고압하에서 브롬화벤질류의 반응에 대한 속도론적 연구

김영철,경진범,김세경,최성용,Kim, Young Cheul,Kyong, Jin Burm,Kim, Se Kyong,Choi, Sung Yong 대한화학회 1995 대한화학회지 Vol.39 No.8

3-피콜린과 파라치환 브롬화벤질류의 반응을 온도와 압력 및 치환기 변화에 따라 속도론적으로 연구하였다. 속도상수로부터 활성화 파라미터들과 Hammett .rho.값을 계산하였다.결과적으로 반응중심에는 양의 전하가 진전되고 결합형성 보다는 결합파괴가 촉진됨을 알 수 있었다. 압력증가에 따라 반응 속도와 전하이동능력은 증가하고, 낮은 온도에서의 전하이동에 대한 압력효과가 더욱 크게 작용하고 있음을 알 수 있다. Kinetics for the reaction of para-substituted benzyl bromides with 3-picoline have been studied with the changes of substituent, pressure and temperature. The activation parameters and the Hammett ρ-values were determined from the values of rate constants. The results of these studies showed that the positive charge developed in the reaction center and bond cleavage was greater than bond formation. The reaction rate and the ability of charge transfer were increased with elevating pressure. The effect of pressure for the charge transfer was more enhanced at low temperatures.

염화벤조일류와 피리딘과의 반응에 대한 압력의 영향

김영철,경진범,김세경,구덕자,Young Cheul Kim,Jin Burm Kyong,Se Kyong Kim,Deog Ja Koo 대한화학회 1992 대한화학회지 Vol.36 No.2

Kinetic studies for the reaction of pyridine with substituted benzoyl chlorides were conducted under various pressures (1-1000 bar) in acetonitrile. From rate constants, the activation parameters (${\Delta}V^{\neq}$, ${\Delta}{\beta}^{\neq}$,${\Delta}H^{\neq}$, ${\Delta}S^{\neq}$ and ${\Delta}G^{\neq}$) were evaluated. Rates of these reaction increased with an increase in the pressure. The activation volume, the activation compressibility coefficient and the activation entropy were negative. From substituents effect and these results, it was found that these reactions proceed through $S_N2$ mechanism, but the structure of transition state was slightly changed with substituents and pressure. Acetonitrile 용매내에서 pyridine과 치환된 benzoyl chloride류의 반응을 압력변화(1-1000 bar)에 따라 속도론적으로 연구하였다. 속도상수로부터 활성화파라미터들(Δ$V^{\neq}$, ${\Delta}{\beta}^{\neq}$, ${\Delta}H^{\neq}$, ${\Delta}S^{\neq}$ and ${\Delta}G^{\neq}$)을 구하였다. 압력이 증가함에 따라 속도상수는 증가하고 ${\Delta}V^{\neq}$, ${\Delta}{\beta}^{\neq}$, 및 ${\Delta}S^{\neq}$는 모두 음의 값을 나타내었으며, 치환기효과와 종합하여 반응메카니즘을 고찰한 결과 전체적인 반응은 $S_N2$ 반응메카니즘으로 진행되나, 치환체와 압력변화에 따라 전이상태 구조에 약간의 변화가 있으리라 생각된다.

퀴놀린 유도체와 p-치환 염화벤조일류의 친핵성치환반응에 따른 반응속도의 압력효과

김영철,임종완,최성용,김세경,Kim, Young Cheul,Lim, Jong Wan,Choi, Sung Yong,Kim, Se Kyong 대한화학회 1999 대한화학회지 Vol.43 No.1

온도(10,15,20,25$^{\circ}C$)와 압력(1,200,500,1000bar) 변화에 따라 p-치환염화벤조일류($p-CH_3,\;p-H,\;p-NO_2$)와 퀴놀린 유도체(quinoline, 6-methyl quinoline)의 반응을 아세토니트릴 용매내에서 전기전도도법에 의하여 속도상수($k_2)를 구하였다. 이로부터 여러 활성화파라미터($Ea,\;{\Delta}V^{\neq},\;{\Delta}H^{\neq},\;{\Delta}S^{\neq},\;{\Delta}G^{\neq}$)를 구하였으며, 또한 Hammett반응상수 px와 기질의 치환기 효과에 따른 py를 구하였다. 속도상수는 온도와 압력 증가에 따라 증가하였으며, 친핵체내에 전자주게 치환체($p-CH_3$)와 기질에 전자 받게($p-NO_2) 치환체가 치환된 경우 더욱 증가 하였다. 이때 활성화부피(${\Delta}V^{\neq}$), 활성화엔트로피(${\Delta}S^{\neq}$)는 모두 음의 값으로 나타났으며, 모든 압력 조건에 따라서 친핵체의 치환기 효과 px는 음의 값을, $p_Y$는 양의 값을 나타내었다. 이러한 속도론적인 연구 결과 전반적인 반응은 $S_N2$ 반응메카니즘을 따르며, 압력이 증가함에 따라 결합형성이 진전되어지는 반응 메카니즘으로 진행됨을 알수 있었다. The reaction rates of substituted quinolines($6-CH_3C_9H_7N,\;C_9H_7N$) with p-substituted benzoylchlorides($p-CH_3,\;p-H,\;p-NO_2$) have been measured by conductometry in acetonitrile, and the rate constants are determined at various temperatures(10, 15, 20, 25$^{\circ}C$) and pressures(l, 200, 500, 1000bar). From the values of rate constants, the activation parameters($Ea,\;{\Delta}V^{\neq},\;{\Delta}H^{\neq},\;{\Delta}S^{\neq},\;{\Delta}G^{\neq}$) and the pressure dependence of Hammett p values were determined. The rate constants increase as a function of temperatures and pressures, and are further increase by introduction the electron donor substituents in nucleopbile($p-CH_3$) or electron acceptor($p-NO_2) substituents in substrate. The activation volume, and the activation entropy are all negative. Hammett p values are also negative for nucleophile (px) and positive for the substrate ($p_Y$) over the pressure range studied. The results of kinetic studies for pressure and substituent show that these reactions proceed in typical $S_N2$ reaction mechanism and "associative $S_N2$" in which bond formation favored with increasing pressures.

The Study on Complex of Gallium Bromide with Ethyl Bromide in Aniline and in o-Chloroaniline under High Vacuum

김영철,김세경,구덕자,임종완,Young Cheul Kim,Se Kyung Kim,Deog Ja Koo,Jong Wan Lim Korean Chemical Society 1991 대한화학회지 Vol.35 No.5

아닐린 및 o-클로로아닐린 용액내에서 브롬화에탄의 용해도를 5, 1.5$^{\circ}$ 및 25$^{\circ}$C에서 브롬화칼륨이 존재할 때와 존재하지 않을 때의 두 경우에 대하여 각각 측정하여 보았다. 브롬화칼륨이 존재하지 않을 때에 o-클로로아닐린에서 브롬화에탄의 용해도가 아닐린에서 보다 크다. 이것은 브롬화에탄과 o-클로로아닐린의 상호작용이 아닐린보다 더 강하다는 것을 나타낸다. 그리고 브롬화칼륨이 존재할 경우에는 용액내에서 브롬화에탄과 브롬화칼륨이 불안정한 착물이 생성된다. 이 착물을 여러 경우로 가정하여 계산하여 본 결과 1:1 착물일 때, 불안정 상수 K값이 비교적 일정한 값을 나타내었다. 그러므로 1:1 착물 $C_2H_5Br[\cdot}GaBr_3$가 형성됨을 알았으며, 이 착물은 용액내에서 다음 평형식에 의해서 이루어진다고 본다. $C_2H_5Br{\cdot}GaBr_3\;{\rightleftharpoons}\;C_2H_5Br+1/2Ga_2Br_6$ 브롬화칼륨과 브롬화에탄의 착물의 불안정도를 이와 대응하는 브롬화메탄과 비교하여 보았다. 또한 이 착물의 해리에 대한 엔탈피, 자유에너지 및 엔트로피 변화도 산출하였다. The solubilities of ethyl bromide in aniline and o-chloroaniline have been measured at 5, 15$^{\circ}$ and 25$^{\circ}$C in the presence and the absence of gallium bromide. When gallium bromide does not exist in the system, the solubility of ethyl bromide in o-chloroaniline is greater than in aniline, indicating a stronger interaction of ethyl bromide with o-chloroaniline than that with aniline. It could be thought that ethyl bromide forms unstable complex with gallium bromide in the presence of gallium bromide in the system. This complex has been assumed in various ways and evaluated, that instability constant (K value) is relatively constancy under the assumption of 1 : 1 complex, $C_2H_5Br{\cdot}GaBr_3$. Therefore, the complex forms the following equilibrium in the solution: $C_2H_5Br{\cdot}GaBr_3\;{\rightleftharpoons}\;C_2H_5Br +1/2Ga_2Br_6$ The instability of the complex of ethyl bromide with gallium bromide is compared with similar complexes of gallium bromide with methyl bromide. The changes of enthalpy, free energy and entropy fcor the dissociation of the complex are also calculated.

친핵성 치환반응에 관한 고압에서의 속도론적 연구

김영철,김세경,Kim Young Cheul,Kim Se Kyong 대한화학회 1993 대한화학회지 Vol.37 No.6

The reaction rates of para-substituted benzoyl chlorides with substituted pyridines have been measured employing the conductometry method in acetonitrile, and pseudo-first order and second order rate constants are determined at various pressures and temperatures. The activation parameters (${\Delta}V^\neq, {\Delta}{\beta}^{\neq}, {\Delta}H^{\neq}, {\Delta}S^{\neq} {\Delta}G^{\neq}$) and the Hammett ρ-values are determined from the values of rate constants. The values of △${\Delta}V^\neq, {\Delta}{\beta}^{\neq}and {\Delta}S^{\neq}$ are all negative. The Hammett ρ-values are negative for the nucleophile (ρ$_X$), and positive for the substrate (ρ$_Y$) over the pressure range studied. The results of kinetic studies for pressure and substituent show that these reactions proceed in typical S$_N$2 reaction mechanism and in bond formation favored with elevating pressure. 아세토니트릴 용매내에서 파라치환 염화벤조일류와 피리딘류의 반응속도를 온도와 압력변화에 따라 전기전도도법으로 측정하여 유사1차반응속도상수와 2차반응속도상수를 구하였다. 이들 반응속도상수로부터 활성화파라미터들(${\Delta}V^\neq, {\Delta}{\beta}^{\neq}, {\Delta}H^{\neq}, {\Delta}S^{\neq} {\Delta}G^{\neq}$)과 Hammett ρ를 구하였다. 이때 ${\Delta}V^\neq, {\Delta}{\beta}^{\neq}및 {\Delta}S^{\neq}$는 모두 음의 값을 나타내었으며, 모든 압력 조건에서 친핵체의 치환기 효과 ρ$_X$는 음의 값을 기질의 치환기효과 ρ$_Y$는 양의 값을 나타내었다. 압력과 치환기 변화에 따른 속도론적 연구를 종합하면, 전체적인 반응은 전형적인 S$_N$2 반응메카니즘을 따르며, 압력 증가에 따라 결합형성이 더욱 촉진된 반응메카니즘으로 진행됨을 알 수 있다.

고압하에서의 이소퀴놀린과 브롬화 벤질류의 반응에 관한 속도론적인 연구

김영철,임종완,최성용,Kim, Young Cheul,Lim, Jong Wan,Choi, Sung Yong 대한화학회 1998 대한화학회지 Vol.42 No.2

Kinetic studies on the reaction of isoquinoline with para-substituted benzylbromides were conducted under various pressures (1 ~1000 bar) in acetonitrile. From the rate constants obtained, the activation parameters such as$\DeltaV^{\neq}, \Delta\beta^{\neq}, \DeltaH^{\neq}, \DeltaS^{\neq}, \DeltaG^{\neq}$ and Ea were evaluated. Reaction rate increasing the pressure and temperature. The activation compressibility coefficient and the activation entropy showed negative values. From the substituent effect and the results, it was found that the reaction proceeds through $S_N2$ mechanism, but the structure of transition state was slightly changed with substituents and pressure. Acetonitrile 용매내에서 isoquinoline과 치한된 benzylbromide의 반응을 압력변화(1~1000bar)에 따라 반응속도론적으로 연구하였다. 속도상수로부터 활성화파라미터들을 $\(DeltaV^{\neq}, \Delta\beta^{\neq}, \DeltaH^{\neq}, \DeltaS^{\neq}, \DeltaG^{\neq},Ea)$구하였다. 온도가 증가함에 따라 속도상수는 증가 하고, $\DeltaV^{\neq}, \Delta\beta^{\neq},및 \DeltaS^{\neq}$는 모두 음의 값으로 나타내었다. 치환기효과와 실험 결과로 부터 반응메카니즘을 고찰한 결과 전체적인 반응은 $S_{N}2$반응 메카니즘으로 진행되나, 치환체와 압력변화에 따라 전이상태 구조에 약간의 변화가 있었다.

대학 등 영상교육기관들의 초고화질 영상교육의 현안과 과제

김영철(Kim, Young-Cheul) 한국영상제작기술학회 2014 영상기술연구 Vol.- No.21

Meanwhile, image digital technologies have been rapidlydeveloped along with high-tech industry and is being accelerated as much as thefuture cannot be predicted. Movies, broadcasting and advertisement which are producedwith HD(2K) become generalized and now, UHD(6K, 8K) or more advancedtechnologies are mentioned. First-half 2014 Seminar by Moving Image Technology Association of Korea is considered to be as timely seminar in that context. 60P which has data capacity exceeding more than 4 timescapacity of HD becomes double again based on 30P. Determination of standard format will greatly affect notonly image production process and overall image industry but also neighboringindustries. Then, how will image education institution deal with thissituation which is educate and train human resources who will act in imageindustry sites in the future? Furthermore, what is the core in UHD education which iseffective to rapidly changing digital technologies? 1. What equipments could be used? Economical plans? 2. How effectively will enormous data be managed? 3. What is the most economical UHD contents productionenvironment?

한국영화산업 발전을 위한 시나리오 표준 포맷 상용화를 위한 연구 - 씨네한글을 중심으로 -

김영철(Kim. Young cheul) 한국영상제작기술학회 2019 영상기술연구 Vol.- No.30

Korean film 100 years, the time is not important, the next 100 years should lay the foundations for the development of the film and video production environment in an efficient and stable environment, emphasizing once again that the beginning is the standardized scenario format "Cine Hangeul". Unreasonable production practices that were not possible due to the lack of standardized scenarios, I would like to know that I am familiar with 52 hours of working environment and can be utilized as an important means to improve the movie production environment that can not be delayed any longer. To this end, government-level support and active use by the private sector should be encouraged. In order to do this, it is necessary to unify the scenarios in the various support projects of the Korea Film Council, and to unify the scenarios of the domestic investment and production companies into Cine-Hangul. The cost of this policy seems to be desperate because of the public purpose for the proper development of the Korean video industry. It will also be the rapid propagation of the early version that is currently being developed so that it is easily accessible to anyone writing a scenario in Korea. However, it is necessary to consider whether to construct rational and efficient shooting, editing, and late system through the standardization of the scenarios that are the basis of that. This is because the scenarios are just beginning.

대학 등 영상교육기관들의 입체영상교육의 현안과 과제

김영철(KIM, Young-Cheul) 한국영상제작기술학회 2015 영상기술연구 Vol.- No.22

Digital imaging technology has been rapidly developed with the high-tech industry has been accelerating as much as you can not predict the future. So, how to educate and train human resources to serve the future of the image industry? In an environment of digital technology is transforming at a rapid pace. What is the core of S3D education? 1. What equipments could be used? Economical plans? 2. How effectively will enormous data be managed? 3. What is the most economical S3D contents production environment?

니트로벤젠溶液 및 1,2,4-트리클로로벤젠溶液內에서의 브롬화갈륨과 n-브롬화프로필과의 相互作用

권오천,김영철,이동섭,Oh Cheun Kwun,Young Cheul Kim,Dong Sup Lee 대한화학회 1980 대한화학회지 Vol.24 No.4

니트로벤젠 및 1,2,4-트리클로로벤젠에서의 n-브롬화프로필의 溶解度를 19, 25, 40^{\circ}C$에서 브롬화갈륨이 있을 때와 없을 때에 각각 측정하여 보았다. 브롬화갈륨이 존재하지 않을때에 니트로벤젠에서의 n-브롬화프로필의 溶解度가 1,2,4-트리클로로벤젠에서보다 더 큰 점은 n-브롬화프로필과 니트로벤젠과의 상호작용이 1,2,4-트리클로로벤젠보다 더 강하다는 것을 나타낸다. 브롬화갈륨이 존재할 때에는 溶液內에서 n-브롬화프로필과 브롬화갈륨의 1:1 complex, $n-C_3H_7Br\cdotGaBr_3$가 형성된다. 이 complex의 instability constant K를 계산하였다. $$n-C_3H_7Br\cdotGaBr_3 \rightleftarrows n-C_3H_7Br + \frac{1}{2Ga_2Br_6 }$$또한 이 complex의 解離에 대한 엔탈피, 자유에너지 및 엔트로피도 산출하였다. 브롬화갈륨과 브롬화알킨간의 complex의 안정도는 이들 알킬이온의 안정도와 상대적인 관계가 있다고 본다. The solubilities of n-propyl bromide in nitrobenzene and in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene have been measured at 19, 25 and $40^{\circ}C$ in the presence and absence of gallium bromide. When gallium bromide does not exist in the system, the solubility of n-propyl bromide in nitrobenzene is greater than in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, indicating a stronger interaction of n-propyl bromide with nitrobenzene than with 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. In the presence of gallium bromide, 1: 1 complex $n-C_3H_7Br\cdotGaBr_3$ is formed in the solution. The instability constant K of the complex was evaluated. $$n-C_3H_7Br\cdotGaBr_3 \rightleftarrows n-C_3H_7Br + \frac{1}{2Ga_2Br_6 }$$The change of enthalpy, free energy and entropy for the dissociation of the complex were also calculated. It seems that the stabilities of the complex, gallium bromide with alkyl bromide, are relatively concerned with the stabilities of the alkyl ion.