농촌주민의 사회경제적 역량을 활용한 마을복지 활성화 방향과 과제

박대식(Park Daeshik),안석(An Sok),오정훈(Oh Jeonghun) 한국농촌경제연구원 2016 한국농촌경제연구원 기본연구보고서 Vol.- No.-

Background of Research The purpose of this study is 1) to investigate the current situation of rural residents’ competence and village welfare activation, 2) to identify the current conditions and problems of related policies, and 3) to suggest the direction and policy tasks of village welfare activation utilizing the competence of rural residents. Method of Research The major research methods were the field survey, telephone survey, focus group interview, overseas field survey, and investigation of existing data. The field survey was conducted among 300 rural residents. The telephone survey was conducted among 120 social organizations. Three focus group interviews were conducted. The overseas field survey was conducted in Germany. Existing related data were collected by searching the data of related research institutes and governmental organizations. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentage, means and t-test, multiple regression analysis were used to organize and summarize the data. Research Results and Implications The basic direction of village welfare activation utilizing the competence of rural residents is as follows: ① active uses of rural residents’ competence, ② strengthening socio-economic competence, and ③ 5 types of policy approaches (ⓐ complementing the blind spot of national welfare, ⓑ supplementation of areas where social welfare services are absolutely insufficient, ⓒ improvement of existing national welfare projects, ⓓ promotion of unique village welfare projects, and ⓔ improvement of legal and institutional basis). Major policy tasks to activate the village welfare utilizing the competence of rural residents in complementing the blind spot of national welfare are ① care for mild dementia patients, and ② promotion of village welfare projects during the non-farming season. Major policy tasks to activate the village welfare utilizing the competence of rural residents in the supplementation of areas where social welfare services are absolutely insufficient are ① enlargement of talking partner service, and ② provision of community meals during the major farming season. Major policy tasks to activate the village welfare utilizing the competence of rural residents in the improvement of existing national welfare projects are ① happy package business, ② elderly group home, ③ information education for the rural elderly, and ④ village side dish service. A major policy task to activate the village welfare utilizing the competence of rural residents in the promotion of unique village welfare projects is utilizing village property funds. Major policy tasks to activate the village welfare utilizing the competence of rural residents in the improvement of legal and institutional basis are ① construction of a national village welfare support system, ② activation of local social security councils, and ③ improvement of welfare hub business.

농촌의 사회통합 실태와 정책 개선방안(2/2차년도) - 다문화가족과 귀농 · 귀촌인 대상 심층연구

박대식(Park Daeshik),안석(An Sok),김남훈(Kim Namhoon),임지은(Lim Jieun) 한국농촌경제연구원 2019 한국농촌경제연구원 기본연구보고서 Vol.- No.-

Background of Research This study is an in-depth study on the social cohesion of rural multi-cultural families and urban-to-rural migrants. Rural multi-cultural families and urban-to-rural migrants have various socio-cultural backgrounds and they are becoming key factors in the change of Korean rural society in recent years. Therefore, rural multi-cultural families and urban-to-rural migrants are very important groups in the discussion of rural social cohesion. This study aimed to investigate the current situation of social cohesion of rural multi-cultural families and urban-to-rural migrants and suggest policy improvement measures. Method of Research This study employed several surveys among rural multi-cultural families and urban-to-rural migrants, focus group interviews, in-depth interviews, a collaborative research, and investigation of existing data. The survey was conducted among 514 rural multi-cultural families and 543 urban-to-rural migrants. Four focus group interviews on the current situation of social cohesion of rural multi-cultural families and urban-to-rural migrants were conducted. The in-depth interviews were conducted among 22 rural multi-cultural families and 16 urban-to-rural migrants. The collaborative in-depth research with the Korean Women’s Development Institute on the social cohesion of rural multi-cultural families was conducted. Existing related data were collected by searching the data of related research institutes and government organizations. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentage, means and t-test, F-test and chi-square test were conducted to elucidate the current situation of social cohesion of rural multi-cultural families and urban-to-rural migrants. Finally, multiple regression was employed to identify the influential factors for the level of perceived social cohesion. Research Results and Implications Social cohesion of rural multi-cultural families and urban-to-rural migrants has been investigated through four aspects: economic aspect, socio- cultural aspect, political aspect, and comprehensive aspect. Major policy tasks to improve the social cohesion of rural multi-cultural families are as follows: 1) in the economic aspect, ① strengthening job placement and vocational education, ② actively using social economic policies, and ③ prohibiting discrimination against female marriage immigrants in economic activities; 2) in the socio-cultural aspect, ① expanding social exchange between multi-cultural families and ordinary rural residents, ② improving Korean language education, ③ strengthening family education and bilingual education, and ④ strengthening learning support and career guidance for children of multi-cultural families; 3) in the political aspect, ① expanding political participation of multi-cultural families, and ② strengthening prevention and management of discrimination. Major policy tasks to improve the social cohesion of urban-to-rural migrants are as follows: 1) in the economic aspect, ① activating the social economy with urban-to-rural migrants and indigenous people in the community, ② improving housing purchase and lease support, and ③ providing and arranging job-related information; 2) in the socio-cultural aspect, ① promoting the social exchange between urban-to-rural migrants and indigenous people in the community, ② cultivating community spirit and strengthening mutual understanding education, and ③ activating a mentor system; 3) in the political aspect, ① establishing the democratic and transparent village operation base, ② establishing a conflict mediation system and strengthening prevention and management of social conflict, and ③ promoting support for urban-to-rural migrants.

농촌노인의 의료·복지서비스 이용 실태 및 정책과제

안석(An Sok),박대식(Park DaeShik),김경인(Kim KyungIn) 한국농촌경제연구원 2017 한국농촌경제연구원 정책연구보고서 Vol.- No.-

Population aging has become an important social subject for our society to cope with because the number of older adults who need various medical and social supports have increased sharply. Older adults would like to stay in their community as they age; health and social services, home- and communitybased services, help them remain in the community independently. However, rural older adults consistently have been excluded from the public social and health services. In particular, rural older adults with functional disabilities are experiencing difficulties accessing those services because of their limited mobility and rural environment where social resources are insufficient. Previous studies mostly focused on service delivery systems for older adults and linkage of health and social services. Therefore, the present study investigated the current service use of rural older adults with functional disabilities and identified the barriers that hinder them from accessing and using health and social services. To identify the barriers of service use, this study conducted surveys among rural older adults and health and social service providers in rural areas. Additionally, qualitative interviews among rural older adults with functional disabilities were conducted to explore their use of services and difficulties accessing services. Focus group interviews were also carried out to identify the problems delivering services to rural older adults with functional disabilities. This study revealed that the rural older adults with functional disabilities suffer from physical and mental health deterioration. They visited doctor’s office more often than healthy rural older adults. Similarly, they more often used social services than rural older adults without functional disabilities. However, they were more likely to experience unmet service needs compared to their counterparts, which means that rural older adults with functional disabilities receive insufficient health and social services for their health status. The main barriers to access health and social services for rural older adults with functional disabilities were their limited mobility, lack of transportation, insufficiency of services, and financial burden. Therefore, this study suggested building up a regional system to manage various social and health services and deliver the collaborated services to rural older adults. To improve the delivery system, this study suggested future policy directions and proposed several plans for rural older adults with functional disabilities.

귀농·귀촌의 역사적 고찰과 시사점

마상진(Ma, Sang-jin),박대식(Park, Daeshik) 한국농촌사회학회 2019 農村社會 Vol.29 No.2

이 연구는 문헌연구를 통해 도시민의 농촌 이주를 가리키는 귀농·귀촌이란 현상을 역사적으로 고찰하여 각 시기별 귀농·귀촌의 특색과 의의를 파악하고 오늘날 귀농·귀촌 현상이 갖는 사회적 맥락과 시사점을 밝히고자 하였다. 연구 결과 다음 세 가지 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 귀농·귀촌은 각 시대의 사회·경제적 어려움에 대한 국가적 대응 정책인 경우가 많았다. 우리나라의 귀농은 삼국시대부터 있었고, 국가적으로 중요한 농업, 일자리, 지역균형발전 정책으로 활용되었다. 둘째, 근대 이전의 귀농은 국가정책에 의한 강제적으로 발생한 현상이었지만, 현대 이후에는 점차 개인적 선택에 의한 자발적 현상이 강하였다. 1990년대 이후 국가경제위기와 맞물려 도시, 비농업분야 종사자들이 농촌, 농업 분야로 유입이 시작되면서 귀농·귀촌은 이전까지는 없었던 새로운 사회 현상으로 자리를 잡는다. 셋째, 최근 한국의 귀농·귀촌은 선진국의 후기 산업사회에서 나타나는 역도시화 현상과 맥락을 같이한다. 서구사회가 19세기 중반 산업혁명 이후 도시화가 진행된 100여년 후인 1970년대를 전후하여 역도시화를 경험한 반면에, 우리나라는 1970년대 산업화시기의 급격한 도시화 이후 약 20여년 만에 역도시화를 경험한다. 최근의 귀농·귀촌 관련 요인들(도시의 고용상황 악화, 베이비부머들의 은퇴, 농업·농촌분야 적극적 일자리 정책 등)과 더불어 선진국의 사례를 종합적으로 고려해보면, 우리나라의 귀농·귀촌 붐은 당분간 지속될 것으로 전망된다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the urban-rural migration phenomenon in Korea in terms of history. The urban-rural migration in Korea was an old social phenomenon which has been far away from the Three Kingdoms period. Nationally, urban-rural migration policy was an important agricultural, job, and regional balanced development policy. Since the late 1990s, urban and non-agricultural workers have migrated to rural areas in line with the national economic crisis, and migration has become a new social phenomenon that has never been seen before. While the western society experienced urban-rural migration around the 1970s, which was more than 100 years since the urbanization after the industrial revolution in the mid-19th century, our society experienced about 20 years after the rapid urbanization in the 1970s industrialization period. Considering recent migration-related factors (such as urban and non-agricultural economic conditions, the retirement of baby boomers, the rural resident doctors, and the employment policy of the agricultural sector) and the case of developed countries, it is expected that the migration boom of our society will continue for the time being in Korea.

한국 농어촌 마을의 변화 실태와 중장기 발전 방향(1/5차년도)

성주인(Seong Jooin),박대식(Park Daeshik),정은미(Jeong Eunmee),민경찬(Min Kyungchan) 한국농촌경제연구원 2015 한국농촌경제연구원 기본연구보고서 Vol.- No.-

연구의 배경 최근 한국 농어촌 마을은 인구 유출과 고령화로 과소화 공동화 문제가 심화되고 있으며, 귀농 귀촌 증가로 주민 구성이 달라지면서 마을의 경제 활동이나 공동체 활동 양상도 변화하고 있다. 농어촌 마을은 대도시 접근성, 어메니티 자원 등의 요인에 따라 지역별로 다양한 유형으로 분화되며 이러한 변화 양상은 더욱 다변화되는 상황이다. 본 연구는 현재 농어촌 마을의 정주여건을 실증 분석하고, 향후 변화 방향을 전망하여 그에 따른 정책 방향을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구는 5년에 걸쳐 연속으로 진행되며 제1차 년도에는 전체 연구 조사 설계와 농어촌 마을의 전반적인 변화 실태와 요인을 파악하는 것을 주된 내용으로 한다. 연구 방법 본 연구는 문헌 연구, 통계자료 분석, 사례 지역과 마을의 조사 분석으로 이루어진다. 첫째, 문헌 연구를 통해서 농어촌 마을의 시기별 기능 변화와 선진국 농어촌의 변화 현상 등을 종합적으로 살펴본다. 둘째, 농어촌 관련 전국 단위 자료를 바탕으로 농어촌 마을의 거시적 여건 변화와 최근 농어촌의 지역 간 분화 현상을 분석한다. 셋째, 사례 지역 조사는 마을 이장 조사와 주민의식 설문조사를 통해 이루어지며, 인구 및 가구 변화, 공동체 활동 변화, 경제 활동의 변화 등의 전반적인 변화 실태를 파악한다. 연구 결과 및 시사점 농어촌 유형별 정주 여건 비교를 통해 몇 가지 시사점을 도출하였다. 첫째, 기존에는 대도시 접근성을 농어촌 활성화 정도의 주된 결정 요인으로 보았으나, 점차 원격 지역이라 하더라도 새롭게 활력을 모색할 가능성이 나타나고 있다. 둘째, 농업 기반이 강한 지역일수록 외부 인구 유입 등의 변화가 더디게 나타나는 양상을 보이며, 커뮤니티 구성원에 따라 농어촌 지역별 특성이 다변화되고 차이를 보인다. 이에 따라 어떤 주민들이 거주하느냐가 농어촌 지역사회 활성화에 영향을 미칠 전망이다. 셋째, 상당수 면 지역은 소재지라 하더라도 인구 증감이나 공동체 활성화 등에서 배후 마을과 실질적인 차이를 보이지 않는다. 또한 귀농 귀촌인은 지역사회에 따라 활동 참여 양상이나 지향하는 가치 등의 성향에서 차이를 보이며, 정착 시기별로도 매우 다른 성향을 나타낸다. 한편 농어촌 마을 변화 및 활성화 요인을 살펴보기 위해 마을 단위의 심층조사를 실시하였으며 각 마을의 변화 요인을 몇 가지 특징으로 제시하였다. 본 연구에서는 주요 요인으로 ① 도시 인구 유입, ② 소득 기반, ③ 마을 접근성, ④ 마을 리더 역량, ⑤ 마을 공동체 활동 역량, ⑥ 정부 지원 사업 등 여섯 가지 항목에 대해 사례 조사 결과를 정리하였다. 결과적으로 농어촌 마을 변화에는 대도시 접근성과 같은 입지 요인이 여전히 큰 영향을 미치지만, 농어촌 내부의 미시적인 요인도 중요하게 작용하고 있다. 소득 기반, 자연환경과 어메니티 등의 요인이나, 마을 리더 및 주민들의 공동체 활동 역량, 전통 등의 요소들이 복합적으로 작용하여 같은 지역 내에서도 다양한 모습으로 마을 특성이 분화될 수 있다. 지역 내 외 네트워크나 정부 지원 사업 같은 외부 자원의 효과적인 활용도 마을 활성화에 영향을 주는 요소라 할 수 있다. 더불어 귀농 귀촌 인력 유입과 같은 변수가 작용하고 있어 장래 농어촌은 마을마다 더욱 다양한 양상으로 분화가 진행될 것으로 전망된다. Background of Research Recently, rural villages in Korea have been differentiated by region according to various factors including the aging of population, urban-to-rural migration, and government projects, and this trend has been more diversified. This study aims to empirically analyze the changes in farming and fishing communities currently postmodernized, forecast their future changes, and accordingly present the policy direction. This research continues for five years, and the first-year study aims to design the whole research and identify the overall situation of changes in rural villages and their factors. Method of Research This study consists of the literature review, statistical data analysis, and research and analysis of case areas. First, we comprehensively examine the changes in rural villages" functions and in developed nations" farming communities through the literature review. Second, we investigate the changes in rural villages" macroscopic conditions and the recent division among regions in rural areas, based on national data on rural communities. Last, we conduct research on case areas through surveys on heads of villages and on residents" awareness, and analyze overall changes including changes in population, households, community activities, and economic activities. Research Results and Implications This study drew several implications from the comparison of settlement conditions by each type of rural villages. First, even remote regions with low accessibility to metropolitan cities have a possibility of seeking new vitality, different from the past. Second, the stronger an area"s agricultural base is, the slower its changes such as the inflow of the outside population are. Third, a significant number of myeon (township) regions with myeon offices do not show actual differences in population changes or community vitalization from villages around them. Last, people who returned to farming and rural areas are very different in their participation in community activities or their values, especially according to the time of settlement. Also, their existence is a key variable in the vitalization of a village. Among the factors in changes in and vitalization of rural villages, the results of the case research on the six items, including 1) the influx of the urban population, 2) the income base, 3) village accessibility, 4) village leaders" capacity, 5) capabilities for community activities, and 6) government-supported projects, are as follows. Although the location factor such as accessibility to large cities still has a big influence, microscopic factors in rural villages are also important. Amenity factors like the income base and the environment, and social factors, including village leaders" and residents" community capacity and village traditions, work complexly, dividing villages even in the same area into various groups. In addition, the effective utilization of external resources such as government-supported projects and networks in/outside a region also affect the vitalization of the village. Further, rural communities are expected to be more diversified in the future with great effects of a variable of the influx of people who return to farming and rural areas.

한국 중소도시 지방정부의 재정지출 영향요인 연구: PLS 구조방정식 분석

염준호(Yeom JoonHo),이제항(Lee JeaHang),박대식(Park DaeShik) 한국지방정부학회 2016 지방정부연구 Vol.20 No.1

This paper explored the impact factors on the expenditures of 73 local government in the small and medium-sized cities of Korea in the year of 2010, through the method of PLS-SEM. I set up 12 sub-factors which belong to four factors such as socioeconomic development, political system advancement, financial capability and incrementalism as impact factors. Also, I chose three types of expenditures such as the general administration, social welfare, and economic development budget, as the expenditure of local government. As a result of analysis, I found out three facts. Firstly, the incrementalism factor and financial capability factors respectively affect the general management budget positively and negatively. Secondly, the socioeconomic development factor affects negatively the social welfare budget. The socioeconomic development factor affects negatively the social welfare budget indirectly through the financial capability factor. The financial capability and incrementalism factors affect positively the social welfare budget. Thirdly, the socioeconomic development factor affects negatively the economic development factor. The incrementalism factor affects positively the economic development factor. Even though I used the experimental methodology‘PLS-SEM’, I consider this paper meaningful in the sense that I made the analysis which others did not do because of the shortage of data and that it clarifies the relations of sub-factors and factors, and between factors. 본 연구는, PLS구조방정식 모형을 사용한 경로분석을 통하여, 2010년 한국의 73개 중소도시 지방정부의 재정 지출 영향요인을 탐색하였다. 지방정부의 재정지출 요인을 일반공공행정, 사회복지 및 경제개발 재정지출로 구분하여 분석대상으로 설정하였다. 이에 대한 영향요인으로 12가지의 하위요인을 사회경제발전, 정치체제선진화, 재정 능력 및 점증주의 요인과 같은 4가지 요인으로 범주화하고 각 요인들 간의 관계를 분석함으로써 재정지출 영향요인을 규명하였다. 분석결과 다음과 같은 사실을 발견하였다. 첫째, 일반공공행정 재정지출에는 점증주의 요인이 정 (+)의 영향을, 재정능력 요인이 부(-)의 영향을 미친다. 둘째, 사회복지 재정지출에는 사회경제발전 요인이 부(-)의 영향을 미치고, 또한 재정능력 요인을 통해 간접적으로 부(-)의 영향을 미친다. 이에 반해 재정능력 및 점증주의 요 인은 사회복지 재정지출에 정(+)의 영향을 미친다. 셋째, 경제개발 재정지출에는 사회경제발전 요인이 부(-)의 영향을 미치며, 점증주의 요인은 정(+)의 영향을 미친다. 본 연구는 방법론이 아직 확고하게 확립되지 않은 PLS구조 방정식 모형을 사용하였으나, 표본의 규모가 비교적 충분하지 않은 경우를 대상으로, 하위요인들을 범주화한 요인 들 간의 관계를 탐색하여 그들 간의 경로를 규명하고자 하였다는 데에 의미를 부여해 볼 수 있다.

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