최근 과학교육과정 개정의 방향과 쟁점 및 향후 과제: 2007 년, 2009 년 개정을 중심으로

김희백(Kim, Heui-Baik) 서울대학교 교육종합연구원 2011 교육연구와 실천 Vol.77 No.-

이 연구는 2009년에 개정된 과학교육과정의 방향을 그 배경과 아울러 조사함으로써 교육과정의 개발과 설계, 단위 학교의 적용 단계에서 나타나는 문제를 파악하고 향후 과제를 도출하는데 그 목적이 있다. 2009 개정 교육과정은 2007 개정 교육과정의 기본방향을 반영하지만, 과학기술계의 전문가에 의해 개정이 주도되어 융합형 10학년 과학이 만들어졌다는 점에서 큰 차이를 보인다. 2009 개정 과학교육과정은 특성으로는 학생의 인성과 창의성 추구, 최소 과학 이수 단위 수의 확보, 교육과정의 분권화와 자율화를 통한 수준 높고 의미있는 학습 경험의 제공 등을 들 수 있다. 2009 개정 과학 교육과정은 학교 과학교육 개혁에 바람직한 방향을 제공하고 있으나, 촉박한 교육과정 개정 일정으로 인해 교육과정에 대한 검토가 미흡한 결과로 내용 범위와 수준의 적절성에 의문이 제기되며, 단위 학교와 교육청 수준의 새 교육과정에 대한 이해 부족은 학교 과학교육의 실행을 어렵게 한다. 교육과정 개정에서 나타난 이러한 문제를 개선하기 위해서는 체계적인 의사결정을 거쳐 교육과정 개발이 이루어질 수 있도록 그 기간과 절차를 제도화할 필요가 있으며, 교육과정 개발에 교사를 비롯한 다양한 사회 구성원이 각자의 권한을 갖고 참여할 수 있도록 해야 한다. This study aims to clarify the challenges that need to be considered in developing and designing curriculum through an investigation of the production of the 2009 science curriculum as well as its background. The science curriculum revision conducted in 2009 reflects the spirit of the 2007 science curriculum; however, the difference is that integrated science for the 10th grade was developed by scientists. The characteristics of the 2009 revision are as follows: It highlights the converging competencies of creativity and integrity as key competencies; it increases the minimum number of science courses high school students have to complete; and it allows some local autonomy of the school curriculum, which provides students with more relevant and appropriate learning opportunities. The 2009 science curriculum reflects a desirable direction for school science education reform. Nevertheless, the tight schedule for the curriculum revision left not only the curriculum content overextended and too difficult for students owing to the lack of reviewing processes, but also school curriculum implementation is not guaranteed in accordance with the national curriculum guidelines owing to a lack of understanding of the new curriculum at local education offices and schools. It is suggested that the system of curriculum revision, including the standard procedures and the time frame, should be reformed. It is further recommended that participants from various backgrounds, particularly teachers, should be authorized to provide a voice in developing curricula.

과학 및 학교과학에 대한 신념과 학습 전략과의 관계 - 초등학교 예비교사를 대상으로 -

김희백(Heui Baik Kim),김도욱(Do Wook Kim) 한국초등과학교육학회 1999 초등과학교육 Vol.18 No.2

The purposes of this research were as follows : (1) to investigate the effectiveness of the program for elementary preservice teachers, which was designed to develop postmodern views of science and constructivist views of learning and teaching and (2) to find out the relation between students` learning approaches and their beliefs about science and school science. One hundred and forty three students enrolled in Science Education II in the University of Education participated in the study. Students` beliefs of science and school science was not changed after treatment of the program. But they showed postmodern views of science and school science in comparision with the science teacher. Additionally the results showed that meaningful learners showed the constructivist view about school science as compared with the rote learners.

교육대학 학생들의 과학실험실 학습 환경에 대한 인식조사

김희백(Heui Baik Kim),김도욱(Do Wook Kim) 한국초등과학교육학회 1995 초등과학교육 Vol.14 No.2

Assessment of science laboratory environment was conducted with 148 students at department of science education, university of education. Science Laboratory Environment Inventory(SLEI) was used as an instrument. The major findings of this study are as follows. 1. Mean scores obtained on each scale in the actual and preferred version of SLEI were relatively low, particularly on the scale of open-endedness, integration, and material environment. 2. Mean scores obtained on each scale in the actual version were lower than those in the preferred version. Score differences between actual version and preferred one were found to be significant statistically. 3. Mean scores of attitudes toward science were lower than those of elementary and secondary students obtained at other researches. 4. Each scale of SLEI except integration showed significant correlation with the scores of attitudes toward science. Particularly open-endedness was found to account for a significant contribution to the affective outcomes.

일반계 고등학생의 성별 과학 선호도와 인과 요인 분석

김희백 ( Heui Baik Kim ),김미영 ( Mi Young Kim ),임성민 ( Sung Min Im ) 한국과학교육학회 2004 한국과학교육학회지 Vol.24 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate high school students` preference for science(PS) and its causal factors in terms of gender difference, and to suggest the way to improve students` preference for science. A questionnaire to evaluate the PS of high school students and its causal factors was specially designed by researchers. It was administered to 429 boys and 449 girls in eight high schools. The average score of the PS was 3.16 of 5.00 which was not high, but the PS scores of students who had wanted to be engaged in jobs related to science or medical field, were higher than the students who would be in other fields. There was no statistically significant difference between the boys` PS scores and girls`, but the average scores of causal factors were higher in boys than in girls. Path analysis using a structural equation model was indicated that the pathways showing how causal factors made effects on each category of the boys` PS were simpler than those of girls. Particularly, while educational factors made indirect effects on three categories of the boys` PS, they did direct effects as well as indirect effect on the girls` PS. This means that the girls` PS is possible to be improved by applying the educational programs specially developed for girls.

학생 중심 비유 활용 수업이 중학생의 광합성 개념 이해에 미치는 영향

김희백 ( Heui Baik Kim ),변춘수 ( Chun Su Byun ) 한국과학교육학회 2010 한국과학교육학회지 Vol.30 No.2

'애완동물 안내문 만들기' 수업에서 나타나는 초등학생들의 역할 인식과 인식적 권위

강은희,김희백,Kang, Eunhee,Kim, Heui-Baik 한국과학교육학회 2017 한국과학교육학회지 Vol.37 No.4

과학 교실에서 학생들이 학습의 중심이 되기 위해서는 수업에서 학생들이 목소리를 표현하고 권위를 갖도록 할 필요가 있다. 이를 위해 우리는 '애완동물 안내문 만들기' 수업을 개발하였고, 이 수업에서 초등학생들이 수업의 주체로서 자신들의 역할을 어떻게 인식하고 권위를 드러내는지 탐색하였다. 서울시 G초등학교 4학년 2개 학급학생들을 대상으로 수업을 진행하였으며, 학생들의 활동은 모두 녹음 녹화되었다. 연구 결과, 학생들은 애완동물 안내문을 만드는 소집단 활동과, 전체 학생을 대상으로 발표하고 질의응답하는 전체 발표에서 다른 양상으로 인식적 권위를 드러내는 모습을 보였다. 우선 소집단 활동에서 학생들은 자신들이 가져온 다양한 자원을 활용하고 선별하였으며, 공적인 공간에 적합하도록 자원으로 변형시키는 것과 같이 '애완동물 전문가'로서 권위를 표현하고자 하였다. 전체 발표에서는 발표자와 청중이라는 입장으로 구분되어 발표자는 '애완동물 전문가'로 인정을 받고, 청중은 '검증하는 사람'으로 발표자를 평가하면서, 적극적으로 권위를 검증받고 평가하는 모습을 보였다. 또한 전체 발표의 진행을 주도함으로써 활동의 완전한 주도권을 잡고자 하였다. 연구 결과는 학생 중심으로의 교육 환경 변화에 따른 과학 교육의 전략을 모색하는데 시사점을 제공한다. If we, as educators, want to put students at the center of learning in science classroom, we must let students express their voices and exercise authority. To do this, we developed a classroom activity about 'Making a pet poster', and then we explored how elementary school students perceived their roles and expressed their authority during this activity. Fourth grade students from an elementary school in the city of Seoul participated in the activity, which was videotaped and recorded. We found that students expressed their epistemic authority differently in small group activities and in whole group discussions. In small group activities, they desired to show their authority as "pet experts" by using and selecting various resources from their everyday lives and transforming those resources into suitable forms in public spaces. Meanwhile, in whole group discussions, participants were classified as either presenters or audience members to verify their authority in regard to the pet poster activity; presenters desired to achieve recognition as "pet experts," and audience members assessed the presenters as "testers." In addition, they expressed authority as teachers by leading the whole group discussions. Based on these findings, this paper suggests the implications for new educational strategies to foster a student-centered learning environment.

협력적 성찰과 과학 논변수업 실행에서 드러난 교사의 논변특이적 PCK 탐색

김선아 ( Suna Kim ),이신영 ( Shinyoung Lee ),김희백 ( Heui Baik Kim ) 한국과학교육학회 2015 한국과학교육학회지 Vol.35 No.6

이 연구는 논변활동을 지도하는 교사의 수업실행 변화와 이 과정에서 드러나는 논변특이적 PCK의 요소를 확인하고 이것이 수업 실행에미친 영향에 대해 탐색하였다. 연구에 참여한 교사는 과학교육 박사학위 소지자로 연구 당시 교육경력이 19년이었으며 연구에 참여하기이전에 논변수업을 지도해 본 경험은 없었다. 논변활동 수업은 중학교1학년 광합성 단원에 대한 9차시로 구성되었고 수업 이후 주 1회 약30여분 총 5회에 걸쳐 연구자와 교사 간 협력적 성찰이 이루어졌다. 모든 수업과 협력적 성찰은 녹화, 녹음되었으며, 교사의 사전사후 논변검사지, 수업전사본, 관찰일지, 협력적 성찰 전사본이 분석 자료로 활용되었다. 교사의 발화를 분석한 결과 교사의 수업 실행은 1~3차시에해당하는 초반부에는 학생들에게 말하기, 논변 정의하기, 정당화하기등을 촉진하는 발화가 주로 나타났으나 4차시 이후부터는 교사가 학생들의 상호작용을 강조하며 상대방 이야기를 들어주기, 대안주장하기, 논변과정 반성해보기 등을 촉진시키는 발화도 함께 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 협력적 성찰과 논변 수업 실행으로부터 교사의 논변특이적PCK 발달이 나타났으며, 논변특이적 PCK는 학생에 대한 이해, 논변의 본성에 대한 이해, 논변 과제전략에 대한 이해로 분석되었다. 이러한 참여 교사의 논변 특이적 PCK에 대한 이해는 협력적 성찰과 수업실행이 반복되면서 향상되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 참여교사는 논변수업에서 학생이 갖는 어려움에 대한 이해가 깊어졌으며, 논변에 대한이해를 개인적 측면으로부터 사회적 측면을 포함한 것으로 발달시켰다. 또한 논변과제를 자발적으로 변환시킴으로써 과제전략에 대한 깊은 이해를 드러냈다. This study examined the development of a teacher`s teaching practice and identified argumentation-specific pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) and the influence of the argumentation-specific PCK on teaching practice in an argumentation classroom. The teacher has a Ph.D degree in science education, a 19-year teaching career, and no experience in instructing in an argumentation classroom. The developed program consists of nine lessons regarding photosynthesis for 7th graders. The teacher participated in a collaborative reflection with researchers after each lesson once a week and five times in total, which lasted for thirty minutes. All of the lessons were video- and audio-recorded and the transcript of lessons and collaborative reflection, pre- and post-survey related to argumentation, and researchers` journals were analyzed. Analysis of the data showed that the teacher emphasized group interaction showing utterances of listening, evaluating arguments, counter-arguing/debating, and reflecting on argument process after the fourth lesson although the teacher focused on individual argumentation showing utterances of talking, knowing meaning of argument, and justifying with evidence in the first three lessons. Also, the argumentation-specific PCK, which was identified with the understanding of students, nature of argumentation and argumentation task strategy, also influenced the development of teaching practice. The teacher comprehended the students` challenges in argumentation, developed her understanding of the nature of argumentation from an individual plane to social plane, and demonstrated a deep understanding of the task strategy by voluntarily joining in modifying the argumentation tasks.

초등학교 과학 수업에서 드러나는 학생의 행위주체성: 교수 학습 맥락을 중심으로

김현애 ( Hyunae Kim ),강은희 ( Eunhee Kang ),김희백 ( Heui Baik Kim ) 韓國生物敎育學會 2015 생물교육 Vol.43 No.3

This study aims to explore how students expressed their agency in the science classroom and the features of teaching and learning contexts that stimulate such agency. We developed several biology lessons for two fifth-grade classes in an elementary school located in Seoul. The lesson topics covered on diseases - caused by mold, viruses, germs, and dust mites - and its prevention. During lessons one and two, the students actively discussed the topics based on their funds of knowledge, grounded in their experiences outside of school. In lessons three and four, students made video clips, slogans, posters, and newspapers and then campaigned to inform the public. Data from participant observations, individual interviews, and students’ artifacts were qualitatively analyzed based on grounded theory. According to the results, students expressed agency in four ways: 1) They created an objective for their disease topic; 2) they purposefully selected and utilized available resources; 3) they planned and launched a campaign to educate others around them; and 4) they used their scientific knowledge to carefully take preventative measures in their everyday lives. The most salient feature of the teaching and learning context that stimulated students’ agency was the lesson contents which were directly connected to their lives. Furthermore, as the teacher shared her authority with the students, encouraging them to utilize their funds of knowledge and available resources, the students could enhance their authority to realize their objective. Based on these findings, this paper discusses the educational implications for promoting students’ agency by taking a closer look at teaching and learning contexts that could position students as autonomous agents.

신기한 스쿨버스 만화영화 도입이 식물의 구조와 기능에 대한 초등학생의 개념 이해와 흥미에 미치는 영향

최섭 ( Seop Choi ),김희백 ( Heui Baik Kim ) 한국초등과학교육학회 2013 초등과학교육 Vol.32 No.4

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of animation-based instruction on elementary students` level of understanding and interest on a plant`s structure and function, using “Magic School Bus(Joanna Cole, Bruce Degen, 1986)”. The understanding and interest measurements were administered to 99 fifth grade students at a elementary school located in Seoul. The study examined the changes in understanding and interest through pre-test and post-test of the two groups. Intensive interviews were conducted to find factors that enhance understanding and interest. Three key findings were revealed from the results. First, the animation-based instruction enhanced the level of understanding in the experimental group compared to the control group. Second, animationbased instruction made high-achieving students enhance their interest in topic component and attitude component. And, animation-based instruction did not led low-achieving students to increase their interest in the topic component and attitude component. We suggest that animation-based instruction positively influences students` understanding, but its effects on students` interest are dependent on their conceptual understanding of the topic.

예비교사들의 과학 교사 정체성 형성 -생명과학 탐구 수업 시연 및 반성 과정을 중심으로-

안지은 ( Jieun An ),김희백 ( Heui-baik Kim ) 한국과학교육학회 2021 한국과학교육학회지 Vol.41 No.6

본 연구에서는 중등 예비과학교사들이 수업 시연 강좌에 참여하면서 어떠한 정체성을 드러내는지 탐색하고자 하였다. 연구 대상은 서울 소재 사범대학의 ‘탐구학습과 생명과학실험 지도’ 강좌를 수강하는 예비과학교사 22명이다. 연구를 위하여 예비교사들의 탐구 수업설계 및 시연 과정에서 만들어진 모든 자료를 수집하였고, 수업 시연 및 반성 장면을 녹화 및 전사하였다. 또한, 수업 후에 9명의 예비교사를 대상으로 반구조화된 면담을 실시하고 녹음 및 전사하였다. 연구결과, 강좌 초반에는 과학 교사 정체성이 잘 드러나지 않았다. 예비교사들의 초기 구두 반성에서는 권위적 담화가 나타났으며, 이는 예비교사들이 구두 반성 활동을 ‘시연된 수업에 대한 평가 활동’으로 인식하고 있음을 보여준다. 이러한 인식은 예비교사들이 대학교에 재학하는 학생으로서 과제를 수행하고 교수자에게 평가를 받는 입장으로 수업 시연 강좌에 참여함을 보여준다. 강좌 중반부 이후, 예비교사들의 과학 교사 정체성을 보여주는 담화가 관찰되었다. 중반부 이후 구두 반성에서는 종종 대화적 담화가 이루어졌으며, 이는 예비교사들이 구두 반성 활동을 ‘전문성 신장을 위한 배움 활동’으로 인식함을 보여준다. 또한 후반부에는 자신의 경험을 교사의 활동과 연결 짓고 해석하는 담화가 나타났다. 이는 예비교사들이 이 순간 자기 자신을 교사로서 인식함을 보여준다. 또한 강좌를 통해 실험 수업에 대한 인식이 확장되었다. 강좌 내에서 참여자들의 권위를 평등화하고, 반성의 역할 모델을 제공하였으며, 수업을 둘러싼 다양한 입장을 경험해보는 연습이 이루어졌던 것이 예비교사의 과학 교사 정체성 형성에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 본 연구는 예비교사의 과학 교사 정체성 형성을 위한 교사 양성 과정에 관한 시사점을 제공한다. This study investigates the science teacher identity of pre-service science teachers (PSTs) in the context of a teaching practice course. Twenty-two PSTs who took the ‘Biological Science Lab. for Inquiry Learning’ course at the College of Education participated in this study. Artifacts created during the course were collected, and the teaching practices and reflections were recorded and transcribed. In addition, semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine PSTs, recorded, and transcribed. We found the science teacher identity was not well revealed at the beginning of the course. Authoritative discourse appeared in the early oral reflections of PSTs, indicating that the PSTs perceived oral reflection activities as ‘evaluation activities for teaching practice’. This perception shows that pre-service teachers participate in teaching practice courses as students attending a university, performing tasks and receiving evaluations from instructors. After the middle of the course, discourses showing the science teacher identity of the PSTs were observed. In the oral reflection after the middle part, dialogic discourses often arose, showing that the PSTs perceive the oral reflection activities as a ‘learning activity for professional development’. In addition, in the second half, discourse appeared to connect and interpret one’s experience with the teacher’s activity, indicating that the PSTs perceive themselves as teachers at this stage. In addition, the perception of experimental classes was expanded through the course. During the course, the practice of equalizing the authority of the participants, providing a role model for reflection, and experiencing various positions from multiple viewpoints in the class had a positive effect on the formation and continuation of the teacher identity. This study provides implications on the teacher education process for teacher identity formation in PSTs.