどなかったことがわかった。 本硏究は、戰後から現代に至るまでの女性政策の中で、女性の人權と地位向上や雇用問題に主要な影響を與えた政策及び制度を、今日の「ジェンダ-·バックラッシュ」問題の分析に位置づけながら整理したものである。今回の論文は、とくに戰後女性政策の中の1990年代以降を中心に檢討した。 從って、本稿では先行硏究を踏まえながら「ジェンダ-·バックラッシュ」問題に着目し、表面的な制度上では、ジェンダ-平等の施策が制定されていても、その實質的效果において重大な欠如や無爲があることを示し、そうさせているものは何か、フェミニズム側が敗北した原因は何かについて、焦点を合わせて考察した。それは、日本の女性政策や運動の「限界」とでも言うべき点の指摘にもつながるであろう。 There is a lack of scholarship on the issue of "gender-backlash" among studies of women`s policy in postwar Japan, especially from the perspective of gender equality. This study is an exploration of the issue of the "gender-backlash" based on an analysis of the women`s policies that have had an influence over the development of women`s rights, empowerment, and employment from the postwar era until today, with a particular focus on the after 1990s. This dissertation builds on previous research on the gender "gender-backlash" to assert that while on the surface institutions enact measures designed to ensure gender equality, there is inaction and lack of serious effort to bring change. This work examines this issues looking at questions such as why there was no substantial changes despite the institutional measures taken and what was the cause of the defeat of feminism. These issues help identify the "limit" of Japanese postwar women`s policy and the Japanese feminist movement.