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Leisure Patterns and Socio-Economic Determinants : A Study on Korean Immigrants in Western Australia
Sul, Sooyoung,Tcha, MoonJoong 중앙대학교 호주학연구소 2000 Journal of Australian studies Vol.7 No.1
Summary It is very difficult to find relevant literature which systematically analysed leisure patterns of ethnic groups in Australia, especially in Western Australia, although Australia consists of many different ethnic groups. This study investigates some important topics related to the leisure activity of Korean immigrants in Western Australia, which is, as far as I understand, the first attempt to analyse this ethnic group in Australia. From the exploration of data collected from 77 Korean immigrants in Western Australia, many valuable and notable findings were discovered. The issues raised and examined in this paper include their socio-demographic characteristics, measures of the degree of acculturation such as language and culture, current patterns of leisure participation, and the interrelation between all the variables mentioned previously. This study found that, overall, both the frequency of participation (how frequently each participant participates in the leisure activity) and the number of participants (how many immigrants participate in the leisure activity) are considerably low for most leisure activities. It is also found that the frequency of participation is the highest for Home based leisure activities, and the lowest for Sport activities. The frequency of participation in Social/entertainment/recreation activity is in between the two categories of leisure activities. In terms of the frequency or the number of participation, Korean immigrants and Australians show similar patterns (where the results for Australians are from other studies), however, Koreans prefer more inactive leisure activities. The two groups share five leisure activities among the top ten activities in terms of the numbers of participants. If the frequency of participation is concerned, the two groups share eight activities among top ten activities. In sport activities, overall participation (both in terms of frequency and the number of participants) is considerably low, especially for some sports which are popular in Australia, such as cricket, net ball and squash. The top five sport activities for Korean immigrants with the largest participants are swim/dive/water polo, fishing, golf, ten pin bowling and tennis. For these select activities, in contrast to other general sport activities, the frequency of participation is very high. Korean immigrants have a narrow selection of sport activities in terms of participation. However, once they participate, they show 'maniac'(highly intensive) patterns of participation in terms of frequency. It can be concluded that for relatively inactive leisure activities, where most of them are in Home-based and Social/entertainment/recreation activities, both Korean immigrants and Australians share similar patterns. However, for Sport activities, they are rather different: Korean immigrants participate in a relatively narrow range of sports compared to Australians, but their frequency for those sports is very high. The effect of socio-demographic characteristics of immigrants on leisure participation was found effective in a very limited degree. Participation into only 22 leisure activities (out of 88) was reported to be significantly correlated with the variation in at least one socio-demographic characteristic. It needs further investigation what other variables can explain the patterns of leisure participation better
( Haram Kong ),( Do-won Jeong ),( Namwon Kim ),( Sugyeong Lee ),( Sooyoung Sul ),( Jong-hoon Lee ) 한국미생물생명공학회 2022 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.32 No.4
We evaluated the antibiotic susceptibilities, hemolytic activities, and technological properties of 36 Staphylococcus xylosus strains and 49 S. pseudoxylosus strains predominantly isolated from fermented soybean foods from Korea. Most of the strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamycin, kanamycin, lincomycin, oxacillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim. However, 23 strains exhibited potential phenotypic acquired resistance to erythromycin, lincomycin, and tetracycline. Based on breakpoint values for staphylococci from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, >30% of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin and penicillin G, but the population distributions in minimum inhibitory concentration tests were clearly different from those expected for acquired resistance. None of the strains exhibited clear α- or β-hemolytic activity. S. xylosus and S. pseudoxylosus exhibited salt tolerance on agar medium containing 20% and 22% (w/v) NaCl, respectively. S. xylosus and S. pseudoxylosus strains possessed protease and lipase activities, which were affected by the NaCl concentration. Protease activity of S. pseudoxylosus was strain-specific, but lipase activity might be a characteristic of both species. This study confirms the potential of both species for use in high-salt soybean fermentation, but the safety and technological properties of strains must be determined to select suitable starter candidates.