南山新城碑

朴方龍 경주사학회 1994 신라문화제학술논문집 Vol.15 No.-

明活山城作成碑의 檢討

박방룡 국립중앙박물관 1988 미술자료 Vol.- No.41

This fortification, situated to the east of the Silla capital, is an outer fortification with the function of protecting the city. According to Samguk sagi, it was built before the fourth fear of the reign of King Si1s□ng (before A.D. 405), and was one of the earliest such fortifications to be built. In the reigns of King Chabi and Kin g Soji (A. D.475-488), it was even used as a dwelling-place. This fortification has earthern walls approximately 5km long, and about 4.5km of stone walls. On the 26th of August 1988,, on the northwest side of the stone wall, the stele known as My□nghwalsan song chaks □ngbi (Stele of the construction of the Mt. My?nghwal fortification) was discovered. It is a record of the constrLlction. The stele measures 66.8cm in height, 31.0cm at its greatest width, and 16.5cm thick. It bears an inscrifltion of 148 characters, the contents of which are as follows : 1. Preface with the cyclical date of construction 2. Name of the overseer of the building work 3. Names of the contractors, and the lengths of wall for which they were responsible. 4. Location of the construction. 5. Numbers of those employed in construction. 6. Duration of the construction. 7. Name of the writer of the inscription. The stele was erected in the 12th year of King Chinh□ng(551), in order to make clear the division of responsibilities and to commemorate the participation in the construction of the fortifications. In the former territory of the Silla kingdom, several such ch'uks□ngbi (fortification - building steles) have been found in Namsan, Ky□ngiu (A.D. 591), but this is the first one to have been found in the Mt. My?nghwal. With the discovery of this stele, one can begin to understand the organization of such construction work in the 6th century. The similar steres from Namsan Shins?ngbi record the names in one body on each stele, but here they are divided into three smaller divisions. On this stele, the duration of construction is recorded as having taken 35 darts, so the building of such fortifications did not take many months as has been commonly believed. Also the names of professions such as sang'in nadu (head of patrolmen), chang'in (craftsmen), s□sain (writer or calligrapher), previously unknown, are recorded. Particularly, the two characters after kunjung, in the second stele from Namsan shin - s?ngbi, previously undeciphered, can now be read as kunjung sang'in (leader of group), according to the evidence from the My□nghwalsan stele. Moreover, the My□nghwalsan stele has many features in common with the Namsan stele, so that they provide important complementary epigraphical materials.

南山新城碑 第八碑 · 第九碑에 對하여

박방룡 국립중앙박물관 1988 미술자료 Vol.- No.42

新羅王京과 流通

朴方龍 동국대학교 신라문화연구소 2006 신라문화제학술발표논문집 Vol.27 No.-

신라 왕경에 있어서 재화의 생산은 궁중 중심으로 운영되던 官營手工業과 개인이 운영하는 私營手工業이 있었고 여기에서 생산된 수공업품은 대부분 왕경중심지에서 이루어졌으며, 재료생산과 관련이 많은 요업관련 手工業工房만이 왕경의 외곽지역에 있었다. 신라에서의 화폐는 轉用貨弊 대신 금속(鐵鋌 등)과 베(布)로 사용되었다. 三國期에는 鐵鋌이 많이 사용되었으나 통일신라 무렵부터 그 이후로는 鐵鋌은 감소하고 銅鋌ㆍ金(銀)鋌의 사용빈도가 늘어났다. 철정은 화폐 대용으로 쓰였으나 전용화폐는 아니며, 金(銀)鋌은 외국이나 먼 거리를 이동할 때 주로 사용되었던 교환매개물이었다. 유통수단으로는 사람이 지게로, 동물을 이용하여 싣고 가는 방법도 많았지만, 수레가 보편적으로 쓰였다. 경주 鷄林路古墳에서 출토된 수레모양의 토기와 신라시대 도로유구에서 발견된 수레바퀴 자국을 통하여 주된 운송수단이 수레였음을 알 수 있다. 왕경내에는 물론이고 왕경에서 지방으로 연결되었던 官道가 있었는데 왕경의 중심역인 京都驛(都停驛)과 地方사이에는 五門驛이 있었다. 왕경에는 東市ㆍ西市ㆍ南市의 세 官市가 있었으며 조세의 수취와 지출 등과 관련하여 여러 관청의 물품조달과 잉여품의 처분이라는 재정적인 필요성과 왕경에 거주하는 귀족 집단의 도시생활을 보장하는 기능을 하였다. 신라의 주변국가에도 東市ㆍ西市가 있었다는 공통점이 있으며, 이를 통하여 보았을 때 왕경인의 생업에서 수공업과 상업이 차지하는 비중이 매우 컸음을 알 수 있다. In the capital of Silla kingdom, the production of goods was made by both government operation handicraft industry and private operation handicraft industry. These products were manufactured in a central area of the city and ceramic related handicraft industry was established outside the city. In Silla kingdom, metal and cloth were circulated in substitution for exclusive currency. In three kingdoms period, cheuljung(鐵鋌) was used for the same purpose. However, in Unified Silla period, dongjung(銅鋌) and guemjung(金鋌) were gradually used in important substitution for currency with replacing cheuljung(鐵鋌). Cheuljung(鐵鋌) was used in substitution for currency only. Guemjung(金鋌) was served as an exchange medium for service and goods in long distance travel. For the distribution of goods, the man driven wagon was mainly used for this purpose. This fact is well supported by some evidences such as a wagon shaped ceramic recovered from Kerimro toms in Kyongju and the track of wagons discovered in old road remains of Silla period. In the city there were a lot of roads as well as official roads which connect the provinces with the city. There were a capital station in the capital and five stations between the capital and the provinces. There were three government operation markets such as East Market, West Market, and South Market in the capital. These markets were installed for supporting royal groups' urban life and for the supplying governmental offices with necessary goods and the disposal of surplus goods of governmental offices in relation with tax collection and expenditure. Other surrounding nations also had East Market and West Market as well. This fact well explains that both handicraft industry and commerce cook a large parts of business activities of the citizen in this period.

南山新城碑 第9碑에 대한 檢討

박방룡 국립중앙박물관 1994 미술자료 Vol.- No.53

Namsanshinsung(南山新城) Fortress was built in A.D. 591 and was used as an important military base to defend the south part of the Shilla Capital. The monument commemoration the construction of Namsanshins ng Fortress was discovered in this fortress and it is useful for studying ancient history. Since its discovery in 1934, eight other monuments of Namsanshins ng fortress have been discovered. Three of them were uncracked, but others were nothing but fragments, thus they were hard to decipher clearly. However, the ninth monument of Namsanshins ng Fortress stood orderly, just as it was. It is certain that this atifact will play an importa nt role in the comparative study with the other eight monuments. The main contents of the ninth monument are that the people of K pb -lgun (伋伐郡. Pungch' n-gun, North Ky ngsang province today) which governed five chon(5寸) were mobilized, and they worked six po (6步 : 10meter) of the fortress wall. There also are inscribed the names of those who participated in the construction and the agreement stating that if the fortress wall fell dawn, they would rebuild the fallen parts. Comparing the ninth with othe rs, the basic system is almost the same, but it is characteristic feature that no general group (group A) has not seen in the ninth. Now we understand that "fortress" (城) and "village" (村) had different meanings in the fifth and sixth centuries. But it is clear that fortress and village have the same meaning in the respect that they were used together.

新羅關門城의 銘文石 考察

박방룡 국립중앙박물관 1982 미술자료 Vol.- No.31

Kwanmun-song Fortress is situated on the border between Kyongsang-namdo and Kyongsangpbukdo provinces 21 kilometers. Southeast of Kyongju. Kwanmun-song Fortress consists of the 12-km long chang-song Fortress and the 1.8-km long oblong fortress on the top of the mountain east of Chang-song Fortress. (I will refer the 12-km fortress as Chang-song Fortress and the oblong one as Shindaeri-song fortress, because I am convinced for the reasons to be given later that these are two different fortresses.) While studyingKwanmun-song Fortress in recent years, I have discovered fortress stones with inscriptions. Inscriptions were made on the stone facing the outside. Carved on the stones were the names of th places from which the workers had been mobilized and the portion of the wall one was assigned to build. The fortress rocks of Kwanmun-song inscribed with these information were the first to be found among the Silla fortress stones. (In this article I am using “stones”and “rocks”interchangeably.) So far only ten fortess stones with inscription were discovered from Shindaeri-song Fortress. Judging frem the inscriptions, however, it is believed that there is a far greater number of fortress rocks with inscription. From the ten known fortress stones with inscription I located eight names of place at the time of the donstruction of the fortress. Of the mumber seven places have been identified to give a great aid to the study of history and geography. What is noteworthy is the fact that I have learned from the inscriptions that the capital of Silla was named Kumkyong 金京. This fact has never been estabilished by the study of historical sources and materals and metal and stone inscriptions. Through the study of these inscribed fortress rocks it was determinede that the measurement of the time of th construction fo the fortress was that of Tang China(Tang chock), in which six chock made upone bo. By measuring the distance between the first and second inscribed stones it was found that one Tang chock Equaled 29.4츠. Thus, measurement of the late seventh century A.D. Silla was known. The first fortress rocks with inscription in Korea may be traced back to Pyong-yang Fortress built between the eighth and 11th years of the reign of King Pyongwon of Koguryo(A.D. 566-569). Another example is Namsan Shin -song Fortress o Silla built in 13th year of the reign of King Jin - pyong. The inscribed rocks from the two fortresses may be considered as th prototype of Shindaeri-son Fortress stones with inscription. As matter of fact, th stones with inscription from shim Nam-song fortress and Shindaeri-song fortress, both near the Silla capital, share similarites. Complex inscriptions on Shin Nam-song Fortress became simplifed on th shindaerisong Fortress rocks. Inscribing on fortress stones became popular during the Choson dynasty and we see such examples in the Seoul fortress, Haemi fortress, Kochang fortress, etc. Chang-son Fortress and shindaeri-song Fortress have beem known as am single fortress named Kwanmun-song Fortress. Examination of the fortress stones with inscriptions and over several scores of inspection trips to the fortress resulted in concluding that that Kwanmun-song Fortress is actually two fortresses. The conclusion became more convincing after examination of relevant historical sources, which refers to Chang-song Fortress alone. It is evident from the material that Chang-song Fortress had been built in the 21st year of the reign of King Songdok(A.D. 722). On the other hand Shindaeri-son Fortress is believed to have been constructed in the last half of the seventh century A.D., judging from the terrains it was built on. One can command good views of East Sea coast along Yangnam-myon and Ulsan Bay from Shindaeri-song Fortress. We can say that it was built to watch for the Japanese pirates and to serve as an advance camp for the defense of the Silla capital. Longer Chang-song Fortress was Shindaeri-song alone. It is most likely that with construction of the new Chan-son fortress the old fortress grew less in importance and its became lost. After studying several historical materials and the names given to smoke signal posts of the early Choson dynasty, I presume that the original name the old fortres, now known as Shindaeri- song, was Daejom-song. It was also found out that the name of Kwanmun-song was given during the Choson dynasty and that during th Silla period Chang-song alone was called ‘Mobol Kwanmunn’.

六世紀 新羅王京의 諸樣相

朴方龍 동국대학교 신라문화연구소 2005 신라문화제학술발표논문집 Vol.26 No.-

6세기대의 신라는 통일신라의 반석위에 올려놓기 위한 문화의 변혁시기로, 짧은 시기에 비약적 발전을 이루었던 신라 역사상 가장 큰 변화의 시기였다. 또한 중앙집권적인 귀족국가로서의 통치체제를 갖추었고 대내외적으로 크게 발전하였던 시기였다. 이 글에서는 지금까지의 신라 왕경에 대한 연구 성과를 토대로 6세기대 신라 왕경의 분묘 형성, 왕경의 중심을 이루었던 궁성과 사찰, 왕경을 방어하였던 나성의 의미와 왕경의 형성과정에 대해 살펴보았다. 그 결과 분묘는 6세기 초반부터 왕경의 중심지인 평지를 벗어나서 산지(山地)로 이동하기 시작하였음이 파악되며, 집단묘역으로 존재하는 경주시내 중심지의 고분군 범위내의 지역은 도시계획상으로 리방(里坊)의 범위에서는 제외되었던 것임을 알 수 있었다. 이때의 사찰은 황룡사가 중심을 이루었고 모두 평지가람이며 당시의 왕궁이 있었던 월성 가까운 곳에 있었음을 알 수 있었다, 궁궐이 있었던 궁성은 월성이 중심이 되었고 동궁, 북궁이 존재하였으며, 근년에 발견된 “남궁”이라 새겨진 기와를 통하여 남궁이 존재하였음을 알 수 있었다. 그 밖에 왕경의 사방의 산에 산성을 구축하여 왕경을 수비하기 위한 시설인 나성을 축조한 것은 다른 나라의 도성유적에서는 찾아보기 어려운 예라 하겠으며, 인구가 밀접되어 있었던 월성 동쪽과 황룡사의 남쪽에 동시(東市)가 있었을 것으로 추정하였다. In the sixth century, Silla experienced a large cultural reform to secure the foundation of developing into a new nation, Unified Silla, later. In addition, this period was the time that Silla established a new central ruling system based on aristocracy and made much development in both internal and external aspects. Based on previous studies on the capital city of Silla, this thesis studied about the formation of tombs in the capital city, the royal palace and the temple which served as the center of the capital city, defensive walls, and the formative process of the capital city in the sixth century. Through this study, it was found that the location of the tomb was moved from flatland to mountain area from the early sixth century and the area in which a number of tombs were existed in a center of current Kyongju was excluded in an urban development plan that time. In this period, all temples were placed around Hwangyongsa temple and were existed in flatland near Wolseong. The royal place was existed at Wolseong and included the East Palace and the North Palace, and presumably the South Palace. In addition, mountain fortress walls called Naseong were installed around the capital city for the purpose of defending the capital city from external invasion and this is an unique example which is not found in other capital cities. It is also presumed that East Marketplace was existed in the populous east side of Wolseong (the south side of Hwangyongsa temple).

尙州 書谷洞 出土 一括遺物

박방룡 국립중앙박물관 1992 미술자료 Vol.- No.49

In April 1991, eleven artefacts from the Kory□ period, including bronze bells, were excavated in S□gokdong in sangju, North Ky□ngsang province. Their historical value can be summariezed as follows. For the first time, a bronze bell with the cyclical date (sinhae) was unearthed from a known site. The year sinhae corresponds to the 38th year of Kojong, 1251. This is important new material for the study of bronze bells. Also from the inscription, we realize that this bell belonged to the Hoe□o temple, Which is no longer extant but which in the Kory□ period was a temple in the Sangju district. Next, a bronze ladle decorated with a lotus bud finial, a bronze vessel with a handle, a bronze cymbal, a flat based bronze bowl, a bronze basin, etc, all of which are rate bronze vessels, were all excavated together with the dated bronze bell and are important examples for the st udy of metalwork from this period.

慶州 城乾洞 677番地 出土 銘文土器

박방룡 국립중앙박물관 2013 동원학술논문집 Vol.14 No.-

南山新城碑ㆍ月城垓字碑의 再解析

朴方龍 한국목간학회 2011 목간과 문자 Vol.8 No.-

남산신성비는 1934년 제1비가 발견된 이래로 파편을 포함하여 현재까지 10기가 발견되어 新羅史 연구에 큰 도움이 되고 있다. 이러한 연구는 비문에 치중되어 비석의 발견 경위와 최초의 立碑狀態에 대한 연구는 소홀이 하였음은 부정할 수 없다. 이에 남산신성비의 발견경위를 통하여 그 출토위치를 개략적이나마 파악해 볼 수 있었으며, 제9비의 발견으로 최초 남산신성비가 제작되어 성벽 안쪽에 비석의 앞쪽이 통행로에서 보이도록 세워두었다는 사실을 알게 되었다. 아울러 200여기로 추정되는 공사 참가 집단의 명칭을 기록한 종합비가 남산신성내에 세워졌을 가능성이 더욱 커지게 되었다. 월성해자비는 이제까지 삼국시대 말쯤에 ‘首力知奈末’등의 몇 자 되지 않는 의미를 알 수 없는 비석 조각 정도로만 생각되어 왔으나, 이를 면밀히 再判讀하고 출토장소에 대하여 검토해 본 결과 월성해자와 관련된다는 사실을 확신하게 되었다. 이는 월성해자 ‘가地區’ 축조와 관련된 일종의 工事碑로 볼 수 있어 ‘月城垓子碑’로 호칭코자 하였으며 7세기 중반 무렵에 작성된 중요한 금석문임을 알게 되었다.