Summary and Comparison of Five Communicative Competence Models

변길자 한국언어연구학회 2015 언어학연구 Vol.20 No.1

On the basis of communicative competence models suggested by Canale & Swain (1980), Canale (1983), Bachman (1990), Bachman and Palmer (1996) and Chapell, Grabe and Berns (1997), this paper deals with not only their summaries and comparisons but also their influence on second language teaching and testing. As the result of analyzing the main changes of the models in a chronological order, the following theoretical points are emphasized: 1) language use ability as well as language knowledge, 2) the integrative or holistic model through interactions among components in contrast to the discrete model, 3) the hierarchical and multi-level model instead of the linear model, 4) appropriate language use in a certain context by introducing sociolinguistic competence, 5) function in language use by presenting pragmatic competence, 6) cognitive skills by introducing and elaborating strategic competence, 7) affective factors and personal characteristics in performance. In accordance with these theoretical changes of the models, second language teaching and testing methods should be innovated. Language testing should include language performance as well as language ability and it should be an integrative test reflecting four skills. Likewise, teaching methods should be developed so that learners can use their strategic, functional, sociolinguistic and background competence, but not the previous memorization method in de-contextualized situations. This paper will help to design language testing and teaching methods more effectively.

Analysis on a multimodal text

변길자 한국언어연구학회 2019 언어학연구 Vol.24 No.1

This paper analyzes the contribution of factors other than language such as images, font size and shape, colors, layout, etc, in understanding four features: 1) the information genre, 2) the experiential meaning on science topic, 3) the interpersonal meaning associated with the subjective and objective relationship between the author and readers, and 4) the textual meaning on the logical meaning of the text. For this analysis, a scientific information text (one of the multimodal texts) describing the sun is used. The analysis shows that the multimodal text contributes to the readability of the text through harmonization - i.e., harmonizing the language with the use of semiotic resources aside from the language itself. This paper is meaningful in that it analyzed how semiotic elements can be in harmony with language to increase readability in the situation where the research on the multimodal text has hardly been conducted.

Foreignized, domesticated and published translations of Don’t eat the marshmallow --- yet: A comparative analysis of three translations and their implications

변길자,김원보 미래영어영문학회 2013 영어영문학 Vol.18 No.1

본 논문은 자기개발서인 마시멜로이야기 2장의 번역을 원문에 충실한 직역 번역물(Foreignization Strategy)과 번역문에 충실한 의역 번역물(Domestication Strategy), 또 기존의 출판 번역물을 어휘선택 어순 문장구조 및 문화차이 등의 관점에서 비교해보았다. 이런 비교를 하기위해 본고의 주저를 포함한 두 명이 각기 의역 번역물과 직역 번역물을 담당하였으며, 기존에 출판된 번역물은 정지영과 김경환이 공저로 번역한 번역물을 이용했다. 이 세 개의 번역물을 비교분석한 결과 번역자들은 원문에 충실하면서 번역물의 가독성을 확보하기 위해서 의역과 직역 둘 다의 전략을 활용한다는 결론을 내렸다. 둘 다의 전략을 활용하는 것이 의역이나 직역 중 어느 하나만을 이용하는 것보다 더 나은 이유로 독자는 외국문화를 접하면서 자연스러운 모국어 표현을 즐길 수 있다는 것이다. 즉, 의역에 중점을 둔 번역물은 원문작가의 의도와는 달리 독자의 사상이나 문화적 헤게모니에 영향을 줄 수가 있는 반면 직역에 충실한 번역물은 가독성에 영향을 줄 수가 있다. 결론적으로 번역자는 번역물의 장르, 목적, 독자를 고려하여 의역과 직역의 활용정도를 적절하게 결정해야한다.

An Error Analysis in Word Choices in Korean-English Translation

변길자 한국번역학회 2011 번역학연구 Vol.12 No.4

It is worthless to mention that selecting correct words in translation is very important because misusing words gives readers wrong information. However, using correct English words is difficult for Korean students because English and Korean belong to different language groups and they are very different in terms of word forms and usage. What is more, they learn English in EFL situation where there is very little authentic language input. Given such facts, it is not surprising for Korean students to make word choice errors when translating Korean source text into English. Accordingly, to reduce word choice errors, it is meaningful to analyse what factors cause word choice errors and in which situations word choice errors happen. For this purpose, this paper analyses lexical errors on the basis of 9 categories (too general, too specific, terminology, register, addition, omission, part of speech, spelling and collocation) from 19 assignments in two different genres translated by Korean students in the first semester of the master degree course of interpreting and translation. As a result of that, it is found that Korean students make lexical errors because of first language transfer and insufficient vocabulary usage knowledge in the target language. To solve the problems, Korean students should focus on studying vocabulary quality such as usage and the different semantic features between the two languages as well as vocabulary quantity. This paper concludes that education which focuses on instruction in vocabulary usage in different contexts, which offers opportunities to practice the usage, and which provides sufficient authentic input should be given in order to translate source texts into target texts with native-like expression.

The importance of Nida(1964)’s theory in translation

변길자,김원보 한국언어연구학회 2014 언어학연구 Vol.19 No.1

This paper aims to explore why Nida (1964)’s equivalence theory, three semantic analysis techniques and the three-stage translation system are important to translators. For this purpose, Nida’s theory is analyzed according to the requirements of a good translation theory suggested by Bell (1991). Nida’s equivalence theory suggests that translation should be different according to text type, audience, and purpose of authors. Meanwhile, three techniques to analyze meanings help translators to find an appropriate target language word when encountering difficulty in choosing it because of language and cultural differences between two languages. What’s more, the three-stage translation system applying Chomsky’s generative transformation grammar contributes to translators paying attention to foreign language competence, translation shifts and native language expressions. In such theories, Nida introduced the translation focusing on receptors, the meaning difference according to context and culture, and a systematic approach to translation by applying multiple disciplines including linguistics. This paper concludes that Nida’s theory satisfies the requirements of a good theory both on the theoretical and practical level.

Evaluation of IELTS speaking test - based on six features by Bachman and Palmer (1996)

변길자 미래영어영문학회 2015 영어영문학 Vol.20 No.1

본 논문은 IELTS시험의 듣기, 읽기, 쓰기, 말하기 영역 중 말하기영역시험에 관한 평가를 다루고 있다. IELTS시험은 영어권 대학에서 입학 기준은 물론 영어권 나라에서 직업을 얻거나 영주권 및 시민권을 취득하는데 기준으로 사용되는 시험이니 만큼 수험자의 말하기능력을 제대로 평가 하고 있는지 살펴보는 것은 의미 있는 일일 것이다. 이 목적을 위해 본 논문은 Bachman and Palmer (1996)가 시험의 타당성 여부를 판단하기 위해 제시한 여섯 가지 자질인 신뢰성, 타당성, 진정성, 상호성, 영향성, 실용성을 바탕으로 IELTS 말하기 시험에서 각 자질에 부합하는 요소들과 부족한 요소들을 분석했으며 부족한 요소들을 보충하기 위한 해결책을 제시했다. 이러한 제안은 Hill (1997)이 제시한 18가지 질문을 바탕으로 인터뷰한 네 명의 피험자들의 주장과 일치하고 있다. 본 논문은 수험자들의 말하기 능력을 보다 정확하게 측정하기 위한 시험을 개발하는데 기여할 것이다.

An Analysis of Two CLT-based English Language Teaching Contexts – On the Basis of Markee's Framework

변길자 미래영어영문학회 2012 영어영문학 Vol.17 No.2

본 논문은 Li (2001) 프로젝트와 저자의 수업상황을 Markee 프레임워크 요소인 who (커리큘럼 개혁에 관계된 사람), what (커리큘럼개혁의 특징 및 그 영향), where (커리큘럼 개혁 성공에 관련된 요인), how (커리큘럼 개혁 시행 방법)를 바탕으로 비교, 분석하였다. Li 프로젝트는 한국의 중⦁고등학교에서 채택했던 전통적인 문법 번역식 교수방법에서 의사소통교수방식으로 전환하는 교수 상황이며 저자는 한국의 한 지방대학에서 의사소통교수방식에 초점을 두어서 교양영어를 가르치는 교수 상황이다. 두 상황을 비교한 결과 의사소통교수 지향적인 커리큘럼 개혁이 성공하기 위해서는 다음 문제들이 해결되어야 한다는 결론을 도출 할 수 있었다: 첫째, 효과적인 의사소통 활동을 위해서는 학급당 학생 수를 조절해야 하고 학생 수준에 따른 수업이 바람직하다. 둘째, 의사소통교수방법 및 언어능력을 비롯한 교사 재교육프로그램이 제공되어야 한다. 셋째, 재정적, 행정적 지원은 물론 동료교사의 협조가 필요하다. 넷째, 한국 실정에 맞는 교수이론이 개발되어야 한다. 다섯째, 커리큘럼은 학생들의 필요나 관심을 반영해야 한다.

한국어와 영어문자메시지 유형 비교 및 분석

변길자 한국언어연구학회 2017 언어학연구 Vol.22 No.2

This paper analyzes Korean text messages which have been received for about one year based on the types of English text messages suggested by Crystal(2008). As a result of the analysis, the following findings come out: 1) The expressions caused by initialism may cause misunderstandings and unpleasant feelings. 2) Spacing and spelling errors and the overuse of slangs may bring about incorrect language use. 3) Overuse of abbreviations may result in resistance. 4) Newly-coined words and various emoticons may create barriers to communications. 5) Various onomatopoeic words may lead to bad relationship between a sender and a receiver if a receiver does not know the meaning of the onomatopoeic words used by a sender. 6) Most people are accustomed to using such incorrect expressions in text messages that using accurate Korean expressions instead of inaccurate Korean expressions including initialism, neologism, omissions, abbreviations, and incorrect spelling and spacing can be considered to be strange. These specific findings can contribute to finding out solutions to many problems caused by expressions in text messages.

대학 영문독해 수업에 기계번역(post-editing)의 활용 및 오류분석

변길자 한국언어연구학회 2023 언어학연구 Vol.28 No.1

This paper aims to explore the possibility of using machine translation in English reading classes. For this purpose, 38 subjects were divided into two groups according to the TOEIC score and required to translate and submit a 386-word English text through post-editing translation after using a machine translation tool. This analysis shows the four major error types of contextual comprehension, sentence structures, pronouns, title nouns. In addition, the subjects were required to participate in the questionnaire survey related to the effectiveness of reading comprehension classes using machine translation. The research also proved how effective English reading classes using machine translation were in comparison with English grammar-based reading classes. We can find the similarities between machine translation and students’ post-editing translation in error ratio and characteristics, and the differences between the two English levels in terms of post-editing correction methods and the number of translation errors. This paper is meaningful in that this study will contribute to diversification of teaching methods and improvement of the teaching quality in English reading classes by employing machine translation in English reading classes.

제주도민을 위한 영어교재 개발방향 및 그 활용

변길자 현대영어교육학회 2007 현대영어교육 Vol.8 No.1

This paper attempts to suggest a direction for the development and use of an English textbook in order to improve the listening and speaking ability of Jeju residents in Jeju Free International City. Suggestions are made for residents between 30 and 50 years old, who belong to the intermediate level of English proficiency. It is suggested that a communication-oriented textbook should be developed with the following factors in mind: (1) the enhancement of English learners' listening and speaking ability, (2) the inclusion of content about basic English grammar and pronunciation, (3) Jeju-related content about nature, culture, history and tourism, (4) careful selection of words and moderate adjustment of sentence length in consideration of the English learners' level, and (5) the severe mental burden caused to English learners by excessively large textbooks. It is also suggested in this paper how such a textbook could be developed with such guidelines in mind, and how it could be utilized in class. This is done by offering an example lesson and explaining the concepts involved.