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금기용 ( Ki Yong Keum ),서위연 ( Wee Yeun Seo ) 서울시정개발연구원 2008 연구보고서 Vol.2008 No.23
The balance of international payments on travel services in Korea recorded the biggest deficit over US$10 billion in 2007, which is a hundred times larger than that in 2001. Although international flows including visitors, business persons, tourists, and any other type of travelers should be taken for granted in the trend of globalization and liberalization, the fact that the growth of international visitors into Korea has been sluggish during the past six years is actually a serious problem. When comparing it to near countries in East Asian area, the seriousness of Korean inbound situation becomes more obvious. While an annual average increase of Korean inbound tourists since 2000 was 2.7 per cent, the growth rates in other countries were all over 5 per cent, such as China 8.0%, Japan 7.2%, Taiwan 5.1%, and Hong Kong 11.6%. The Korean growth rate was the lowest among the East Asian countries. Recently, several global private companies or institutions investigating urban consumer prices have released that the price level in Seoul is higher than that of Paris, London, New York, or Tokyo. For example, according to the "Cost of living 2007" report by Mercer Human Resource Consulting, Seoul is the third most expensive city among 143 cities worldwide. It goes with Business Travel News which reported Seoul as the most expensive city in Asia. However, these international price reports by private companies are quite different from those by international institutions including UN and OECD. To investigate actual tourism prices in Seoul, this study examined 10 major global cities. The result shows that Seoul`s average hotel price ranks the 9th, which is 55.3 per cent lower than New York`s level in real relative price based on PPP and exchange rate, The price basket of 5 tourists food items in Seoul reaches mid-lower level in terms of absolute price and medium level in relative price. This empirical result is much different from those of international price-investigating private companies but similar to those of international institutions. For these international private companies, the Seoul city government should cooperate to provide those institutions with relevant data for correct price evaluation of Seoul, Consequently, the essence of current issue regarding Seoul tourists accommodation is not the high price but the abnormal structure of hotel supply in Seoul, Seoul city government should reconsider its policy to lower hotel price through tax reduction, but the city should rather expand and help medium and low priced hotels, As for the tourists food price which is slightly higher than hotel price in Seoul, the city government should try to stabilize facility rent because most tourists food facilities are tenants and need to minimize the food material costs pertaining to distribution, customs clearance, and other market restrictions.
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법랑질 표면의 탈회 및 재광화 후 EPMA (electron probe micro-analysis)를 이용한 칼슘, 인, 불소 변화의 정량적 분석
홍경식,허복,이찬영,금기연,Hong, Kyoung-Sik,Hur, Bock,Lee, Chan-Young,Keum, Ki-Yeon 대한치과보존학회 2001 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.26 No.5
The aim of this in vitro study was to analyze the composition of human tooth enamel in terms of three components, Ca, P, and F after demineralization and remineralization in acid buffer solution. A total of 8 human premolars without any defects and cracks were selected and buccal and lingual sides of the teeth were cleaned with an ultrasonic device and pumice without fluoride 5$\times$5mm windows were opened, and other areas were completely covered with 3-coats of nail varnish to prevent from being in contact with demineralized and remineralized solutions. After demineralization process, each tooth was sectioned into two slices, highly polished one of them with$\gamma$-alumina, and then analyzed the composition of the demineralized tooth with EPMA(electron probe micro-analyzer). The other slices were put into the remineralized solution for 10 days, polished, and analyzed in the same manner. These data were statistically analyzed with one sample t-test(p<0.05). The results were as follows. 1. Normal tooth enamel consists of 49.76% Ca, 39.80% P, and 0.28% F. 2. After demineralization, percentage of Ca and P ratio were decreased by about 5.57 and 5.07% respectively. Percentage of F ratio was also decreased by about 0.01%, which was not statistically significant. 3. After remineralization, percentage of Ca, P increased about by 4.47 and 4.35% respectively Percentage of F decreased by about 0.01%, which was not statistically significant. In conclusion, remineralized solution used in our study has the potential to induce the uptake the Ca and P into the pore sites of the demineralized enamel. But, in the oral cavity. there were rapid temperature change, organic matrix that inhibits the movement of the ions, and limitation of continuous contact with this remineralized solution. Therefore, further in vivo study is necessary.
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법량질 표면의 탈회 및 재광화 후 EPMA (electron probe micro-analysis)를 이용한 칼슘, 인, 불소 변화의 정량적 분석
홍경식,허복,이찬영,금기연 대한치과보존학회 2001 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.26 No.5
The aim of this in vitro study was to analyze the composition of human tooth enamel in terms of there components, Ca, P, and F after demineralization and remineralization in acid buffer solution. A total of 8 human premolars without any defects and cracks were selected and buccal and lingual sides of the teeth were cleaned with an ultrasonic device and pumice without fluoride. 5×5mm windows were opened, and other areas were completely covered with 3-coats of nail varnish to prevent from being in contact with demineralized and remineralized solutions. After demineralization process, each tooth was sectioned into two slices, highly polished one of them withγ-alumina, and then analyzed the composition of the demineralized tooth with EPMA(electron probe micro-analyzer) . The ocher slices were put into the remineralized solution for 10 days, polished, and analyzed in the same manner. These data were statistically analyzed with one sample t-test(p<0.05) . The results were as follows. 1. Normal tooth enamel consists of 49.76% Ca, 39.80% P, and 0.28% F. 2. After demineralization, percentage of Ca and P ratio were decreased by about 5.57 and 5.07% respectively. Percentage of F ratio was also decreased by about 0.01%, which was not statistically significant. 3. After remineralization, percentage of Ca, P increased about by 4.47 and 4.35% respectively. Percentage of F decreased by about 0.01%, which was not statistically significant. In conclusion, remineralized solution used in our study has the potential to induce the uptake the Ca and P into the pore sites of the demineralized enamel. But, in the oral cavity, there were rapid temperature change, organic matrix that inhibits the movement of the ions, and limitation of continuous contact with this remineralized solution. Therefore, further in vivo study is necessary.
DBpia
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