상하수도 정책 - 우리나라 수도사업 체질개선이 시급하다

김종천,Kim, Jong-Cheon 한국상하수도협회 2008 한국상하수도협회지 Vol.23 No.-

정부의 ESS 보급정책과 ESS 융합솔루션 지원 사업 및 추진 방향

김종천,Kim, Jong-Cheon 대한전기협회 2014 전기저널 Vol.453 No.-

상수도 정책방향과 대책

김종천,Kim, Jong-Cheon 한국상하수도협회 1997 水道 Vol.24 No.2

減水劑가 콘크리트에 미치는 影響

김종천,도덕현,Kim, Jong-Cheon,Doh, Duk-Hyun 한국농공학회 1982 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.24 No.2

A study on the effect of water reducing agent on the various characteristics of concrete has been conducted. The experimental results of the study are summarized as follows. 1. Slump test for the concrete added water reducing setretarding agent in proper quantity have been conducted. According to the test results, the decreasing rate of slump value become bigger than plain concrete with increase of the unit weight of cement and elapse of time 2. In case the proper quantity content of maximum compressive strength in Fig. 5 of water reducing set retarding agent is added, unit weight of water is decreased about 15% or so as compared with plain concrete. with the increase of water reducing set accelerating agent content unit weight of water is decreased much more, And other hand, amount of air entraining shows the increasing tendency with the increase of water reducing agent content. 3. The adding rate of water reducing agent which produce maximum strength shows that WR-CH and WR-SA which is water reducing set-starding agent is 0.2% and WR-CO is 0.5% and that WS-PO which is water reducing set accelerating agent is 0.5 4. compressive strength jof the concrete made of sulfate resistant cement shows less than the strength of normal portland cement at initial strength but the strength of both cement shows almost same at curing age of 28 days. 5. when proper quantity of water reducing set retarding agent is used, boned strength is increased about 15% at curing age of 28days. 6. According to the result of durability test, dynamic young's mudulus of elasticity at plain concrete is decreased about 50% as compared with initial step at 300 cycle of freezing and thawing after curing age of days. on the contarary the concrete used water reducing agent is decreased less than 7%.

국방획득관리규정 개정 소개(6차 개정, '03. 2)

김종천,Kim, Jong-Cheon 한국방위산업진흥회 2003 國防과 技術 Vol.- No.288

국방회기득관리규정의 주요 개정내용을 제시하였다. 국방획득관리제도가 기준면에서 아무리 합리적이고 절차면에서 구체화되었다고 하더라도 이해가 미흡하여 준수되지 않거나 또는 활용되지 않는다면 그 효용이 저하될 것이다. 무기체계 획득관련 기관.부서 담당자 및 방위산업에 종사하는 관계관들은 해당분야의 개정내용을 숙독해 주기를 바란다. 앞으로도 획득제도 시행상에 도출되는 문제점은 지속적으로 발굴하여 개선해 나갈 예정이다.

대규모 정전사태 방지를 위한 에너지수요관리 법제도 개선 방안

김종천 ( Jong Cheon Kim ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2014 홍익법학 Vol.15 No.1

The September 15, 2011 blackout incident proves the fact that Korea`s electricity demand overweighs electricity supply during every year`s winter and summer festivals. Thus, public demands the government (Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy) to come up with more effective energy saving measures. The distorted price structure system that does not reflect current production price is highly criticized as being obstacles for energy-saving efforts. Wolsong nuclear power generator no.1 in Gyeongju has stopped due to malfunctioning in October and November of 2012. Also Yeonggwang Nuclear Power generator no.5 and no.6 in 1,000,000-kW class will be stop by the end of this year. During intensively cold period in this winter, Korea possibly will face a major blackout. In this respect, we must say that there is a limitation because existing regulation-oriented energy policy system cannot manage energy demand effectively. There are no applicable provisions regarding status of “public interest,” legal principles on the efficiency of Administrative law, and demand management, as constitutional basis and limit for energy demand management. Nevertheless, as constitutional basis and limit for energy demand management, policies regarding energy development can be derived (the Mining Law and Submarine Mineral Resources Development Act), energy demand management can be based on the Constitutional Law Article 37 Section 2. Since such legislation related to energy demand management policy may fall under restriction of fundamental rights, it should be consistent with principle of proportionality. However, regulating energy saving policy to energy consumer for energy demand management may constitutionally violate the individual freedom. For example, Rational Energy Utilization Act enforcement regulations Article 31 Section 2 requires that “standard for thermal limits of air conditioning and heating under Article 36 Section 2 Subsection 1(the “thermal limits”) are as follows: air conditioning: above 2 6℃ and heating: below 20 ℃, except for sales facilities and airport where air conditioning thermal limit shall be above 25℃.” In addition, requiring energy supplier to improve energy efficiency for energy demand management means limiting business occupation and therefore we should check whether it violates the principle of proportionality. It should be regarded as not conforming with principle of proportionality. As main content of Low Carbon Green Growth Act, there are fundamental principles such as energy policies (Article 39 Section 2), energy basic planning, and greenhouse gas energy target system. Building Act, for the purpose of energy demand management, legalized Green Building Certification Program, Intelligent Building Certification Program, vitalization of building environment friendly buildings and efficient energy usage of buildings, and Building Energy Efficiency Rating System (Energy Consumption Certification for real estate transactions). However, it was criticized for being under control of Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs. This can be seen as the basis law for demand management program according to Rational Energy Utilization Act. In such law, there are many demand management systems such as energy use efficiency measure for national and provincial organizations and demand management investment plans of energy supplier, efficient energy consumption managing equipment labeling system, average energy consumption efficiency system and improvement order, standby power reduction product endorsing system, standby power reduction excellent product labelling system and preferential purchasing system, high efficiency energy equipment certifying system and preferential purchasing system, support system for energy service company, support system of companies which entered into agreements voluntarily, support system of energy management system, reporting system of energy glutton business and mandatory system of energy diagnosis, notification system of target energy consumption rate setting, utilization of waste heat, heat using machinery management - registration of certain heat using machinery, examination of machinery subject to inspection, appointment of operators for machinery subject to inspection, etc. Recently, developed countries have adopted several programs to strengthen energy demand management and they include: USA`s EERS, England`s EEC and CERT, EU`s efficiency management program for energy using machinery, Germany`s 2000 National Climate Protection Program enacted in 2005, Co2-building improvement and maintenance program enacted in 2001, Renewable Energy Law enacted in 2004, German Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowance Trading Act (TEHG) enacted in 2007 and Energy Saving Regulation (EnEV) enactment, quota law, and Japan`s “Top-Runner System” for energy use rationalization. These programs have been adopted for the purpose of energy saving and thus provide many implications to Korean legislation. Therefore, for energy demand management, “improvement on energy efficiency obligation” system was included to Rational Energy Usage Law Article 9 Section 2. Also, following improvement plans were suggested: Top-Runner System adoption plan, “energy conservation stickers on electronics” adoption plan (Section 65 Subsection 2), and “Energy Storage System (ESS) and smart grid (intelligence power grid) construction scheme” for Building and Promoting Smart Grid Act, enacted on May 24, 2011.

“책임 및 구제에 관한 추가의정서” 국내 이행 법률(안)에 대한 평가와 전망

김종천 ( Jong Cheon Kim ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2015 홍익법학 Vol.16 No.1

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) went into effect in December 1993 with the safety of biological engineering and LMOs (Living Modified Organism) included. The inclusion of the biological engineering and LMOs laid the foundation of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CPB). Following the move, the second Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the CBD in Jakarta, Indonesia in 1995 established the Open-ended Ad Hoc Working Group on Biosafety and the extraordinary meeting of the COP to the CBD in Montreal on January 29, 2000 adopted ‘Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety’. The ‘Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety’ of the CBD was finally concluded on January 29, 2000 after five years of discussion. The CPB aims to prevent any hazard occurring from the transboundary movements of LMOs and its possible hazard to the environment and humans. The main features of CPB include AIA (Advanced Informed Agreement), precautionary principle, hazard assessment and management, transport and use, storage, and the operation of biosafety information centre. The CPB sets forth on Article 27 that ‘the COP should adopt a process with respect to the appropriate international rules and procedures in the field of liability and redress for damage resulting from transboudary movements of living modified organisms, and should endeavour to complete this process within four years.’ However, the specific details of such liability and redress with respect to the damage resulting from living modified organisms have not been established. The 5th Conference of the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety on October 2010 adopted Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress. As of June 2014, total 25 states including the EU have entrusted the statement of ratification, acceptance, endorsement or join and up to 40 states are likely to rectify the Supplementary Protocol by October 2014. There are voices demanding the joining of the Supplementary Protocol as the future hosting country of the Cartagena Protocol whereas the opposite side demands that the signing the Supplementary Protocol should be cautious. Those who take the cautious position say that Korea, as the importer of GMOs, should establish the appropriate laws and closely follow the international move before signing in order to conserve biodiversity and to promote public health. This paper has come to the conclusion that we need to establish the legislative bill to implement the ‘Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress’ domestically as one of the parties which has been making good practice on the international biosafety. There may be controversy over the bill in terms of whether it should be an independent law or a part of the Act on Transboundary Movements of Living Modified Organisms and Other Related Matters (the LMO Act). The bill should be included in the parent law, the LMO Act, with a provision on definition. Provisions that will be included in the legislative model are the concept on ‘the damage resulting from the living modified organisms (LMO)’, the concept on ‘the victim of the LMOs’, the concept on ‘the person who handles the LMOs (business = operator)’, the provision on ‘the liability in regard of the LMOs’, ‘immunities’, ‘assumption of a causal relationship’, ‘the limit of compensation for the damage caused by the LMOs and the compensation process’, ‘the provision on information’, ‘insurance policy’, and ‘statute of limitations.’ Finally, the proposed bill for the domestic implementation on ‘the Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress’ may be not the optimal bill but the starting point of active discussion on the damage caused by the LMOs and the related compensation, which may contribute to the advancement of bioengineering technology, the conservation of biodiversity, and the sustainable use of biodiversity.

항공배상책임보험에 관한 고찰

김종천 ( Jong Cheon Kim ) 한국항공우주정책·법학회 1990 한국항공우주정책·법학회지 Vol.2 No.-

야간 옥외집회 및 시위에 관한 법규정의 공백에 따른 방향 설정을 위한 비교법적 고찰

김종천(Jong-Cheon Kim) 중앙대학교 법학연구원 2012 法學論文集 Vol.36 No.1

우리는 집회의 자유에 대한 논란이 민주화를 이룬 1987년 헌법체제 후 대한민국 수도 서울에서 이렇게 열띤 논쟁의 장이 된 적이 없었다. 이렇게 집회 및 시위의 자유에 대한 논쟁은 2008년 4월 18일 우리나라와 미국간의 “미국 쇠고기 협상에 대한 안전성”에 관한 문제로 인하여 시발되었다. 이에 격분한 국민들은 정부가 졸속으로 협상을 하면서 국민에 대한 최소한의 안전장치를 미국에게 넘겨버렸다는 점에서 주ㆍ야간에도 계속해서 옥외집회를 개최하였다. 이에 경찰은 촛불집회를 주최한 사람들을 「집회 및 시위에 관한 법률 위반」등의 혐의로 기소를 하기에 이르게 되었다. 2009년 2월 초에 서울중앙지방법원 형사 제7단독 박재영 판사는 ‘촛불 시위를 주도한 혐의로 기소된 광우병 국민대책회의 조직팀장인 안진걸씨의 재판을 맡으면서, 우리나라 「헌법」 제21조에는 집회와 결사의 자유를 보장하고 있는데, 야간 옥외집회를 금지하고 일정한 요건을 갖춘 경우만 허용되는 「집회 및 시위에 관한 법률」 제10조는 헌법에 배치된다”며 헌법재판소에 위헌 법률심판을 제정하였다. 이어서 2009년 9월 24일에 헌법재판소는 야간 옥외집회를 금지한 「집회 및 시위에 관한 법률」 제10조의 위헌여부에 대하여 5인 위헌 대 2인 헌법불합치 대 2인 합헌의 의견으로 “헌법불합치” 결정을 내렸다. 이와 더불어서 헌법재판소는 사회적 혼란을 방지하기 위하여 해당 조항을 2010년 6월 30일까지 입법자에게 법률을 개정토록 했으며, 개정 전까지는 계속적으로 적용토록 결정을 하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 입법자는 최근 2012년 4월초(1년 9개월 동안)까지 법조항의 효력이 상실돼 언제 어디서 집회를 하여도 集示法으로 規制할 수 없는 法律 空白 狀態하에 존재하게 한다는 점에서 立法學的인 問題가 있다고 판단된다. 따라서 야간 옥외집회 규정과 관련하여 외국의 입법례를 분석을 통해서 우리나라의 집시법 제10조에 대한 개선방안을 제시했다. 독일의 경우에는 야간 옥외집회규정을 입법화하고 있지 않고, 영국도 야간 옥외집회를 금지하는 법규정은 없지만, 경찰의 집회에 대한 폭넓은 재량권 행사를 통하여 집회 및 시위를 규제하고 있다. 그리고 미국은 아직까지 집회 및 시위의 자유와 관련된 단일법도 없다. 다만, 각 주(州)나 지방자치단체별로 필요에 따라 관련 규정을 두고 있을 뿐이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 집회가 사전에 신고된 내용을 준수하지 않거나 불법시위로 발전할 경우 경찰의 법집행은 우리나라보다 훨씬 더 엄격하게 집행한다는 점에서 차이점을 발견할 수 있다. 그러나 야간에 옥외집회를 금지하는 시간제한을 두고 있는 나라는 프랑스, 러시아, 중국 등의 일부 국가에 한정돼 있음을 발견할 수 있다. 예컨대, 프랑스는 밤11시 이후의 집회를 금지하고 있으며, 러시아는 밤 11시부터 아침 7시까지만 집회를 금지하고 있다. 중국은 밤 10시부터 아침 6시까지의 집회를 원칙적으로 금지하면서도 예외적으로 집회를 허용하고 있다. 중국은 아직까지 사회주의 국가로 언론 및 집회, 시위의 자유 등에 관한 표현의 자유라는 원칙이 존중되지 않는다는 점에서 참고만 할뿐 비교의 대상은 되지 않는다고 판단된다. 그 외 국가에서는 별도의 야간 옥외집회를 제한하는 규정을 갖고 있지 않는 대신 불법ㆍ폭력시위를 엄단하게 처벌해 사회질서를 유지하면서 집회의 자유를 최대한 보장하고 있다는 점을 발견할 수 있다. 결론적으로 본 논문에서 우리나라는 4계절에 따라 구분하여 集會 및 示威를 禁止하는 時間을 柔軟化하여 禁止하는 方案도 考慮할 수 있겠지만, 춘하절기와 추동절기를 기준으로 “춘하절기 4월1일 ~ 9월 30일 오후 11시부터 다음날 5시까지, 추동절기 10월 1일 ~ 3월 31일까지 오후 11시부터 다음날 7시까지” 야간 옥외집회 규정을 법률(안)으로 마련하는 방안을 제시했다. There has never been such a heated discussion on the freedom of assembly in Seoul, the capital of the Republic of Korea since Korea entered into a constitutional state in 1987. The controversy on the freedom of assembly and demonstration has been sparked by the safety issue on the American beef between Korea and the USA on April 18, 2008. Being furious at the Korean government for giving up the minimum safety measure for its people in the negotiation with the US government, Koreans started forming an outdoor assembly, protesting day and night against the government and its poor negotiation with the US. The Korean police prosecuted the people who organized the candlelight vigil protest for violating the “Assembly and Demonstration Act”. Judge Jae-Young Park at Seoul Central District Court took the case of Mr. Jin-Geol Ahn who was a team leader of the Anti-Mad Cow Association being indicted on charge of leading the candlelight vigil. The Judge then recommended the Constitutional Court adjudication on the constitutionality of the Act, saying that Article 21 of the Korean Constitution sets forth the freedom of assembly and association, therefore Article 10 of “Assembly and Demonstration Act” is not constitutional as it bans an outdoor assembly at night unless it meets a certain condition. The Constitutional Court has reached to a decision on September 24, 2009 and ruled that Article 10 of “Assembly and Demonstration Act” was a constitutional discord with 5(unconstitutional) - 2(constitutional discord) - 2(constitutional). In addition, the Constitutional Court recommended the lawmakers to amend the concerned article no later than June 30, 2010 in order to prevent any social confusion and to permit the article to be remained effective until the amendment. However, the provisions on such matter has been nullified until the early of April of 2012 (for 1.9 years) and it has been in legal vacuum that can’t prohibit outdoor assembly from being occurred at anytime. It may raise some legislative issues. This study analyzes the cases of the laws and legislation of foreign countries in regard to night-time outdoor assembly and proposes a direction to improve the Article 10 of the “Assembly and Demonstration Act”. Germany does not have a statute on night-time outside assembly and the UK does not legislate against such matter but controls assembly and demonstration by granting the police a range of discretion. The US federal government does not have a law concerning assembly and demonstration, while the state or local governments have some provisions in regard to such matter. However, when a demonstration or assembly does not follow the conditions that are reported in advance or becomes illegal, the law enforcement agency including the police responses even stricter than Korea does. There are a few countries which have a law putting the time limit to night-time outdoor assembly including France, Russia and China. For example, France bans an outdoor assembly after 11 at night and Russia bans it from 11pm to 7am. China puts time limit on night-time outdoor assembly from 10pm to 6am with exception. Since China is a communist country where the freedom of press, assembly and demonstration struggles, the case of China may not be comparable but only for reference. Many other countries do not have a specific provision limiting night-time outdoor assembly but are very strict against illegal and violent demonstrations in order to maintain the social order as well as to secure the freedom of assembly. In conclusion, the study proposes to put flexible time limit to outdoor assembly in Korea. The suggestion for night-time outdoor assembly is to put a different time limit between spring and summer time and autumn and winter time. An outdoor assembly may be prohibited from 11pm to 5am during spring and summer from April 1 to September 30, and from 11pm to 7am during autumn and winter from October 1 to March 31.

워터파크 유원시설물의 안전성확보에 관한 공법적 연구-기존의 논의에 대한 비판적 검토를 겸하여-

김종천 ( Kim Jong-cheon ) 한국외국어대학교 법학연구소 2009 외법논집 Vol.33 No.3

Summer has come. Water theme parks are dotting up around the nation, each boasting interesting and distinctive attractions and features. Ever more ingenuous and creative with new features, these parks claim that they are not just about splashing around in the pool, but enjoying a healthy, fun and relaxing time with water. On the other hand, there is ever more variety in the colorful dizzying rides. But most of the water park operators have little experience and tend to be negligent in safe supervision. So people who use the water park can encounter danger. Some water parks were licensed as amusement facilities under provisions in Tourism Promotion Act and others were reported as swimming pool business according to Installation and Utilization of Sports Facilities Act. In the latter case, it is possible to manage the water park without a safety inspection. Water parks should be licensed according to Tourism Promotion Act, and need to get a safety inspection to ensure the safety of the amusement facilities like water parks. The staff must remind people of safety rules to prevent accidents in a water park. As time passes, facilities are sure to become obsolete. So old water parks need safety checks or close safety checkup in Special Act on the Safety Control of Public Structures.