Nature-based Tourism in Small Islands Adjacent to Jakarta City, Indonesia : A case study from Seribu Islands

Luchman Hakim,Sun-Kee Hong,Jae-Eun Kim,Nobukazu Nakagoshi 한국습지학회 2007 한국습지학회지 Vol.9 No.1

In this paper, the nature-based tourism is described as one of the tools to achieve sustainable development in small islands. The study was carried out at Ayer, Bidadari and Onrust Islands of Kepulauan Seribu chains at Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. While the historical records show that previous uses of such islands have started at sixteen century, tourism uses was started at the beginning of 1970s. Among nature-based tourism destination in Kepulauan Seribu chains, these islands are the famous destinations and received a lot of tourists. Tourism growth at these islands has stimulated development of numerous tourism facilities and infrastructure to meet visitor satisfaction. It is observed in this study that island’s site-plan destination design has contributed to the successful and sustainability of tourism in small island. The key success lies on the successful integration and implementation of three substantial perspectives into practices, namely economic, ecosystem and social perspectives. First, in order to enhance economic benefits, a site-plan design allowing floating cottages establishment to extent room availability, to build strong images as tropical paradise islands, and to enhance tourist satisfaction with the objectives of improving income and sustaining tourist loyalty to the destination. This design is also reducing land risk from tourism impact and it becomes the significant key of second perspective, the ecosystem perspective. Moreover, the ecosystem perspective has been implemented through native vegetation preservation that led island’s wildlife conservation and became potential tourism attraction. The design also develops effective mechanism to manage and regulate visitor flows by establishing visitor track corridors. In implementation, such corridor plays an important role to reduce tourist density in single places and therefore become instrument to reduce severe visitor impact to wildlife, vegetation and heritages of islands. Third, the social aspect of development allowing heritages to conserve and furthermore serve numerous benefits for education, socio-political, culture, and historical studies. Through this study, it is clear that the success of these islands to continuous tourism growth lies on the island’s vision to integrate economic, ecosystem and social perspectives on tourism evelopment.

Challenges for conserving biodiversity and developing sustainable island tourism in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

Hakim, Luchman,Soemarno, Marno,Hong, Sun-Kee The Ecological Society of Korea 2012 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.35 No.2

Recent conditions in North Sulawesi Province (NSP) have become favorable for the development of tourism. In this paper, we present the recent status of biodiversity and tourism in NSP as a basic consideration towards integrative biodiversity conservation strategy. Overall, biological accounts suggest that NSP is important for the world biodiversity conservation program. NSP's biodiversity makes the area a major nature-based tourism (ecotourism) site in the world. Development of diverse tourism programs in NSP has provided new opportunities for balancing development and conservation of regional ecosystems. However, the excessive tourism growth in some particular areas in NSP has been identified as the primary factor of environmental degradation. Nowadays, biodiversity of North Sulawesi regions are suffering from the number of tourist impacts and facilities. Based on those conditions, tourism planning and development in NSP is needed to formulate a proper strategy to protect the ecosystem and biodiversity from degradation and extinction. This will be a new challenge of sustainable island tourism development and biodiversity conservation in NSP.

Cultural Landscape and Ecotourism in Bali Island, Indonesia

Hakim, Luchman,김재은,홍선기 한국생태학회 2009 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.32 No.1

This paper describes the role of ethnoecology in supporting tourism. We conducted a case study on the island of Bali (Indonesia), the famous tourism destination. We review the culture, nature and ecotourism prospects of Bali and then extend our discussion to examine the role of indigenous philosophies in building the destination’s image. Bali has a rich culture and natural resources that have been utilized and managed through an indigenous philosophy called Tri Hita Karana. Ethnoecology is widely applied and appreciated in the society and has produced Balinese cultural landscapes that have become significant tourism attractions. There has been a recent increase in tourist desire to explore genuine Balinese culture, so ethnoecology has a significant role in the quest to preserve and conserve such indigenous cultural landscapes. Ethnoecology is a key to ensuring and sustaining the images and authenticity of Bali Island. In this paper, we considered the landscape of rice paddies as a cultural landscape and resource for tourism. The structure and function of paddy terrace landscapes is based on the ethnoecology of Tri Hita Karana; therefore, in order to understand nature and ecotourism in Bali Island, knowledge of indigenous philosophy is indispensable. Cultural landscapes that link human and natural systems are not only places of natural beauty but also provide background information about the history of human adaptations to nature. This paper describes the role of ethnoecology in supporting tourism. We conducted a case study on the island of Bali (Indonesia), the famous tourism destination. We review the culture, nature and ecotourism prospects of Bali and then extend our discussion to examine the role of indigenous philosophies in building the destination’s image. Bali has a rich culture and natural resources that have been utilized and managed through an indigenous philosophy called Tri Hita Karana. Ethnoecology is widely applied and appreciated in the society and has produced Balinese cultural landscapes that have become significant tourism attractions. There has been a recent increase in tourist desire to explore genuine Balinese culture, so ethnoecology has a significant role in the quest to preserve and conserve such indigenous cultural landscapes. Ethnoecology is a key to ensuring and sustaining the images and authenticity of Bali Island. In this paper, we considered the landscape of rice paddies as a cultural landscape and resource for tourism. The structure and function of paddy terrace landscapes is based on the ethnoecology of Tri Hita Karana; therefore, in order to understand nature and ecotourism in Bali Island, knowledge of indigenous philosophy is indispensable. Cultural landscapes that link human and natural systems are not only places of natural beauty but also provide background information about the history of human adaptations to nature.

Nature-based Tourism in Small Islands Adjacent to Jakarta City, Indonesia: A case study from Seribu Islands

Hakim, Luchman,Hong, Sun-Kee,Kim, Jae-Eun,Nakagoshi, Nobukazu Korean Wetlands Society 2007 한국습지학회지 Vol.9 No.1

In this paper, the nature-based tourism is described as one of the tools to achieve sustainable development in small islands. The study was carried out at Ayer, Bidadari and Onrust Islands of Kepulauan Seribu chains at Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. While the historical records show that previous uses of such islands have started at sixteen century, tourism uses was started at the beginning of 1970s. Among nature-based tourism destination in Kepulauan Seribu chains, these islands are the famous destinations and received a lot of tourists. Tourism growth at these islands has stimulated development of numerous tourism facilities and infrastructure to meet visitor satisfaction. It is observed in this study that island's site-plan destination design has contributed to the successful and sustainability of tourism in small island. The key success lies on the successful integration and implementation of three substantial perspectives into practices, namely economic, ecosystem and social perspectives. First, in order to enhance economic benefits, a site-plan design allowing floating cottages establishment to extent room availability, to build strong images as tropical paradise islands, and to enhance tourist satisfaction with the objectives of improving income and sustaining tourist loyalty to the destination. This design is also reducing land risk from tourism impact and it becomes the significant key of second perspective, the ecosystem perspective. Moreover, the ecosystem perspective has been implemented through native vegetation preservation that led island's wildlife conservation and became potential tourism attraction. The design also develops effective mechanism to manage and regulate visitor flows by establishing visitor track corridors. In implementation, such corridor plays an important role to reduce tourist density in single places and therefore become instrument to reduce severe visitor impact to wildlife, vegetation and heritages of islands. Third, the social aspect of development allowing heritages to conserve and furthermore serve numerous benefits for education, socio-political, culture, and historical studies. Through this study, it is clear that the success of these islands to continuous tourism growth lies on the island's vision to integrate economic, ecosystem and social perspectives on tourism development.

인도네시아 동자바의 텡거마을의 문화경관과 관광 -생태관광계획에 대한 영향-

( Luchman Hakim ),홍선기 ( Sun Kee Hong ),김재은 ( Jae Eun Kim ),( Nobukazu Nakagoshi ) 한국환경생태학회 2008 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.22 No.3

자연 환경을 이용한 관광은 많은 열대 지역 국가에서 활성화되고 있으며 중요한 국가의 수익이 되고 있다. 그럼에도 불고하고 환경과 문화 자원에 미치는 관광의 영향은 관광산업의 지속 가능성과 경쟁력을 위협하고 있다. 그러므로 환경과 문화적으로 민감한 관광 지역에 대한 적합한 계획과 관리는 지역의 경제적 수익과 더불어 지역 문화와 환경을 균형 있게 유지하기 위해서 필수적인 사항이다. 이 논문의 목적은 사회 문화 자원과 자연 자원을 결정하기 위한 관광사업의 관행을 탐구하는 것이다. 또한 문화 경관에 대한 주민 인식을 평가함과 더불어 지속 가능한 관광을 성취하기 위한 적절한 전략을 수립하기 위하여 미래의 관광자원 개발에 대한 논의를 하는 것이다. 본 연구는 인도네시아 East Java 지역의 Bromo Tengger Semeru 국립공원(BTSNP)에 있는 Tengger 고산 마을에서 진행되었다. 문헌 자료와 주민 인터뷰를 통하여 최근 관광 현황과 자원 활용에 관한 내용을 파악하였다. 관광 개발에 대한 주민의 관점, 문화 보전, 문화 경관 보호에 관한 사항을 주민 인터뷰와 설문지를 이용하여 얻었다. 식생 정보를 이용하여 최근 환경의 상황도 파악하였다. 조사 결과 BTSNP와 지역 주민의 정신적 문화 자원인 Tengger Caldera지역의 관광은 현저하게 증가하고 있었다. 문화와 자연 자원의 풍부성은 지속 가능한 관광을 위한 중요한 자본이다. 주민들은 관광 사업이 주민들에게 이익을 주고 자연을 보전하고, 마을 주민들의 지속 가능한 전통적 생활을 보장하도록 계획되어야 함을 주장하고 있다. 이 연구에서는 문화 경관의 지속 가능한 관광을 위한 전략을 수립하기 위해서는 긍정적인 사회적 인식과 자연ㆍ문화자원에 대한 고유적인 특성의 보전이 필요함을 설명하고 있다. 끝으로 이러한 관점에서 지역 주민의 이익을 높이고 문화와 문화 경관을 균형 있게 보호하기 위한 생태적 장치가 필요하다. Tourism in the natural environment grows significantly and in many tropical countries it becomesthe important earning of the nations. Nevertheless, tourism impact to environment and cultural values has become the threats to the sustainability and competitiveness of such industry. Therefore, the appropriate planning and management of tourism destination sites where environmentally and culturally fragile are needed in order to increase economic benefits, sustain local culture and conserve environment in balance. The aims of the paper are to examine tourism practices, to determine socio-cultural and natural resources, and to assess local people perception to cultural landscape and its future tourism development in order to formulate the appropriate strategies to achieve sustainable tourism. A case study was carried out at Tengger highland, Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park(BTSNP) East Java. Official documents were gathered and interviews with several key persons had conductedto determine recent status of tourism, resources capital and the existence of local people. Semi-structured interviews and questionnaires were carried out at Tenggerese villages to explore local people perspectives to tourism development, culture preservation, and cultural landscape conservation issues. It is followed by descriptive analysis of vegetation to assess the recent status of environments based on vegetation information. Our findings reveals that tourism grows significantly at BTSNP, and Tengger Caldera as spiritual and cultural sites for local people become the centre for tourism activities. The abundance cultural and natural resources are the significant capital for sustainable tourism. Tenggerese argues that tourism should be planned to provide benefits to local people, preserve tradition and able to conserve nature in order to ensure the living sustainability of Tenggerese. The overall result of the study provide general feature of recent status of the cultural and natural resources as well as positive society perception in order to establish a strategy for sustainable tourism in cultural landscape.

Challenges for conserving biodiversity and developing sustainable island tourism in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

홍선기,Luchman Hakim,Marno Soemarno 한국생태학회 2012 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.35 No.2

Recent conditions in North Sulawesi Province (NSP) have become favorable for the development of tourism. In this paper,we present the recent status of biodiversity and tourism in NSP as a basic consideration towards integrative biodiversity conservation strategy. Overall, biological accounts suggest that NSP is important for the world biodiversity conservation program. NSP’s biodiversity makes the area a major nature-based tourism (ecotourism) site in the world. Development of diverse tourism programs in NSP has provided new opportunities for balancing development and conservation of regional ecosystems. However, the excessive tourism growth in some particular areas in NSP has been identified as the primary factor of environmental degradation. Nowadays, biodiversity of North Sulawesi regions are suffering from the number of tourist impacts and facilities. Based on those conditions, tourism planning and development in NSP is needed to formulate a proper strategy to protect the ecosystem and biodiversity from degradation and extinction. This will be a new challenge of sustainable island tourism development and biodiversity conservation in NSP.

Ethnobotanical study on local cuisine of the Sasak tribe in Lombok Island, Indonesia

Kurniasih Sukenti,Luchman Hakim,Serafinah Indriyani,Y. Purwanto,Peter J. Matthews 한국식품연구원 2016 Journal of Ethnic Foods Vol.3 No.3

Background: An ethnobotanical study on local cuisine of Sasak tribe in Lombok Island was carried out, as a kind of effort of providing written record of culinary culture in some region of Indonesia. The cuisine studied included meals, snacks, and beverages that have been consumed by Sasak people from generation to generation. Objective: The aims of this study are to explore the local knowledge in utilising and managing plants resources in Sasak cuisine, and to analyze the perceptions and concepts related to food and eating of Sasak people. Methods: Data were collected through direct observation, participatory-observation, interviews and literature review. Results: In total 151 types of consumption were recorded, consisting of 69 meals, 71 snacks, and 11 beverages. These were prepared with 111 plants species belonging to 91 genera and 43 families. Fabaceae contributed the highest number of species to the cuisine. Cocos nucifera had the highest Index of Cultural Significance value and highest number of reported uses. Apparently traditional social and cultural values are still closely associated with Sasak food and eating. Conclusion: Sasak people interpret their food not only as a material for supporting life, but also as a means to maintain a good balance between humans, environment, and spiritual needs.