The Evolution of Military Doctrine of the Chinese PLA from 1985 to 1995

( Yun Zhu Yao ) 한국국방연구원 1995 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.7 No.2

The last decade witnessed the most drastic change in the military doctrine of the Chinese People`s Liberation Army (PLA). These fundamental changes were initiated by Deng Xiaoping at the enlarged Conference of the Party Central Military Commission in mid-1985. Ensuing defense debates focused on the reassessment of China`s security environment, the definition of China`s future international role, the analysis of real and potential security threats, the development of a new war vision, and the calculation of ways and means to conduct future wars. Although China described its external environment as "the best since 1949," it still perceives serious security challenges. Therefore the PLA, far from being threat-free, has to adapt its military doctrine along with changes in its situation assessment and threat perception. The disintegration of the Soviet Union, the astounding results of the Gulf War and the priority shift in China`s resources allocation, combine to provide further incentives for the reorientation of PLA doctrine. By late 1991 or early 1992, a new war vision, dubbed by the PLA as "limited war under high-tech conditions" took clear shape. This type of war is one that the PLA might have to fight in a restricted area in China or along its periphery, with potential adversaries who have or are gaining high-tech capabilities, over interests China considers vital, for objectives China thinks achievable. While the limited war theory is being gradually conceptualized, traditional PLA military thinking as embodied in the People`s War Doctrine and the Active Defense Military Strategy come under increased questioning. The inherent total war nature of the People`s War does not fit readily into a limited war scenario. Some of the principles specified in the Active Defense Strategy have to be revised to adapt to modern conditions. However, most PLA theorists argue that the basic tenets of the PLA`s orthodox doctrine apply to high-tech war as well. It seems to be too early to conclude that the PLA has abandoned its traditional military doctrine altogether.

Analysis of the Genome Sequence of Strain GiC-126 of Gloeostereum incarnatum with Genetic Linkage Map

( Wan-zhu Jiang ),( Fang-jie Yao ),( Ming Fang ),( Li-xin Lu ),( You-min Zhang ),( Peng Wang ),( Jing-jing Meng ),( Jia Lu ),( Xiao-xu Ma ),( Qi He ),( Kai-sheng Shao ),( Asif Ali Khan ),( Yun-hui Wei 한국균학회 2021 Mycobiology Vol.49 No.4

Gloeostereum incarnatum has edible and medicinal value and was first cultivated and domesticated in China. We sequenced the G. incarnatum monokaryotic strain GiC-126 on an Illumina HiSeq X Ten system and obtained a 34.52-Mb genome assembly sequence that encoded 16,895 predicted genes. We combined the GiC-126 genome with the published genome of G. incarnatum strain CCMJ2665 to construct a genetic linkage map (GiC-126 genome) that had 10 linkage groups (LGs), and the 15 assembly sequences of CCMJ2665 were integrated into 8 LGs. We identified 1912 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci and detected 700 genes containing 768 SSRs in the genome; 65 and 100 of them were annotated with gene ontology (GO) terms and KEGG pathways, respectively. Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) were identified in 20 fungal genomes and annotated; among them, 144 CAZymes were annotated in the GiC-126 genome. The A mating-type locus (MAT-A) of G. incarnatum was located on scaffold885 at 38.9 cM of LG1 and was flanked by two homeodomain (HD1) genes, mip and beta-fg. Fourteen segregation distortion markers were detected in the genetic linkage map, all of which were skewed toward the parent GiC-126. They formed three segregation distortion regions (SDR1-SDR3), and 22 predictive genes were found in scaffold1920 where three segregation distortion markers were located in SDR1. In this study, we corrected and updated the genomic information of G. incarnatum. Our results will provide a theoretical basis for fine gene mapping, functional gene cloning, and genetic breeding the follow-up of G. incarnatum.

Improvement of Fumigaclavine C Production in a Two-stage Culture of Aspergillus fumigatus with Molasses as a Cost-effective Ingredient

Yi-Xiang Zhu,WEIWEI HUAN,Ling-yun Yao,Wan-Guo Yu,Ruihua Jiao,Yan-Hua Lu,Renxiang Tan 한국생물공학회 2015 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.20 No.6

Fumigaclavine C (FC), which is produced by Aspergillus fumigatus, is a conidiation-associated ergot alkaloid with significant medical benefits. However, its application is restricted by low yields from submerged cultures. In this study, the technical feasibility of using molasses as a cost-effective ingredient for FC production in a two-stage culture of A. fumigatus was evaluated. The results indicated that molasses supplementation significantly enhanced FC accumulation by promoting conidiation and up-regulating hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity. Via the optimization of the two-stage process in the presence of molasses, FC production in shake flasks reached 226.9 mg/L, which was approximately three times that in the original medium (75.9 mg/L). The use of molasses as a cost-effective ingredient for FC fermentation was also successfully reproduced in a lab-scale bioreactor system in which the maximum FC production reached 215.0 mg/L. The FC production obtained in this study is the highest ever reported. This increased efficiency will enable large-scale production of FC and extend the application of molasses as a low-cost substrate for producing other conidiation-related secondary metabolites.

A Novel Method to Estimate the System Damping After Generator Tripping

Bin Zi-Jun,Liu Yun,Hao Si-Peng,Zhu Xin-Yao,Kong Xiang-Ping,Wang Ming-Shen 대한전기학회 2023 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.18 No.2

Generator tripping strategies are generally decided by offline transient stability analysis. However, traditional methods can hardly ensure dynamic stability after GT. Simulation tests show that GT strategies change the topology and the state variables of a power system, which may weaken the system damping after GT. In order to estimate the system damping, this paper proposes a time-varying linearized model under unsteady states based on the virtual equilibrium point (VEP) theory. Then, the changes in dynamic characteristics caused by GT can be represented by the eigenvalues at VEPs before and after GT. An inertia equivalence system is mathematically formulated to analyze the effects of generator inertia, damping ratio, and controllers. Two indices are designed to estimate the system damping changes. Based on the indices, a framework is proposed to improve the current GT strategy decision-making system. The sensitivity analysis and the fault scanning verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method and indices.

Dimethyl Cardamonin Exhibits Anti-inflammatory Effects via Interfering with the PI3K-PDK1-PKCα Signaling Pathway

( Wan-guo Yu ),( Hao He ),( Jing-yun Yao ),( Yi-xiang Zhu ),( Yan-hua Lu ) 한국응용약물학회 2015 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.23 No.6

Consumption of herbal tea [flower buds of Cleistocalyx operculatus (Roxb.) Merr. et Perry (Myrtaceae)] is associated with health beneficial effects against multiple diseases including diabetes, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease. Emerging evidences have reported that High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is considered as a key late proinflammatory factor by its unique secretion pattern in aforementioned diseases. Dimethyl cardamonin (2′,4′-dihydroxy-6′-methoxy-3′,5′-dimethylchalcone, DMC) is a major ingredient of C. operculatus flower buds. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of DMC and its underlying molecular mechanisms were investigated on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages. DMC notably suppressed the mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and HMGB1, and also markedly decreased their productions in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Intriguingly, DMC could notably reduce LPS-stimulated HMGB1 secretion and its nucleo-cytoplasmic translocation. Furthermore, DMC dose-dependently inhibited the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), and protein kinase C alpha (PKCα). All these data demonstrated that DMC had anti-inflammatory effects through reducing both early (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and late (HMGB1) cytokines expressions via interfering with the PI3K-PDK1-PKCα signaling pathway.

Dimethyl Cardamonin Exhibits Anti-inflammatory Effects via Interfering with the PI3K-PDK1-PKCα Signaling Pathway

Yu, Wan-Guo,He, Hao,Yao, Jing-Yun,Zhu, Yi-Xiang,Lu, Yan-Hua The Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology 2015 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.23 No.6

Consumption of herbal tea [flower buds of Cleistocalyx operculatus (Roxb.) Merr. et Perry (Myrtaceae)] is associated with health beneficial effects against multiple diseases including diabetes, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease. Emerging evidences have reported that High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is considered as a key "late" proinflammatory factor by its unique secretion pattern in aforementioned diseases. Dimethyl cardamonin (2',4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone, DMC) is a major ingredient of C. operculatus flower buds. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of DMC and its underlying molecular mechanisms were investigated on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages. DMC notably suppressed the mRNA expressions of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and HMGB1, and also markedly decreased their productions in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Intriguingly, DMC could notably reduce LPS-stimulated HMGB1 secretion and its nucleo-cytoplasmic translocation. Furthermore, DMC dose-dependently inhibited the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), and protein kinase C alpha (PKC${\alpha}$). All these data demonstrated that DMC had anti-inflammatory effects through reducing both early (TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6) and late (HMGB1) cytokines expressions via interfering with the PI3K-PDK1-PKC${\alpha}$ signaling pathway.