유연근무제가 다국적기업 직원의 직무열의에 미치는 영향: 그룹내 집단주의 문화와 제도적 집단주의 문화의 조절효과

박용석 ( Yong Suhk Pak ),수몬이 ( Mon Yee Hsu ) 한국국제경영학회 2021 國際經營硏究 Vol.32 No.4

본 연구는 유연근무제가 직원들의 직무열의에 미치는 영향을 분석하여, 유연근무제의 효과성을 분석하는 데에 목적을 두고 있다. 개인-환경 간의 적합성 이론(person-environment fit theory)을 가반으로 하여, 유연근무제는 직원이 일과 삶의 균형을 이룰 수 있고 개인 생활의 요구를 충족시키는 지원제도로서 이는 직원이 자신이 소속되어 있는 업무환경에 잘 적응하고 부합하도록 도울 것으로 기대할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 유연근무제가 직원들의 직무열의에 미치는 긍정적인 영향력을 분석하고자 한다. 또한 본 연구는 유연근무제와 직무열의 간의 관계를 약화 또는 강화시키는 조절변수들의 영향력을 분석하고자 하는데, 그룹내 집단주의 문화와 제도적 집단주의 문화의 조절효과를 분석하였다. 실증분석을 위해, 본 연구는 보스턴대학의 Sloan센터에서 설문조사를 통해 수집한 “Generations of Talent Study” 데이터베이스와 GLOBE 데이터베이스를 사용하여 분석하였다. 미국, 영국, 중국, 인도, 브라질, 일본, 네덜란드, 멕시코와 스페인, 총 9국가에 위치한 다국적 기업에서 근무하고 있는 직원 7,701명의 설문 자료를 분석에 포함하였다. 분석결과, 유연근무제가 직원의 직무열의에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 그룹내 집단주의 문화가 유연근무제가 직무열의에 미치는 긍정적인 영향력을 약화시키는 결과가 밝혀졌다. This study examined the effect of flexible work arrangements (FWAs) on employees’ job engagement. Based on the person-environment fit theory, FWAs would be expected to help employees fit well in their job environments because they are resources that help employees to achieve a better work-life balance and to better satisfy the needs and demands of their personal lives. Accordingly, in this study it was hypothesized that FWAs would increase job engagement. This study also analyzed the cultural factors, in-group collectivism and institutional collectivism, to determine whether they moderate the effect that FWAs have on job engagement. This study analyzed data from the Generations of Talent Study Database compiled by the Sloan Center on Aging and Work at Boston College and the GLOBE database. The total sample was collected from 7,701 employees working in multinational enterprises in the US, the UK, China, India, Brazil, Japan, the Netherlands, Mexico and Spain. The result supported the hypothesis that FWAs increased job engagement. The result further revealed that in-group collectivism weakened the positive effect of FWAs on job engagement.

한국 기업 수출성과 선행요인에 관한 연구: -지배구조와 사외이사를 중심으로-

박용석 ( Yong Suhk Pak ),박영렬 ( Young Ryeol Park ),양영수 ( Young Soo Yang ) 한국국제경영학회 2012 國際經營硏究 Vol.23 No.1

수출을 통한 한국기업들의 국제화에 관한 선행요인에 대한 분석은 주로 기업 또는 경영자 수준에서 분석되어 왔으나, 재벌 또는 가족기업과 같은 한국 기업들의 독특한 소유지배구조, 그리고 사외이사의 특성이 기업의 수출성과에 미치는 영향에 관한 분석은 거의 이루어지지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 한국기업의 수출성과에 영향을 미치는 선행요인을 지배구조, 그리고 최고경영자와 사회이사의 특성을 중심으로 분석하였다. 한국기업의 수출 성과를 종속변수로, 재벌, 가족기업, 최고경영자의 해외경험, 그리고 사외이 사의 해외경험을 독립변수로 하여 패널분석을 시행하였다. 분석결과, 재벌, 최고경영자의 해외경험은 기업의 수출성과와 유의한 정의 관계를 갖는 것으로 나타났으나, 가족기업의 경우 수출 성과와 유의한 음의 관계를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 사외이사의 해외경험은 기업의 수출성과에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. Determinants of internationalization through exporting have been frequently examined in the Korean context due to its export-driven economy. Previous studies have focused on firm- or manageriallevel analysis. The role of the peculiar governance structure of Korean firms, which includes family and Chaebol ownership, has seldom been examined. Further clarification of the influence of this governance structure on exports is required. In addition, few researchers have attempted to examine whether outside directors have adequate knowledge and information to make meaningful contributions to exportation. Therefore, this paper extends the literature on export behavior of Korean firms by highlighting their governance structure and discussing the managerial experience of outside directors. The key variables driving Korean exports were determined using data from453 Korean manufacturing firms listed in the Korean Stock Exchange from 2005 to 2008. The results showed that the international experience of top managers and the distinctive Korean Chaebol governance structure positively affected internationalization through exporting, while family ownership was negatively associated with exportation. The influence of outside directors on export behavior was insignificant, unlike in more developed economies. Thus, outside directors have limited influence on managing Korean exporting enterprises. The business implications of the findings of this study are also discussed.

국제합작투자에서 한국기업이 지식경영에 관한 연구: 지식이전과 지식습득 설명변수에 관한 분석

박용석 ( Yong Suhk Pak ),정윤진 ( Yun Jin Chung ) 한국국제경영학회 2010 國際經營硏究 Vol.21 No.1

SNS(social network sites)를 통해 형성된 사회자본의 형태가 소비자 제품선호에 미치는 영향

박용석(Yong Suhk Pak),이경미(Kyoung Mi Lee),이지원(Ji Won Lee) 한국경영학회 2012 經營學硏究 Vol.41 No.6

More and more consumers today use Social Networking Services (SNS) such as Facebook and Twitter and the unprecedented growth of SNS has captivated many practitioners` minds. It is no wonder that many global enterprises are now exploring the possibility of using SNS as a means to reach multi-national segments. Yet, still, many unresolved questions need to be answered. In particular, we addressed the questions regarding (1) whether a different type of social capital - a bridging and bonding social capital- is emphasized during the creation and management of an individual`s SNS according to different cultures and (2) how such social capital formed on SNS can be related to consumer preference for a certain type of producti. e, symbolic versus utilitarian products. In order to examine these hypotheses, we collected survey questionnaires from 245 college students. For the purpose of cross-cultural comparison, the sample consisted of two cultural backgrounds: a collectivistic culture, represented by the countries in North East Asia (Korea, China, and Japan) versus a individualistic culture, represented by the countries in North America (USA and Canada). The number of SNS that the respondents used was not different between the two cultural groups (t = 1.79, ns). Yet the North Americans reported significantly more number of friends on SNS, compared to the East Asians ( t= 5.09, p< .01); and they spent more time on SNS, compared to the East Asians( t =4.08, p< .01). Regarding the first question, we hypothesized that the bridging type of social networking on SNS would be more prominent in individualistic cultures than in collectivistic cultures, while the bonding type of social networking on SNS would be more prominent in collectivistic cultures than individualistic cultures. Consistent to our hypothesis, we found that North Americans, representing Western individual cultures, reported greater bridging social capital than bonding social capital ( t=-8.03, p<.01). However, unlike our prediction, East Asians did not report greater bonding social capital than bridging social capital. Instead, they also reported greater bridging social capital, t= -4.69, p< .01, These result suggest that creating and managing bridging (vs. bonding) social capital is more emphasized in the SNS setting, irrespective of the cultural orientations. Regarding the second question, we hypothesized that bonding social capital on SNS would be linked to preference for a symbolic product while bridging social capital would be linked to preference for a utilitarian product. As a symbolic product, we selected jeans and, as a utilitarian product, we selected a laptop computer. Regression analyses showed that, consistent to our hypotheses, bonding social capital was related to preference for jeans (β = .22, p< .01), while bridging social capital was not (β=.12, ns). Also, bridging social capital was related to preference for a laptop computer (β = .33, p< .01), while bonding social capital was not (β = .09, ns), Together, we showed that a certain group of people forming a type of social capital through SNS activities, tends to have a favorite product type.

국제합작투자 성과 결정요인에 관한 연구 : 조직학습 관점

박용석 ( Yong Suhk Pak ),박영렬 ( Young Ryeol Park ),손정민 ( Jung Min Son ) 韓國國際經營學會 2006 國際經營硏究 Vol.17 No.2

본 연구에서는 국제합작투자 성과 결정요인을 조직학습 관점에서 살펴보았다. 파트너의 흡수 능력과 합작경험은 지식 습득의 효율성을 증대시키고 지식검색에 소요되는 비용을 절감시킴으로써 국제합작투자 성과에 긍정적인 영향을 줄 것이라는 가설을 설정하였다. 반면, 기업문화 차이와 파트너 간 갈등은 정보흐름을 방해하고 오해를 야기해 조직학습을 방해하고 내부 관리비용을 발생시켜 기업 성과에 부정적인 영향을 줄 것이라는 가설을 설정하였다. 국내 진출한 외국 기업과 한국기업간의 86개 국제합작투자에 대해 다중회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 현지 파트너기업의 흡수 능력과 합작경험은 국제합작투자 성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미치지만 파트너간 갈등은 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. We examine determinants affecting international joint venture(IJV)`s performance through the lens of organizational learning. We hypothesize that absorptive capacity and IJV experience are positively related to the IJV`s performance by enhancing efficiency in knowledge acquisition and exploitation, saving knowledge search costs, and creating synergy effect. On the other hand organizational culture dissimilarity and conflicts are negatively related to the IJV`s performance because they decrease in efficiency of information process and organizational learning motivation. and cause internal management costs. With the sample of 86 IJVs in Korea, we found that absorptive capacity and IJV experience are positively, in contrast conflicts are negatively related to the IJV`s performance.

글로벌 제품표준화 전략의 실행 가능성 연구

박용석(Yong Suhk Pak),나원찬(Won Chan Ra),이지원(Ji Won Lee) 한국경영학회 2012 經營學硏究 Vol.41 No.3

The necessity of global product standardization asserted by Levitt (1983) is still an open research subject in the area of internationalmarketing strategy, and there aremany arguments both for and against it. The very recent introduction of smart phones in the world market has provided a new approach to exploring the effectiveness of Levitt`s logic. One of the biggest advantages for companies pursuing a global or standardization strategy lies in their ability to take advantage of economies of scale, as local market conditions converge worldwide due to increases in technology development. Another advantage of having a standardization strategy is increased visibility and consistency for the global brand image of the company. However, a counter argument is also well presented: The marketing strategy of an international company should reflect local diverse tastes and preferences stemming from a long history of culture, customs, and institutions. Many scholars on this side of logic criticize Levitt`s argument as naive without solid evidence. Under this circumstance, the introduction of smart phones, especially under the strategic approach of Apple, has shed additional light on this conventional dispute over a global marketing approach once again. We are captivated with the standardization marketing strategy implemented by Apple all over the world. How can they supply exactly the same product worldwide and will that be accepted by global consumers? What makes their global strategy successful? We paid an attention to an intriguing marketing tool, personalization, as a lens to understand the global/ standardization strategy of smart phone producers. We analyzed consumer satisfaction of smart phone users who have personalized their smart phones through application use, focusing on the strategy of smart phone makers. Even while they provide identical products worldwide, which is an obvious standardization strategy, customers with different cultural, institutional, geographic, and economic backgrounds accept them. Therefore, we hypothesized that standardization strategy for smart phones can be a feasible option via personalization through which process consumers/smart phone users worldwide derive a high level of satisfaction. Through the process of personalization, which provides a chance to use a diverse set of applications, customers around the world can increase the level of fit between the product offering and their demand condition or taste: Through applications they could increase the fit which will lead to a higher the level of satisfaction with their smart phones. We conducted a questionnaire survey of domestic and international exchange students attending a university in Korea and collected 456 responses. We divided the sample into three groups of students from Asia (N=177), Europe (N=142), and North America (N=137) in order to compare and test their level of satisfaction with smart phones measured by the perceived utility. The results show that personalization through application use satisfied the individual needs and that standardized global products - smart phones - provided a higher level of product utility perceived by consumers in all three groups. These results provide the possibility that product personalization through application use enables firms to implement a global product standardization strategy.

인사이더 혹은 아웃사이더? 다국적 기업 주재원의 사회적 분류와 현지직원 이직 의도에 관한 연구

박용석 ( Yong Suhk Pak ),안전국 ( Quanguo An ),양이 ( Yi Yang ) 한국국제경영학회 2021 國際經營硏究 Vol.32 No.2

본 연구는 다국적기업 해외 자회사 내 해외 주재원의 사회적 참여와 문화적 차별이 현지 직원의 이직 의도에 미치는 영향에 대한 메커니즘을 연구하는데 그 목적을 두고 있다. 본 연구의 가설을 테스트하기 위해 중국에 있는 19개 해외 다국적기업 자회사에 근무하는 495명의 중국 현지 직원들을 대상으로 설문조사를 진행하였다. 이를 활용하여 구조방정식 모델을 실시한 결과, 현지 직원의 승진 가능성은 해외 주재원의 사회적 참여와 현지 직원의 이직 의도 사이 관계를 완전 매개한다. 업무 자율성은 해외 주재원의 문화적 차별과 사회적 참여가 현지 직원의 이직 의도에 미치는 영향에 대해 부분적 매개 효과를 가진다는 결과가 나타났다. 본 연구는 다국적기업의 해외 주재원이 현지 직원의 이직 의도에 미치는 영향을 주재원의 사회적 참여와 문화적 차별로 나누어 심층 분석하였다는데 그 학문적 의의를 가진다. We examine how expatriates diminish host country national (HCN) employee turnover intention by enhancing perceived upward mobility and task autonomy. HCN perspectives on expatriate managers’ social engagement and cultural separation predictably impact local employees’ perceptions of upward mobility and task autonomy, which, in turn, influence HCN turnover intentions. We test this research model with data collected from 495 Chinese managers and employees working in 19 foreign-invested companies in mainland China. The test results of the structural equation model show that upward mobility fully mediate the effects of perceived social engagement on turnover intention, while task autonomy partially mediates mediate the effects of cultural separation and perceived social engagement on turnover intention. Accordingly, in the context of China, the results suggest that expatriate managers socially engage/culturally approach their Chinese employees to reduce employee turnover intention.

Organizational Change and Employee Satisfaction in the Post Cross-border M&A Integration in Korea

Yong Suhk Pak(박용석),Han Luo(나함),Yi Yang(양이) 한국경영학회 2015 經營學硏究 Vol.44 No.6

Most existing studies related to the human side of M&A present a negative perspective on organizational change resulting from post-M&A integration, considering it to be an important factor in job dissatisfaction for acquired employees. In this paper, we challenge this negative viewpoint and focus instead on the positive effects of organizational change resulting from post-M&A integration on employee satisfaction in the Korean context. We investigate the moderating mechanisms underlying effective participation on the part of employees and their trust in management. A survey was conducted of employees from 15 Korean companies that had been acquired by foreign companies. Based on the responses from 263 respondents, we found an inverted U-shaped relationship between the degree of restructuring that takes place after M&A and the job satisfaction of acquired employees, indicating that Korean employees do not necessarily reject change. Also, trust and participation during the integration process positively moderate the relationship between restructuring and acquired employees’ job satisfaction. A discussion of the results and some managerial implications are also provided.

사회적 자본 관점에서 본 국제적 학습에 관한 이해

박용석 ( Yong Suhk Pak ),장대련 ( Dae Ryun Chang ),박영렬 ( Young Ryeol Park ) 韓國國際經營學會 2009 國際經營硏究 Vol.20 No.4

학습을 통한 글로벌 마인드셋의 함양에 대한 실증연구

박용석(Yong Suhk Pak),수몬이(Mon Yee Hsu) 한국경영학회 2018 經營學硏究 Vol.47 No.2

This study aims to examine the development of global mindset, which is rarely addressed in a Korean international business journal. We investigate whether the global mindset is a static state that is difficult to change or a dynamically changeable competence. Based on the global mindset literature, we categorize the global mindset into three dimensions - cognition, skills and attitudes - and analyze the nature (static or dynamic) of each dimension. We collect survey questions from 269 undergraduate students. We use paired sample t-tests to analyze whether the undergraduates have changed their global mindsets in terms of cognition, skills and attitudes after taking the international business class during a semester. Results reveal that the levels of cognition and skills have increased after the class, but the attitude level shows no significant difference before and after the class. The results also show that overall global mindsets after the class become higher than before the class. We also find the positive moderating effects of global motivation and international experience on the relationship between the international business class and the global mindset. It means that the effectiveness of international business class on the global mindset is strengthened with the high levels of global motivation and international experience. After the conclusion, we suggest future research topics related to the global mindset which have been rarely addressed in the field of the Korean international business academy.