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        북한 종교 정책에 따른 신앙생활 실천방안

        남덕우 한국실천신학회 2014 신학과 실천 Vol.0 No.42

        본 연구는 북한 성도들의 신앙생활을 한국교회가 선교적 측면에서 돕기 위한 실천 방안을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 북한 종교의 정의, 북한 종교의 헌법적 근 거와 주체사상, 기독교 종교 정책 변천과정, 북한 종교 정책에 따른 신앙생활 실천 방 안을 제시하였다. 북한 종교의 헌법적 근거와 주체사상에서 북한 헌법적 근거는 신앙의 자유를 부분 적으로 허용하는 것 같으나 실제 북한 사회에서는 신앙의 자유가 허용되지 않고 있으 며, 북한의 신앙에 대한 태도는 해방 직후부터 사회주의 혁명에 방해가 되는 것으로 생각했으며, 사회주의 건설 이용의 목적으로써 헌법ž형법을 수정하며 부분적으로 허용 하였다. 주체사상은 1980년 제 6차 당 대회를 통해 북한정권은 당 규약 전문에 “조선 로동당은 오직 위대한 수령 김일성 동지의 주체사상, 혁명사상에 의해 지도 된다.”라 고 명시함으로써 주체사상은 공식적인 정치지도 이념으로 규정되었다. 또한 1982년 12월 17일 김정일은 ‘주체사상에 대하여’라는 논문을 발표하고 김일성의 주체사상을 철학적 견지에서 보다 구체화함으로서 김정일과 김정일의 지위를 확보하는 논리를 성 립하였다. 기독교 종교정책 변천과정에서는 회유와 억압 병행기(1945~1950년), 탄압기 (1950~1953년), 지하교회 핍박기(1945~1971년), 종교자유 위장기와 선전기(1972-1998년), 경제 지원 유치기(2000년~현재) 로 구분할 수 있다. 회유와 억압 병행기에서는 북 한 지역의 기독교는 막강한 정치세력을 갖고 있었으며 김일성이 북한을 통치하기 위 해서는 기독교 인사들의 잠정적인 협력이 필요했기 때문에 뿌리 깊은 기독교 세력을 의식, 회유와 억압을 병행했던 시기이다. 탄압기에서는 기독교인들을 반혁명 세력으로 몰아 탄압을 본격화하였기 때문에 그 후 기독교는 지하로 들어갈 수밖에 없게 되었 다. 핍박기에서 예배는 예전이 없었으며 농장에서 일하다가 휴식시간에 삼삼오오로 흩어져 논두렁 등에서 행해졌다. 종교자유 위장기에는 종교말살 정책에 따라 지하 교 인을 색출하며 종교의 자유가 있는 것처럼 보이게 하고 기독교인들을 반 정부 투쟁으 로 선동하려는 것과 선전기에는 1988년에 김일성 종합 대학에 종교학과가 설립되고, 1989년에는 종교학과 내에 기독교 강좌가 신설되는 획기적인 변화를 일으키기도 했 다. 그러나 북한은 여전히 기독교인들을 핍박하고 있다. 이제는 한국교회가 보다 적극 적으로 북한 성도들의 신앙생활을 도와야 하며, 본고에서는 그 방안으로 첫째, 인쇄 미디어 활용에 따른 실천 방안, 둘째, 음성 및 영상 미디어 활용에 따른 실천 방안, 셋째, 문화·예술 활용에 따른 실천 방안, 넷째, 경제특구 활용에 따른 실천 방안, 다섯 째, 탈북자 활용에 따른 실천 방안을 제시하였다. The purpose of this study is to propose measures for faithful practices with which Korean church help believers in North Korea in their faith from the missional perspective. For this purpose this study presents definition of religion in North Korea, constitutional ground of religion in North Korea and self-reliance ideology, change in religion policy for Christianity and measures for faithful practice according to religion policy in North Korea. The constitutional ground for religion in North Korea is that North Korea seems to partially permit freedom of religion, but in practice it is not allowed. The attitude of North Korea toward religion is that they have regarded religion as disturbing to socialist revolution since Korea's independence, and they amended constitution and criminal law to partially permit religion for the purpose of construction of socialist revolution. As for the self-reliance ideology, North Korea regime specified in the preface of party's rules "Labor Party of North Korea is only directed by the great leader Kim Il Seong's self-reliance ideology and revolutionary ideology" at the 6th anniversary meeting in 1980, which defined the self-reliance ideology as an official ideology for politics in North Korea. In addition, Kim Jeong Il published an article titled "About Self-Reliance Ideology" on December 17, 1982, which substantiated self-reliance ideology from the philosophical perspective to establish the rationale to secure the status of Kim Il Seong and Kim Jeong Il. As for the change in the religion policy for Christianity, it may be divided into conciliation and repression period (1945-1950), oppression period (1950-1953), suppression period for underground church (1945-1971), camouflage of freedom of religion and propaganda period (1972-1998) and induction of economical support period (2000-present). During the conciliation and repression period, Christianity in North Korea had a strong political power. Since Kim Il Seong needed their tentative support to rule North Korea, they tried to convert deep-rooted Christians as well as repress them. During the oppression period, they regarded Christians as anti-revolutionary group and actively oppressed them. Thus Christians needed to gather as underground church. There was no official church so that they had to worship on the rice field during their break time. During the camouflage period, they searched underground Christians based on religion elimination policy but camouflaged that they have freedom of religion. During the propaganda period, a religion department was opened at Kim Il Seong University in 1988 and Christianity department was also opened in 1989, which was seemingly ground-breaking. However, North Korea still oppresses Christians. It is time for Korean church to help the believers in North Korea more actively. This article proposes some measures: First, measure using printed media; Second, measures using video media; Third, measures using culture and art; Fourth; measures using economic special zone; Fifth, measures using escapers from North Korea.

      • 원자로건물 포스트텐셔닝 시공개선을 통한 공기단축

        남덕우,이기혁,이종보 한국구조물진단유지관리학회 2011 한국구조물진단학회 학술발표회논문집 Vol.2011 No.9

        Construction duration is one of the most important factors which influence on cost and quality in nuclear power plant construction. As part of continued efforts for the competent reactor type, an improved procedure for post-tensioning in the reactor containment building is developed to minimize the construction period. This study referred to knowledge and experiences from nuclear power plant constructions over 30 years and improved the post-tensioning sequence from the viewpoint of regulatory as well as constructability. The presented alternative is evaluated to be feasible enough to apply to the proposed nuclear power plant in the near future.

      • KCI등재

        Problems and Countermeasures in the History of Korean Church's Discipleship Training

        남덕우 한국실천신학회 2012 신학과 실천 Vol.0 No.33

        This study pointed out the problems in the history of discipleship training of Korean church and proposed their countermeasures. Although there are many previous studies on the growth of Korean church and discipleship training, there is very few of studies on the problems and their countermeasures. To this end, this study examined such issues. This study described the history of discipleship training in Korean church focusing on Sarang Community Church which successfully combined and fulfilled discipleship training with Korean church. For theoretical understanding, this study described the definitions of discipleship training as well as its purposes and stages. This study also summarized the history and achievements of para-church such as Campus Crusade For Christ and Navigators in relation to Korean church. In addition, focusing on the textbooks, publications and papers used missionary organizations and Sarang Community Church to describe the responses to and process of discipleship training. From the early 1970s, Campus Crusade For Christ used 10 step bible study textbooks and Navigators used the stepwise textbooks for discipleship training, which were found to focus on evangelism and nurturing. In particular, this study described the influence and history of discipleship training in Korean church focusing on the minister of Han Hem Ok at Sarang Community Church. Korean church rapidly expanded discipleship training in 1980 along with stable economy and the increased need for qualitative education and training for plenty of believers in church. Socially the increase of Christians increased the social responsibility of Korean church, under which discipleship training was more needed. The training and nurturing process of missionary organizations focusing on systematic bible study challenged the church. Under this situation, Han Hem Ok at Sarang Community Church combined this to build the framework for practical discipleship training. Han Hem Ok published「Awakening the Laity」in 1984, which described the theory and practices of discipleship training and opened a seminar to distribute it. However, unlike such goals, there were many problems. This study proposed their countermeasures to help Korean church grow in a healthy manner.

      • KCI등재

        전산해석을 통한 RC-SC 이종부재 접합시스템 구조거동분석

        남덕우,김갑순,이종보,한성흠,임남형 한국방재학회 2016 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.16 No.5

        When steel plate concrete (SC) structure is partially applied to reinforced concrete (RC) structures, connecting part between each structure is generated. In previous research, connection systems, such as the top & bottom baseplate-types, were developed and their structural integrity was confirmed with the actual bending tests. In the present study, the integrity of both baseplate types were numerically investigated and verified through the comparison between experimental and analytical results. Using the numerical models, the structural behavior of connection systems is analyzed. This research suggests the analysis results on the wingplate spacing in this study be able to apply the future optimal design. 강판콘크리트구조(SC)가 철근콘크리트(RC) 구조물에 부분 적용될 경우, RC 구조와 SC 구조간의 이종부재 접합부 구간이 발생된다. 선행연구에서는 이종부재 접합시스템인 상단 및 하단 베이스플레이트형 접합시스템을 개발하였으며, 실증실험을 통하여 두 접합시스템의 구조건전성을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서는 전산해석을 통해 두 접합시스템의 구조건전성을 확인하였으며, 해석 및 실험결과 비교를 통해 전산해석모델의 타당성을 검증하였다. 전산해석모델을 활용하여 두 접합시스템의 구조거동을 분석하였으며, 윙플레이트 간격에 대한 해석결과가 향후 최적설계에 적용될 수 있도록 제시하였다.

      • KCI등재

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