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문남권 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2005 국제지역연구 Vol.9 No.3
Indigenous people is at the center of national culture and identity in Peru. The racial issue is one of the major factors of social conflicts, as well as political agenda. This andean country has long history of racial and ethnic group's conflict since Spanish conquest in 1532. Actually there are about 9 million indigenous people in Peru, standing for almost 41% of total national population. This percentage is the highest among latin american countries. However, this nation has been at the same time the very example of alienation and discrimination of indigenous people by small number of white people. Since 1990 Peru is passing through very deep and broad change, which should be named as the neoliberalism. This new social, political and economic paradigm was introduced also to other regional neighboring countries. But neoliberal reforms has been somewhat different in this country, because the economic reforms of market opening and liberalization were combined with new sort of political authoritarianism. O'Donnell, famous political scientist, names the era of Fujimori's administration as 'Delegative Democracy'. Fujimori's populist political acts were very dualist in terms of indigenous problem. The politics of his government, characterized by neoliberal orientation, aggravated the indigenous problem in many aspects. Peru elected new president in 2001, which was historical moment in Peru since he was the very indian. The entrance into power of Toledo meant a lot to Peru. One is the achievement of 'electoral democracy' in this country. The other hope was the settlement of indigenous problem. However this problem has not been resolved at all, and by contrast people is losing confidence and patience with Toledo government. This paper analyzes this long standing issue of Peru's indigenous problem. 페루는 중남미 국가들 중 원주민 인구 비율이 전체 인구 중 가장 높은 국가이다. 고대 잉카 문명의 산지로서 원주민은 페루의 문화적 정체성을 대변하고 있는 존재이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 원주민은 스페인의 식민지 정복이래 차별과 소외의 대상이었다. 이런 원주민 문제는 독립 이후 더욱 악화되었고 페루는 역사적으로 불안정한 정치체제를 보유하여 왔다. 페루는 최근 1990년 이후 신자유주의의 급격한 변화를 겪고 있다. 새로운 사회 패러다임인 신자유주의는 원주민 문제에서도 새로운 상황을 만들었다. 후지모리 대통령의 ‘권위적 신자유주의’는 원주민 문제를 더욱 악화시켰고 이는 톨레도 대통령의 등장으로 귀결되었다. 페루 최초의 원주민 출신 톨레도 대통령이 집권하는 있는 페루는 현재 민주주의의 성취와 사회적 갈등 치유의 기로에 서있다. 원주민 문제는 원주민 대통령의 행정부하에서 더욱 복잡한 양상을 띄고 있다. 이는 신자유주의 경제사회 정책을 추구하는 원주민 대통령과 대외 환경 때문이다. 본 논문은 신자유주의 시대 페루의 가장 중요한 사회정치적 문제인 원주민 문제의 변화를 고찰한다.
Los recursos naturales y el conflicto de autonomía en Bolivia
문남권 한국스페인어문학회 2010 스페인어문학 Vol.0 No.57
Bolivia has been suffering from autonomy conflict for long time since the independence. The regionalism of Bolivia is based on many factors like race, culture, and social class etc. The bolivian internal conflict got worse with the new government of Evo Morales Ayma after 2005. The reformist politics of Evo Morales has clashed against economic interests of east prefectures and it's oligarchic elites. The redistribution of hydrocarbon revenues and agrarian reform are the main causes of this conflict. Morales government cut the IDH quota for eastern prefectures and channelled it into western local governments and old people's pension fund. Also the confiscation of latifundios and communal redirection of arable land are provoking resistance of large landowners. However, for the moment the conflict is in truce, cause the new constitution of Bolivia has reflected various visions of different political actors. Bolivian conflict is still latent because it still remains how to reconcile the contradictory economic interests in the forthcoming new decrees that will deal with the issues of powers and jurisdictions of different levels of governments in Bolivia.