순막조건화에서의 적핵과 소뇌 중간핵의 기능

김현택,최준식,김기석 한국심리학회 1996 한국심리학회지 생물 및 생리 Vol.3 No.1

토끼 순막조건화에 관여하는 뇌간과 소뇌의 구조물들의 기능을 검토하고자 뇌간의 대표적 운동핵인 적핵과 소뇌의 심부핵 중 하나인 중간핵을 연구대상으로 선정하였다. 실험 1에서는 조건자극으로 400msec동안의 정현파 청각자극을 제시하고 무조건자극으로는 뇌간의 운동핵이며 순막반응의 출력핵이라고 알려진 적핵에 자극용 전극을 삽입하여 전기자극을 가함과 동시에 각막 공기분사를 복합적으로 제시하면서 전형적인 지연조건화를 시켰다. 그리고 소거시에는 조건자극과 함께 적핵전기자극만을 제시하였다. 이와함께 조건반응의 신경적 가소성 형성의 후보구조물로 알려진 중간핵에 기록용 전극을 삽입하여 조건화동안의 중간핵 뉴런들의 다단위 활동을 기록하였다. 실험 결과 적핵자극은 조건화의 습득과 소거에 유의미한 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 따라서 적핵은 순막조건화에서는 단순운동 출력핵임을 확인하였다. 그와 함께 소뇌 중간핵에서의 다단위활동의 기록은 이 핵이 조건반응이 형성되는 가소성구조물 또는 그 출력을 받는 구조물임을 입증해 주었다. 실험 2에서는 조건자극 및 무조건자극복합은 실험 1과 동일하게 하였다. 단지 소뇌 중간핵에 자극전극을 삽입하여 전기자극을 가하면서 조건화를 시킨 점만 다를 뿐이다. 결과를 보면 중간핵을 자극하면 순막조건화의 습득에서 유의미한 지체를 보였고 소거에서 유의미한 촉진을 보였다. 이는 중간핵이 조건반응의 형성 및 해제에 중요한 역할을 하는 구조물임을 시사하는 것이다. The red nucleus and the cerebellar interpositus nucleus were successively investigated in terms of multiple plastic structures mediating the classical conditioning of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response (NMR). In experiment 1, monopolar tungsten stimulating electrodes and low-impedance monopolar tungsten recording microelectrodes were chronically implanted into the red nucleus and the interpositus nucleus respectively. All animals were trained with delay conditioning paradigm. In order to investigate any involvment of the red nucleus in the conditioning of NMR, animals of the experimental group were trained with the tone conditioned stimulus (CS) (400msec, 1㎑, 85㏈, sine wave) and unconditioned stimulus (US) consisted of the electrical stimulation of the red nucleus (100msec, 400㎐, pulse width 0.1msec, 60~150㎂) and simultaneous corneal airpuff(100msec, 100g/㎠) in the five aquisition sessions. In two successive extinction sessions, the animals were trained with the tone CS and the electrical stimulation US of the red nucleus alone. Animals of the control group were trained with the tone CS and the corneal airpuff US in the same aquisition sessions and with the tone CS alone in the same extinction sessions. Results showed that the electrical stimulation US of the red nucleus neither facillitates the learning rate in the aquistion stage nor maintains the conditioned response(CR) in the extinction stage. It may be concluded that the red nucleus is a mere output structure and is not an essential one in the neural network mediating the conditioning of NMR. Multiple unit activity(MUA) recorded from the cerebellar interpositus nucleus was processed to 16msec-bin histogram and the NMR was averaged in each session. The averaged NMR was highly correlated with the histogram and the histogram of MUA preceded the averaged NMR. This supports the previous reports that the cerebellar interpositus nucleus may be the neural substrate of the conditioning of NMR. In experiment 2, stimulating electrodes and recording microelectrodes were chronically implanted into the cerebellar interpositus nucleus and the red nucleus respectively. All training methods were identical with the experiment 1, except for exchanging the stimulating target structure for the recording one. Results showed that the electrical stimulation US of the cerebellar interpositus nucleus severely retarded the aqusition of the CR. It is concluded that the cerebellar interpositus nucleus may be a structure of plasticity included in an essential neural network mediating the conditioning of NMR. Possible interpretations of the result, concerning the side effect of the electrical stimulation and the function of the inferior olive-cerebellar cortex-interpositus nucleus-inferior olive recurrent loop, are discussed.

순막반응의 조건화에 관여하는 신경회로에서의 부외전핵의 역할

김현택,이두현,최준식,김기석 한국심리학회 1990 한국심리학회지 생물 및 생리 Vol.2 No.1

토끼의 소뇌 중간핵에서 순막조건화 기간동안 다단위 기록을 하였다. 다단위 활동은 학습의 초기에는 조건자극과 무조건자극에 대한 유발반응만을 보였으나 학습이 진행됨에 따라 증가하였다. 이 다단위 활동을 회기별로 16msec bin 히스토그램을 작성하여 회기별 순막반응 평균치와 교차 상관값을 구하니 상당한 정도의 상관을 보였으며 더우기 다단위 활동의 히스토그램이 평균화된 순막반응을 수십 msec 앞섰다. 이런 결과는 중간핵의 다단위 활동이 학습의 신경적 지표가 되며 중간핵은 순막조건화의 신경적 근저가 될 수 있음을 보여주었다. 몇몇 연구에서는 부외전핵 또는 외전핵에 무조건 자극으로 전기자극을 주어 순막조건화가 가능하였다고 보고하고 있으므로 본 연구는 이 부외전핵이 단순한 반응의 출력핵에 불과한지 또는 습득된 순막조건화의 파지에 필요한지를 밝히고자 하였다. 그래서 조건화정도의 지표로서 행동적 순막반응과 중간핵 다단위 활동의 히스토그램을 관찰하면서 학습이 진행된후 부외전핵을 손상시켰다. 손상후 행동적 순막반응은 크게 감소하거나 사라졌지만 중간핵에서의 다단위 활동은 여전히 형성된 순막조건화가 건재함을 보여 주었다. 이 결과로서 부외전핵은 단순운동출력핵이며 순막조건화의 파지에 관여하는 부위가 아니라고 결론지었다. Multiple unit activity(MUA) was recorded from the cerebellar dentato-interpositus nucleus during classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response(NMR) in the rabbit with a tone conditioned stimulus(CS) and an airpuff unconditioned stimulus(US). The MUA was processed to 16msec bin histogram and the NMR was averaged in each session respectively. The result showed that The averaged NMR was highly correlated with the histogram and that the histogram of MUA preceded the averaged NMR by several tens millisecond. This supports the previous reports that dentato-interpositus nucleus may be the neural substrate of the NMR conditioning. In some studies, it was reported that the stimulation of accessory abducens nucleus as US can support the NMR conditioning. So, one purpose of this study was the examination of the role of accessory abducens nucleus in the NMR conditioning. Following days of aquisition, the nucleus was lesioned electrolytically. The result showed that the lesion abolished both conditioned and unconditioned responses, but MUA recorded from deutatointerpositus nucleus maintains the same level as it prior to lesion. Results suggest that accessory abducens nucleus is merely motor output nucleus and isn't involved in the retention of the NMR conditioning.

Effect of pulverizing method on the particle size of matured silkworm powder

Kim, Su-Bae,Kim, Kee-Young,Ji, Sang-Deok,Kim, Seong-Wan,Kim, Nam-Suk,Jo, You-Young,Kim, Jong-Gil,Kim, Young-Guk,Koo, Hui-Yeon,Moon, Hyung-Chul,Seok, Young-Seek,Lee, Hyun-Tai Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2018 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.37 No.2

Recently matured silkworm powder was developed by RDA. In this study, the effect of pulverizing method on the particle size of matured silkworm powder was examined. FESEM was performed to observe the morphology and to measure the particle size of silkworm powder. Particle morphology of air-jet mill pulverized powder was round and smooth, however, those of roller-mill and hammer-mill pulverized mature silkworm was more harsh and square. Particle size was varied with pulverizing technique as follows; $1.1{\mu}m$ (air-jet mill), $10{\mu}m$ (roller mill), and $120{\mu}m$ (hammer mill), respectively. A proximate analysis results of air-jet mill powder showed that crude protein, crude lipid, crude fiber, and ash was 73%, 12%, 1.95%, and 3.4%, respectively. According to our results, air-jet mell technique might be used to make a tiny matured silkworm powder.

흰다리새우 Litopenaeus vannamei의 생존과 혈장 삼투질 조절에 미치는 수온과 염분의 영향

김대현(Dae-Hyun Kim),김봉래(Bong-Rae Kim),김종식(Jong-Seek Kim),서형철(Hyung-Cheul Seo),김수경(Su-Kyoung Kim),김종화(Jong-Hwa Kim),장인권(In-Kwon Jang) 한국수산과학회 양식분과 2004 韓國養殖學會誌 Vol.17 No.4

Effect of pulverizing method on the particle size of matured silkworm powder

( Su-bae Kim ),( Kee-young Kim ),( Sang-deok Ji ),( Seong-wan Kim ),( Nam-suk Kim ),( You-young Jo ),( Jong-gil Kim ),( Young-guk Kim ),( Hui-yeon Koo ),( Hyung-chul Moon ),( Young-seek Seok ),( Hyun- 한국잠사학회 2018 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.37 No.2

Recently matured silkworm powder was developed by RDA. In this study, the effect of pulverizing method on the particle size of matured silkworm powder was examined. FESEM was performed to observe the morphology and to measure the particle size of silkworm powder. Particle morphology of air-jet mill pulverized powder was round and smooth, however, those of roller-mill and hammer-mill pulverized mature silkworm was more harsh and square. Particle size was varied with pulverizing technique as follows; 1.1 μm (air-jet mill), 10 μm (roller mill), and 120 μm (hammer mill), respectively. A proximate analysis results of air-jet mill powder showed that crude protein, crude lipid, crude fiber, and ash was 73%, 12%, 1.95%, and 3.4%, respectively. According to our results, air-jet mell technique might be used to make a tiny matured silkworm powder.

Estrogenic Activity of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Parabens Based on the Stably Transfected Human Estrogen Receptor-α Transcriptional Activation Assay (OECD TG 455)

Kim, Tae-Sung,Kim, Chang-Yeong,Lee, Hae-Kyung,Kang, Il-Hyun,Kim, Mi-Gyeong,Jung, Ki-Kyung,Kwon, Yong-Kwan,Nam, Hye-Seon,Hong, Soon-Keun,Kim, Hyung-Sik,Yoon, Hae-Jung,Rhee, Gyu-Seek Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2011 Toxicological Research Vol.28 No.3

Screening of estrogenic activity on dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), dichloro diphenyl dichloro ethylene (DDE), dieldrin, heptachlor, aldrin, chlordane, lindane, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and parabens was compared using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) test guideline 455 (TG455). The estrogenic activity of DDT was 58,000-fold ($PC_{50}$, $1.67{\times}10^{-6}$ M) less than $17{\beta}$-estradiol($E_2$) ($PC_{50}$, $2.88{\times}10^{-11}$ M) but DDE, dieldrin, heptachlor, aldrin, chlordane, lindane and PBDE did not show any estrogenic activity in this assay system. In the case of paraben compounds, the rank of relative transcriptional activation (logRTA) was butyl paraben -1.63752 ($PC_{50}$, $1.25{\times}10^{-7}$ M) > isobutyl paraben -2.34008 ($PC_{50}$, $6.3{\times}10^{-7}$ M) > ethyl paraben -2.64016 ($PC_{50}$, $1.26{\times}10^{-6}$ M) > isopropyl paraben -2.73993 ($PC_{50}$, $1.58{\times}10^{-6}$ M) > propyl paraben -2.84164 ($PC_{50}$, $2.0{\times}10^{-6}$ M). Our data suggest that OECD test guideline TG455 may be useful as a screening tool for potential endocrine disruptors.

Efficiency increase of baculovirus expression system by removing Ac-ORF72

Hyun Soo Kim,Jong Ho Lee,Kyu Seek Kim,Ra Mi Woo,Soo Dong Woo 한국응용곤충학회 2023 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2023 No.04

Effects of repeated burst sequence on the p10 promoter activity of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus

Hyun Soo Kim,Cheol June Choi,Jin Yong Lee,Ho Young Ji,Kyu Seek Kim,Thida Win,Jong Ho Lee,Hyuk Jin Moon,Dong Hyun Lee,Soo Dong Woo 한국응용곤충학회 2021 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2021 No.04

Reduced Number of Endothelial Progenitor Colony-Forming Units in Patients with Preeclampsia

Kim, Shin-Young,Park, So-Yeon,Kim, Jin-Woo,Lee, Mi-Bum,Han, You-Jung,Ahn, Hyun-Kyong,Choi, Jun-Seek,Han, Jung-Yeol,Kim, Moon-Young,Choi, Kyu-Hong,Ryu, Hyun-Mee Korean Society of Medical Genetics and Genomics 2010 대한의학유전학회지 Vol.7 No.2

Purpose: Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which mediates neovascularization of uterine endometrium may be involved in the neovascularization in the utero-placental circulation. Low numbers of endothelial progenitor colony-forming unit (CFU) in culture are predictive biomarker of vascular disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the number of CFU in preeclampsia differed from that in normal pregnancy. Materials and Methods: Women with singleton normal (n=26) or preeclamptic (n=20) pregnancies were studied during the third trimester. The number of EPCs was quantified by CFU methodology. Plasma levels of angiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), and placental growth factor (PlGF) were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Results: CFU numbers were significantly decreased in the preeclamptic patients compared with the controls (median, 3; range 1-12 vs. 31; 3-81 CFU/well, P<0.001). A majority of the cells comprising individual colonies were positive for endothelial characteristics (Ulex europaeus lectin staining and acetylated low-density lipoprotein uptake). Plasma levels of the sFlt-1 were highly elevated (P<0.001) in patient with preeclampsia compared to controls, whereas PlGF were highly reduced (P=0.004), but these factors did not associate with CFU numbers. Conclusion: Our results suggest that reduced numbers of CFU obtained from maternal peripheral blood may contribute to the development of preeclampsia. 목 적: 자궁내막의 신혈관 형성을 조정하는 혈관내피전구세포는 자궁-태반 순환에서의 신혈관 형성에 관여하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 혈관내피전구세포의 정량적 지표로 사용되는 집락생성단위(CFU)의 감소는 혈관질환의 예측 표지자로서 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 정상 산모와 자간전증 산모 간에 CFU의 수적인 차이를 비교해 보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 임신말기의 단태 정상 산모 26명과 자간전증산모 20명을 대상으로 혈관내피전구세포의 수를 CFU로 정량화하였다. 효소면역분석법을 이용하여 혈장내의 VEGF와 sFlt-1, PlGF 농도를 분석하였다. 결 과: CFU의 수는 정상 산모에 비해 자간전증 산모에서 매우 감소하였다[median value: 3 (range: 1-12) vs median value: 31(range:3-81) CFU/ well, P<0.001). 집락을 구성하는 대부분의 세포는 혈관내피세포의 특징적인 성질을 보였다(Ulex europaeus lectin의 발현 및 acetylated lowdensity lipoprotein의 섭취). 혈장내의 sFlt-1 농도는 정상 산모에 비해 자간전증 산모에서 매우 높은 반면(P<0.001), PlGF의 농도는 매우 낮았으며(P=0.004), sFlt-1과 PlGF의 농도는 CFU의 수와 연관성이 없었다. 결 론: 산모 말초혈액내의 CFU의 수적 감소가 자간전증 발생에 기여할 것으로 생각된다.

The prelimbic cortex is critical for context-dependent fear expression

Kim, Eun Joo,Kim, Namsoo,Kim, Hyun Taek,Choi, June-Seek Frontiers Media S.A. 2013 Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience Vol.7 No.-

<P>The ability to regulate emotional responses in various circumstances would provide adaptive advantages for an individual. Using a context-dependent fear discrimination (CDFD) task in which the tone conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with the footshock unconditioned stimulus (US) in one context but presented alone in another context, we investigated the role of the prelimbic (PL) cortex in contextual modulation of the conditioned fear response. After 3 days of CDFD training, rats froze more to the CS presented in the fearful than in the safe context. Following bilateral lesions of the PL, rats showed similar levels of freezing to the CS in both contexts, in contrast to the sham-lesioned control animals. The lesions did not impair the rats' ability to discriminate contexts <I>per se</I>, as indicated by intact differential responses in a separate experiment which employed a simple context discrimination task. Consistent with the lesion data, single-unit recordings from the PL showed that the majority of CS-responsive neurons fired at a higher rate in the fearful context than in the safe context, paralleling the behavioral discrimination. Taken together, the current results suggest that the PL is involved in selective expression of conditioned fear to an explicit (tone) cue that is fully dependent on contextual information.</P>