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강창용(Kang Changyong),서대석(Suh Daeseok) 한국농촌경제연구원 2015 한국농촌경제연구원 정책연구보고서 Vol.- No.-
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), which has been implemented since 2003, aims to minimize the consumption of resources that can cause environmental problems and to maximize recycling through mandatory recycling. EPR is a system in which producers bear the costs for collecting and recycling goods and packing materials in optimal ways. Discarded agricultural materials, including plastic waste and fertilizer and feed sacks, have gradually become subject to EPR. They have been changed from the objects of the waste disposal charge system to those of voluntary agreements or EPR. The Korean government has set the rates of mandatory recycling for each of goods and packing materials and treatment costs per unit weight. And mutual aid associations by related item and the Korea Recycling Service Agency are operating this system. In the case of agricultural films, producers picked up and recycled discarded films from 2008 to 2014 through voluntary agreements. The films became the object of the waste disposal charge system in 2015, and will be the subject of alloted charges for recycling after 2016. For the recycling of scrapped sacks of inorganic fertilizers, manufacturers have payed alloted charges for recycling to the mutual aid association through voluntary agreements. However, there are conflicts over discarded sacks of organic by-product fertilizers owing to various problems in the system implementation and management processes. The organic by-product fertilizer companies, which filed an administrative litigation, argue that the application of EPR is problematic due to lack of PR of the policy and most farmers market transaction. The United States and Japan have clear principles and goals of EPR application. In the two countries, goods transacted in the market are excluded from the subjects of control; the Polluter Pays Principle is applied; systems different from general cases are utilized for agriculture and rural areas; and direct subsidies are also provided in consideration of farmers difficulty. These features show the policies different from Koreas. Therefore, if EPR is applied to agricultural materials in the future, a close examination of the following and differentiated application are needed. 1) Because the treatment process of discarded agricultural materials in rural regions is very different from that of general products, it is necessary to seek special ways to promote their recycling. 2) The Polluter Pays Principle and the principle of exclusion from control targets in the case of market transaction should be applied to scrapped agricultural materials. 3) Administrative agencies active participation is necessary, and the governments support may be needed. 4) In managing the items of discarded agricultural materials subject to EPR, an organization independent of the existing organization should be recognized, because the occurrence and treatment methods of them are different from those of general products and packing materials. In the future, more agricultural materials discarded in rural areas will be the objects of EPR. Thus, it is important to apply the logical and field-oriented system. The unilateral, uniform application of the system and policy implementation may cause results different from the promotion of recycling. It is necessary to seek methods to apply the reasonable EPR system through surveys on items of related scrapped agricultural materials and types of packing materials, and investigations into the current state of relevant treatment and treatment costs.
김석현 ( Suhkhyun Kim ),서강철 ( Gangcheol Seo ),강창용 ( Changyong Kang ) 한국농업경제학회 2021 農業經濟硏究 Vol.62 No.4
In this study, we determine cost minimizing machinery selections for rice farming by solving mixed integer programs with various acreage constraints. Results indicate that small farms can lower costs by hiring customized machinery operations including plowing, rotary tillage, transplanting, harvesting. Farms equipped with large size farm machines can earn extra income and save fixed costs by providing customized services for neighboring small farms. The optimal size of a single paddy farm is found to be 45 to 50 hectares. Policy support is needed for improving machine performance that can lead to increased optimal acreage as well as decreased cost.