Three Dimensional Reconstruction of Cellular Structure in Drosophila Retina Using High Voltage Electron Microscopy

문지영,이경은,한성식,Mun, Ji-Young,Lee, Kyung-Eun,Han, Sung-Sik Korean Society of Electron Microscopy 2009 Applied microscopy Vol.39 No.2

초파리 망막 세포의 미세구조연구는 1960년대부터 수행되어 왔으나, 이 연구들은 2차원 구조연구에 국한되어 있었다. 본 논문은 초고압 동결법, 연속절편법, 초고압 전자현미경, 그리고 3차원 구조 구현법을 이용하여 초파리 성체의 망막 세포에 존재하는 미토콘드리아, 미세소관, 그리고 핵의 3차원 분포를 연구한 결과이다. 이를 통하여 미토콘드리아는 주로 세포막 가까이에 위치하며, 그 수는 렌즈와 가까운 말단부분에 많은 것을 알 수 있었고, 미세소관은 렌즈와 가까운 망막 말단부분과 시신경과 연결되는 기부에 특히 많은 수가 존재하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이들은 망막 변성의 원인이 되는 세포 소기관이므로, 이들의 세포 내 3차원 분포는 병의 원인을 연구하는 데 있어 중요한 자료가 될 것으로 사료된다. Studies about the structure of Drosophila melanogaster retinal cell using electron microscopy have been carried out in details since 1960s. However, these results can have limitations in functional research because of two-dimensional structure. In this study, the adult retina of Drosophila melanogaster was investigated by employing high pressure freezing method, serial sections, high voltage electron microscopy, and 3-dimensional reconstruction method. From there results, mitochondria, microtubules, and nuclei were reconstructed as 3-dimensional structure using IMOD program. The 3D structure of these organelles showed that mitochondira mainly located in distal region near lens, and microtubule mainly located in distal and basal region. The 3D reconstruction of these organelles can be used for a critical evaluation in the dynamic change of cellular organelles caused by functional abnormality like retinal degeneration.

Improved Ultrastructural Preservation of Retinal Cells in Drosophila melanogaster

문지영,박세진,한성식,Mun, Ji-Young,Park, Se-Jin,Han, Sung-Sik Korean Society of Microscopy 2007 Applied microscopy Vol.37 No.3

정확한 세포의 구조 분석을 위해서는 조직을 가능한 한 자연 상태 그대로 보존하는 것이 무엇보다 중요하다. 그러나 지금까지 이용되고 있는 화학적인 고정방법은 조직의 변형을 유도하는 것으로 알려져 그 해결방법에 관한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 그 연구의 결과로 현재 급속 동결법이 제시되었고, 그 중 초고압동결법(high-pressure freezing method)는 가용 두께가 $200{\mu}m$로서 $10{\sim}15{\mu}m$정도인 침윤동결법(plunging method) 혹은 접촉동결법 (slamming method)보다 우수한 방법으로 보고되고 있다. 본 연구팀에는 노랑초파리(Drosophila melanogaster)의 레티나를 화학고정법과 고압동결법으로 고정하여 미세구조를 비교하였다. 먼저 120kV 전자현미경을 이용하여 각 세포 소기관을 비교하였고, 그 중 미토콘드리아의 형태변화를 좀 더 자세히 비교하기 위하여 초고압전자현미경을 이용하였다. 그 결과 급속동결 세포의 세포막과 미토콘드리아의 고정에서 특히 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었고, 이는 주로 탈수에 의한 구조변형 때문인 것으로 추측된다. The Drosophila retinal cell is widely used to study cell development and cell signaling processes. In the past decades, conventional chemical fixation had been used to study the structure of retinal cells in Droscphila. Rapid freezing methods are superior to chemical fixation methods due to their fixation speed. Some Drosophila tissues, such as the eyes, should not be freezed due to their surrounding cuticle layer. Therefore, in the case of the Drosophila retina, the benefits of high pressure freezing and freeze substitution (HPF-FS) had not been verified. In this study, a retinal cell from Drosophila melanogaster had been studied by using the HPF-FS method. Compared to chemical fixation, the preservation of the cytoplasm in the HPF-FS sample was improved on the whole. The HPF-FS cell membranes were smoother than that of chemical fixation. In addition, HPF-FS preserved the mitochondria structures very well. These results of the present study suggest that HPF-FS is superior to other fixation methods for the preservation of the retinal cell structure.

Rhabdomere Formation in Late Pupal Stage of Drosophila melanogaster; Observation Using High-Pressure Freezing and Freeze-Substitution, and High-Voltage Electron Microscopy

문지영,한성식,Mun, Ji-Young,Arii, Tatsuo,Hama, Kiyoshi,Han, Sung-Sik Korean Society of Electron Microscopy 2007 Applied microscopy Vol.37 No.1

The late pupal stage of Drosophila melanogaster occurs immediately before the completion of retinal development, during which the rhabdomere rapidly forms. In this period, the photoreceptor cells were fixed and dehydrated using a high-pressure freezer (HPF) and freeze substitution (FS) technique, which is the most effective in preserving the cell structures, and observed using high-voltage electron microscopy (HVEM) at 1000 KV. The rhabdomere was classified structurally into three types of formation patterns using stereo-tiling image of thick sections. Initially, hexagonal arrays of rhabdomere existed in different angles. In addition, small pieces of rhabdomere could be observed in the cytoplasm of the photoreceptor rolls, which were visible during the profess of rhabdomere formation. In addition, multiple layers of rhabdomere strings were observed. We observed there are at least three types of vesicles related to rhabdomere formation in photoreceptor cells. In addition, it was found that these vesicles initiate the formation of the rhabdomeres during the pupal stage. Collectively, these data suggest that rhabdomeres were mainly formed through vesicles, and that parts of the rhabdomere formed first and then gathered and formed rhabdomeres in the late pupal stage. 감간분체 (Rhabdomere)가 왕성하게 형성되는 번데기시기의 Drosophila melanogaster 광수용체 세포를 고정효과가 가장 좋은 high-pressure freezing (HPF)와 freeze-substitution (FS) 기법으로 고정한 후, 초고압 전자현미경을 통하여 1000 KV 전압에서 관찰하였다. 후박절편(250nm)의 tilting image를 통하여 광수용체 세포에서 감간분체 형성의 세가지 형태가 관찰되었다. 첫째로, 감간분체의 육방정계 배열이 (hexagonal may) 서로 다른 각도로 존재하고 있음을 관찰할 수 있었다. 둘째, 광수용체 세포의 세포질 안에서 감간분체 형성의 중간 과정으로 보여지는 작은 조각의 감간분체를 관찰할 수 있었다. 셋째, 감각분체가 여러 개의 층으로 형성되어 있음을 관찰할 수 있었다. 또 광수용체 세포의 세포질에는 최소한 세 가지의 소낭(vesicle)이 존재하였고, 이들 소낭들은 번데기 시기의 감각분체 형성을 주도하는 것으로 확인되었다. 이 결과들에 의하여 소낭이 감각분체 형성과 감각분체의 부분들이 모여서 감각분체를 완성되는 과정에 관여함을 추정할 수 있었다.

전통누룩에서 분리한 양조용 곰팡이의 혼합 배양에 따른 품질 특성

문지영(Ji-Young Mun),백성열(Seong-Yeol Baek),노현수(Hyeon-Su Ro),여수환(Soo-Hwan Yeo) 동아시아식생활학회 2017 동아시아식생활학회지 Vol.27 No.3

We analyzed the mixed culture characteristics of isolated brewing fungi obtained from Korean traditional nuruk for their development as fermentation starters. In a previous study, we selected appropriate fungi strains based on their large fungi bodies and strong enzyme activities. These fungi strains were mixed cultured under various combination of ratios, pHs and temperatures. As a result, total acidities of R. delemar mixed culture media were higher than those of A. oryzae cultured at 20℃ and 37℃. The pHs of A. luchuensis 34-1 and A. oryzae 37-7 as well as R. delemar 58-8 and A. oryzae 37-7 mixed culture media gradually increased with the culture period. On the contrary, total acidities of the mixed culture media gradually decreased. α-Amylase activities of R. delemar 26-4 and R. oryzae 82-7 mixed culture media were strong at 20℃ and pH 4, glucoamylase activities of R. delemar 58-8 and A. oryzae 37-7 were strong at 37℃, pH 3 and 1:2 ratio, and acidic protease activities of R. delemar 26-4 and A. oryzae 78-5 were strong at 20℃, pH 4 and 1:4 ratio. This study provides the optimal mixed culture conditions for fermentation starters based on changes in pH and total acidity, favorable enzyme activities, and fungi varieties.

입력 중심과 출력 중심 형태초점접근법에 따른 아랍어 문법 학습 비교 연구

문지영(Mun, Ji-Young) 한국이슬람학회 2021 한국이슬람학회논총 Vol.31 No.1

The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of focus on form approach: input-based and output-based activity, input-output combined activity on intermediate level learners’ Arabic grammar proficiency. Focus on form approach, which has been long studied as an alternative instruction method that can enable balanced learning of accuracy and fluency of the respective language, is a learner-focused proactive instruction method that overtly draws learners’ attention to linguistic elements as they arise incidentally in lessons in which the overriding focus is on meaning or communication(Long, 1991). The results of the study are as follows. First, it was found that input-based activity, output-based activity, input-output combined activity focus on form approach and the traditional rule-explaining activity all improved the achievement from a short-term point of view for Arabic grammar teaching methods. Also, among the four activities, it was found that focus on form approach, which implements both input and output based activity, had the biggest effect. Such result shows that input and output-based activity are both needed for drawing attention to and to learn target grammar elements, and that learners can better learn the target grammar when both activities are combined. Second, input-based activity, output-based activity and input-output combined activity focus on form approach showed significant results in the long-term efficacy of Arabic grammar learning. Among them, the experiment group that performed both input and output activities had the biggest significant effect from a long-term learning perspective.

연역적 지도와 귀납적 지도를 통한 아랍어 조건문 학습 비교 연구

문지영 ( Mun¸ Ji-young ) 한국외국어대학교 외국어교육연구소 2021 외국어교육연구 Vol.35 No.3

본 연구는 연역적 지도와 귀납적 지도에 따른 아랍어 학습자의 조건문 학습능력 및 정의적 변화를 알아보고자 하였다. 이에 따라 한국외국어대학교 중급 아랍어 학습자 34명을 대상으로 3주간 실험 수업을 진행하였다. 실험 수업이 끝나고 문법성 판단 평가 및 설문조사를 실시하여 사전과 사후 학습자들의 학업 성취도와 정의적 측면을 비교하였다. 그 후 4주가 경과하였을 때 후속 평가를 실시하여 그 결과를 실험 후 평가 결과와 비교 분석하여, 학습 지속성 면에서 두 가지 수업 방식의 효율성을 비교하였다. 본 연구를 통해 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 언어 형식을 지도할 때 연역적 수업 방법과 귀납적 수업 방법 모두 학습자들에게 긍정적인 영향을 주었다. 실험 수업 직후 실시한 문법성 판단 평가 결과, 연역 집단과 귀납 집단 모두 통계적으로 유의미한 수준에서 학습 능력이 향상되었으며 이는 연역적 수업 방법과 귀납적 수업 방법이 아랍어 문법 교육 현장에서 효율적으로 적용될 수 있음을 시사한다. 둘째, 귀납 집단의 학습자들은 연역 집단의 학습자들에 비해 조건문 항목에 대한 학습 지속도가 높았다. 실험 수업이 끝나고 4주 후에 실시한 후속 평가에서 귀납 집단의 학습자들이 연역 집단의 학습자들보다 더 높은 학습능력을 나타냈으며 이 차이는 통계적으로 유의미하였다. 이 같은 결과를 통하여 조건문 구문의 경우 그 지속성에 있어서 귀납적 지도가 더 효과적일 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 셋째, 귀납적 문법 수업은 연역적 문법 수업에 비하여 학습자들의 정의적 요소에 더욱 긍정적인 영향을 주었다. 아랍어 문법, 아랍어 수업 그리고 불안도에 대한 각 집단의 설문 결과를 분석해 보면, 대부분의 경우 귀납 집단 학습자들의 태도가 더 긍정적으로 변화하였다. 즉, 귀납적 문법 수업이 학습자들의 정의적 태도에 보다 긍정적으로 작용한다고 생각할 수 있다. The purpose of this study is to compare the change of learners' proficiency and affective factors by the analysis of deductive and inductive instruction to provide the useful information about effective grammar teaching. This study conducted a grammaticality test when the experimental teaching was finished and a post test to see the continuity of the learning after 4 weeks. In addition, questionnaire surveys were performed before and after the experiment to see changes in the learners' attitudes and anxieties about Arabic grammar classes. Results from this research are as follows. First, both deductive and inductive method gave positive influences to learners in learning Arabic conditionals. Two groups showed statistically meaningful increase in the proficiency of conditionals according to the grammaticality test performed right after the experiment class. This suggests that both of the teaching methods can be used effectively in the Arabic conditionals classes. Second, The learners in the inductive group showed higher learning continuity in the conditionals than those in the deductive group. A statistically significant difference was observed at the post test performed 4 weeks later from the experiment class. This suggests that inductive instruction can be more effective for the long run in the continuity of conditional syntax. Third, inductive grammar teaching influenced learners more positively than deductive grammar teaching in terms of learners' affective elements.

아랍어 어휘학습전략과 어휘능력과의 관계 연구

문지영(Mun, Ji Young) 명지대학교 중동문제연구소 2013 중동문제연구 Vol.12 No.2

The purpose of this study is to investigate how to recognize Arabic vocabulary learning and the effective Arabic vocabulary learning strategies of the learners at the middle level. Thereby, this research aims to determine which strategies are correlated with their success in learning vocabulary. In order to achieve the goal of this study, survey questionnaires were collected from 53 Arabic learners at the intermediate level in Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: First, the learners recognized that guessing vocabulary in context for vocabulary learning is an effective strategy. It is important to use vocabulary and new vocabulary should be acquired through repetitive context and reading. Second, in their attempts to consolidate the retention of a newly acquired word, the learners favored the following learning strategies: thinking about the meaning of the words in their minds, looking up words in a bilingual dictionary to find their meaning, and saying a word repeatedly. On the other hand, the learners did not favor the following learning strategies: interacting with native-speakers, putting a name tag on a physical object to memorize words, studying words with a pictorial representation of its meaning. Among six categories from 40 vocabulary-learning strategies, the vocabulary learning strategy used most frequently was determination strategy of discovery strategy, while social strategy of memory strategy was least frequently used. Third, there was a little difference between the high proficiency level group and the low proficiency level group. One minor difference that emerged between the two groups is that the high proficiency level group used a wider range of vocabulary learning strategies than low proficiency level group. On the other hand, low proficiency level students considered social strategies of discovery strategy and memory strategy as more important means of discovering word meaning than the high proficiency students. The present study shows most students were more aware of vocabulary learning, but the vocabulary learning strategies used were very limited and students thus didn't use a variety of strategies. Moreover, in AFL circumstances in which vocabulary learning is completely up to the learners, the study of vocabulary learning strategies is a very important factor when the students are learning Arabic vocabulary. Thus both students and teachers should be aware of the importance of vocabulary learning. Teachers should teach the student effective vocabulary learning strategies based on careful consideration of the differences and characteristics of each student.

아랍 문학 텍스트의 효과적인 활용을 위한 수업 전략

문지영 ( Ji Young Mun ) 한국이슬람학회 2012 한국이슬람학회논총 Vol.22 No.3

Recently, Arabic education has emphasized communicative language learning, whereas Arabic literature education previously stressed verbal communication in the context of routine life. According to this view, many studies for literature-based instruction are discussed to show the efficiency of relating authenticity, various language uses and cultural background to language learning. This study will detail the efficiency of Arabic learning in literature-based instruction based on previous research studies. And there is a need to classify the claims into three categories: 1) Is literature-based instruction efficient for Arabic language learners? 2) Are there any problems or struggles that the Arabic language learners face with the literature-based instruction? 3) What are the practical study strategies for the Arabic language learners to utilize so that potential difficulties are prevented? In this study, the efficiency about Arabic literature-based instruction will be further classified into three sub-categories: the aspects of language, literature, and culture. Effective instructional strategies based on transactional theory and reader-response theory are suggested for the struggling Arabic language learners because of their limited language and unfamiliarity of the culture. According to these strategies, lesson models are developed for Arabic language learners. The study models are as follows: First, regarding language, there are KWL strategies, concept wheels, concept of definition webs, and sequence of events for the learners to know the items meaning in context and improve comprehension by activating their cultural backgrounds. Second, regarding literature, there are profile and character relationship webs, as well as sequence of events to be visualized for the learners to easily enhance their understanding of the texts. Third, regarding culture, there are personalizing and cultural comparisons for the Arabic language learners to realize the social values and life styles in the target culture and to enhance their memory of new material.

도시 생활권공원 공급 서비스 수준 진단지표 개발

문지영(Mun, Ji-Young),황지수(Hwang, Ji-Sue),손명혜(Son, Myeong-Hye),반영운(Ban, Yong-Un) 대한건축학회 2016 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.36 No.2

Urban Living Zone Park (ULZP) is an important factor to improve the quality of citizens" life. ULZP supply service provided by government needs to consider not only quantitative supply but also qualitative one including accessibility, maintenance, quality, and equity. Thus, it is necessary to diagnose the service level of supplying the parks and to provide appropriate policies according to the diagnosis. But previous researches have not diagnosed the service level in the comprehensive manner but dealt with mainly quantitative service of supplying ULZPs. So, this study has intended to develop the indicators to diagnose the service level of supplying the parks comprehensively. These diagnosis indicators were developed through following 4 steps: 1) "developing an indicator pool," 2) "classifying indicators," 3) "extracting final indicators," and 4) "setting priorities of indicators." As a result, this study has found out 7 types of indicators with 31 sub-indicators. 7 types indicators include "quantity," "availability and accessibility," "quality," "maintenance," "equity," "regional characteristics," and "replacement." Among the types, the types like "availability and accessibility" and "quality" were selected based on their priorities of 0.23 and 0.22 respectively. "The ratio of isolated regions from the park service," "the ratio of utilized regions of the parks" were selected as the representative indicators of "availability and accessibility." Also, "convenient facilities" and "recreation facilities" were selected as the representative indicators of "quality."

상수 처리 : 입상활성탄 재생에 대한 경제성 평가

문지영 ( Ji Young Mun ),채선하 ( Seon Ha Chae ) 한국물환경학회 ( 구 한국수질보전학회 ) 2009 공동 추계학술발표회 Vol.2009 No.-