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朴京哲(PARK Kyung-chul),宋鎬晸(토론자) 고구려발해학회 2004 고구려발해연구 Vol.18 No.-
A main approach to discern the identity is to confirm the homogeneity in a group and the heterogeneity between groups. Yemaek was the single ethnic group in the separated regions called as Ye and Maek. The ethnic group Ye lived in Kilin, Sungari River, Nunkiang and some part of Korean peninsula, whereas Maek in Liao-tung and also some part of Korean peninsula. We can find the proto-type of the Korean culture in the Yemaek bronze culture influenced by the Mongol-Siberian nomad bronze culture. Yemaek culture means the homogeneous culture in Manchuria and Korean peninsula by the ethnic group Yemaek. This culture was formed in between 12 and 10 C, B. C, and divided to the sub-culture representing the regional and group characters about 7 C, B. C. The western Liao-tung 'mandolin-shaped bronze dagger' culture was homogeneous to that of the eastern by the Yemaek, but heterogenous to the Upper layer culture of Hagazum which existed at the same time. Yemaek formed their original bronze culture different to that of China. This means that Korean culture was formed by Yemaek without any influence by China. Yemaek culture in the bronze culture epoch explored its powers in the iron culture epoch as the state formation or the political groups of the Old Choson, Puyo, Koguryo, Okcho, Dongye, Three Hans: all these are the Yemaek ethnic groups. The Sudansan culture around Kilin in between 7~3 C, B. C. is the base of the Puyo culture, and Puyo developed as a state between 3 C and the late of 2 C, B. C. Whether Maek or Puyo ethnic group was the main power in the Koguryo's state formation is one of the debate issues in Korea. But we can say that Koguryo's territorial expansion and population increase policy were possible by the ethnic and economic affinity based on the homogeneous culture from the bronze epoch. Koguryo people shares the identity of Yemaek ethnic group like Old Choson and Puyo, and keeps some politico¬cultural distance to the non-Yemaek ethnic group as Chinese people.
李起東(LEE Ki Dong),朴京哲(토론자) 고구려발해학회 2005 고구려발해연구 Vol.21 No.-
Koguryo had continually advanced to west since the founding state, and eventually ejected the Chinese commanderies named Liaodong-chun and Hsunto-chun by King Gwanggaeto in early 5th century. So Koguryo conquered all of Liaodong Territory. Yet after Koguryo had satisfied with this strategic success, and then shifted her capital from Tung-kou(Jian) - a tributary to the Yalu River - to Pyongyang on a Southern area. Because Koguryo aimed to suppress two growing countries on the south of Korean Peninsular, Baekje and Silla. Thereafter, Koguryo had very successfully struggled against the Chinese invaders at her western frontier beside the Liao River until her min by the attack of Tang and Silla in 668. However, in geo-political aspects, the defence of Liaodong without possession of Liaoshi Territory on the west side of Liao River was essentially impossible. It is well known story that the Kung-sun warlords were ruined by Wei(Tsao) Dynasty in early 3rd century and that the Manchurian warlord Zhang Tso-lin strived to get Jehol Province in 1920s. Koguryo kept struggling against the Chinese invaders at the many strong mountain-fortresses. However, because of this strategy for defence, Koguryo was finally ruined by the attack of Tang.