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김보화(Bohwa Kim) 이화여자대학교 젠더법학연구소 2015 이화젠더법학 Vol.7 No.3
이 글은 광주고등법원 2005. 4. 28, 2005노94 판결과 대법원 2005. 7. 28, 2005도3071판결을 중심으로 「형법」에서 강간죄의 구성요건인 ‘폭행, 협박’, 그리고 ‘항거하기 현저히 곤란한 상태’가 어떻게 해석되고 있는지 살펴보았다. 해당 판결문에서 1, 2심의 재판부는 “피고인이 피해자의 항거를 불가능하게 하거나 현저히 곤란하게 할 정도의 폭행, 협박을 했다는 사실을 인정하기 부족하다.”며 무죄로 판결했다. 그러나 대법원에서는 ‘현저하게 곤란’이라는 부분에 유연성을 둠으로써 ‘강한’ 폭행이나 협박이 아니더라도 피해자가 처한 구체적인 상황을 중심으로 ‘항거하기 현저히 곤란한 상태’에 있었다고 판단하고, 원심판결을 파기했다. 이는 피해자가 처한 구체적인 상황을 중심으로 피해자의 입장을 고려한 판결로서 중요한 의미가 있다. 그 외 강간 판례들을 살펴본 결과 법원은 피해자가 ‘피해자다운 피해자’의 모습을 갖추기를 요구하며 피해자성을 강화해 왔다. 또한 강간죄의 보호법익인 성적 자기결정권은 피해의 연속적 맥락을 간과한 채 개인의 권리 담론에 치중되면서 왜곡된 방식으로 해석되고 적용되는 한계가 존재했다. 그럼에도 불구하고 피해 여성의 경험을 맥락적으로 판단하면서 법을 새롭게 해석한 판례들도 존재한다. 법은 판단의 문제일 뿐 아니라 과정의 문제이고 해석의 문제라는 점에서, 결코 고정되어 있지않기 때문에 대안 모색과 더불어 기존의 법해석을 다른 관점으로 재해석하는 것이 필요하다. 여성주의적 시각으로 법을 바라본다는 것은 자신의 위치에 대한 성찰에서 시작된다. 우리의 언어는 언제든지 남성중심적 언어로 전유될 수 있기 때문에, 관계에 대한 결을 치밀하게 좇아가면서 권력의 배치를 문제삼아야 할 것이다. This study explores juridical interpretations of ‘assault’, ‘threat,’ and ‘a significantly difficult condition to resist,’that constitute actus reus of the crime of rape, by focusing on the Gwang-ju Superior Court Decision, April 28, 2005 (2005no94) and the Supreme Court Decision, July 28, 2005 (2005do3071). The first and second trials ruled the defendant not guilty because ‘it is not enough to admit the fact that the defendant did assault and threatened the victim enough either to disable the victim’s resistance or to make it significantly difficult to resist. However, the Supreme Court annulled the original decisions by judging that the victim was indeed under the significantly difficult condition to resist given that circumstance even though the defendant did not ‘strongly’ assault and threaten the victim. This is an important decision in that it considers the victim’s position in light of contextual circumstances by giving more flexibility to ‘a significantly difficult condition to resist.’Many cases regarding the crime of rape have enhanced the stereotyped images on a female victim who is vulnerable, weak, and pure. Moreover, a concept of sexual self-determination, which is constitutive of the decision of the crime of rape, has have limitation that it focuses on the right of the individual while over looking continual damages of sexual violence. Nonetheless, there are few precedents which reinterpret the law from a gender perspective, implying that the law is not only a matter of decision, but also a matter of process and interpretation. In this sense, It calls for more studies that reinterpret the existing cases of a rape crime against women from a feminist point of view.
김보화(Kim Bohwa),김미영(Kim Miyoung) 전북대학교 교육문제연구소 2014 교육문제연구 Vol.20 No.1
이 연구는 교육과 권력구조와의 관계에 대한 분석을 한 연구이며 연구 대상은 17~19대 국회 교육문화체육위원들을 중심으로 하였다. 연구의 목적은 어느 사회에서든지 엘리트들 간의 네트워크가 사회 전반적인 의사결정에 중요하게 작용하고 그것이 정도의 차이만 있을 뿐 곳곳에서 일어나는 일이라면, 중요한 것은 교육위원회 국회의원들의 그 네트워크의 정도와 양을 살펴보아 그것이 교육에 관련한 여러 가지 사항들에 미치는 영향이 어떠한지를 알아보고자 하는 것이다. 분석 기준은 국회의원(국회 소위원회 중 교육에 관련된 위원회 국회의원들, 각 시기에 따라 명칭 달라 질 수 있음)들의 소속정당, 초ㆍ재선 여부, 출신학교, 전직(前職), 선거구를 조사하였다. 분석 결과, SKY대학 출신을 비롯하여 서울 및 수도권에 지역구를 둔 의원이 가장 많은 것과(83.3%) 박사학위를 소지한 의원이 가장 많은 것으로(석ㆍ박사를 합하면 75%에 이른다.) 볼 때 우리사회에서 고학력이고 특정 대학 출신이 17,18대 국회에서와 마찬가지로 19대 국회에서도 교육문화체육관광위원회에서 주요 의사결정을 하는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 이들 사이의 학연 네트워크가 생성될 가능성이 있음을 엿볼 수 있는 부분이다. 가장 많은 비율을 차지한 정치인 이외에 교육계, 공무원(행정고시), 법조계, 경제인 등 이러한 직업군이 우리 사회에서 어느 정도 직위가 있는 직종임을 고려할 때, 또한 국회 교육위원회의 전직(前職)이 우리사회의 직업의 수를 고려할 때 다양하지 않음을 보아 이들 사이에도 직연 네트워크가 있음을 알 수 있다. Korea is often told as a society of regionalism, school relations, and kinship. The first example is Hana-association, which was organized by the lead of 11th Korea Military Academy cadets in 1963 and two former presidents are in the center. The list and tracks of its members show that they are located in positions such as the president, members of national assembly, minister and mandarins in the Blue House, which are effective for the our societies’ decision making and policy decision. The influence of this organization in modern history may be well understood by the people nowadays. The second example is the marriage stream among the conglomerates, which was issued in a newsmagazine several years ago. According to an article, 361 people that belongs to the conglomerate families can be connected each other by 13 steps in average. It said that the conglomerates, the big three newspaper companies, many politicians, president from the army, and the descendants of pro-Japanese group are involved in like a spider web. Both the Hana-association and the marriage stream creates an ‘inner circle’ that creates their own world. Would this ‘inner circle’ just indicates the familiarity between them? Or would they affect the major decision makings of our society? It is the suspicious part. This study is about the analysis of the relationship between the education and power structure, and the survey was mainly targeted for the Member of 17th-19th National Assembly in Education, Culture and Sports. The purpose of this study is to examine the strength and amount of the network among the members of the Board of Education in the National Assembly, and investigate how they affect on various matters related to education, if a network between the elites takes considerable impact on the overall decision makings in any societies and if it often takes place with differences in order-of-magnitude. The standards of analysis are the party, whether one is a newly-elected or reelected member, alma mater, former career and electoral district of the members of National Assembly.(The members of subcommittee in Education; The title may differ from the periods) According to the results, it seems like that members from specific university with a well education make majority of decision makings in 17th, 18th and 19th National Assembly in Education, Culture and Sports since the 83.3% of the members graduated universities located in Seoul and capital area, including Seoul National University, Korea University, and Yonsei University, and 75% of the members had Master or Doctoral degrees. This data suggests that the network of school relations might be present among them. The former career of the Board of Education members in the National Assembly shows narrow spectrum, and majority of the former careers were high ranked positions like politician, educational circle, mandarin, judical officers and economic forces, implying the presence of job relations.
외상환자의 한국형 중증도 분류와 손상중증도 점수체계의 비교
최윤희 ( Choi Yoonhee ),김보화 ( Kim BoHwa ),신지은 ( Shin Jieun ),장명진 ( Jang MyungJin ),이은자 ( Lee Eunja ) 경희대학교 동서간호학연구소 2022 동서간호학연구지 Vol.28 No.1
Purpose: We compared the Korean Triage and Acuity Scale (KTAS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), and Revised Trauma Score (RTS) determined the validity of KTAS for classifying trauma patients. Methods: A retrospective chart review of 10,865 trauma patients (aged ≥15 years) who visited a single regional trauma and emergency medical center from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2020, was conducted. Data were collected from the Korean Trauma Data Bank. Based on KTAS classification, the rates of intensive care unit admission, surgery and intervention, transfusion, emergency room (ER) and hospital mortality, and ER stay time were investigated. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, receiver operating characteristic curve, and area under the ROC curve. Results: In the KTAS, severe trauma patients (ISS ≥16) were classified as Level 1 (79.6%), 2 (44.8%), 3 (15.5%), 4 (4.0%) and 5 (7.6%). The following were the predictive powers of KTAS, ISS, and RTS for different parameters: surgery and intervention rate, KTAS (.71), ISS (.70), and RTS (.63); transfusion rate within 4h, KTAS (.82), ISS (.82), and RTS (.74); ER stay time within 90 min, KTAS (.72), ISS (.62), and RTS (.56); and ER mortality, KTAS (.84), ISS (.72), and RTS (.88). These findings were statistically significant (p<.001). The sensitivity and specificity of KTAS for trauma patients were .88 (.87~.90), and .38 (.37~.39), respectively. Conclusion: KTAS is a useful classification system that can predict the clinical outcomes of patients with trauma, and effectively triage acutely ill trauma patients, thus provide appropriate treatment.