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Effect of Shield Line on Noise Margin and Refresh Time of Planar DRAM Cell for Embedded Application
Junghwan Lee,Seongdo Jeon,장성근 한국전자통신연구원 2004 ETRI Journal Vol.26 No.6
In this paper we investigate the effect of a shield metal line inserted between adjacent bit lines on the refresh time and noise margin in a planar DRAM cell. The DRAM cell consists of an access transistor, which is biased to 2.5V during operation, and an NMOS capacitor having the capacitance of 10fF per unit cell and a cell size of 3.63 μm2. We designed a 1Mb DRAM with an open bit-line structure. It appears that the refresh time is increased from 4.5 ms to 12 ms when the shield metal line is inserted. Also, it appears that no failure occurs when Vcc is increased from 2.2 V to 3 V during a bump up test, while it fails at 2.8 V without a shield metal line. Raphael simulation reveals that the coupling noise between adjacent bit lines is reduced to 1/24 when a shield metal line is inserted, while total capacitance per bit line is increased only by 10%.
Printed cylindrical lens pair for application to the seam concealment in tiled displays
Lee, Seunghwan,Lee, Seungjae,Yoon, Hyungsoo,Lee, Chang-Kun,Yoo, Chanhyung,Park, Jongjang,Byun, Junghwan,Kim, Geonhee,Lee, Byeongmoon,Lee, Byoungho,Hong, Yongtaek The Optical Society 2018 Optics express Vol.26 No.2
Introducing paired electric dipole layers for efficient and reproducible perovskite solar cells
Lee, Jong-Hoon,Kim, Junghwan,Kim, Geunjin,Shin, Dongguen,Jeong, Song Yi,Lee, Jinho,Hong, Soonil,Choi, Jin Woo,Lee, Chang-Lyoul,Kim, Heejoo,Yi, Yeonjin,Lee, Kwanghee The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Vol.11 No.7
<P>Elimination of charge trapping at defects is highly challenging for poly-crystalline organometal halide perovskites. Here, we report a new architecture for reinforcing the built-in electric field (<I>E</I>in) across the photoactive layer with a pair of strong electric dipole layers (EDLs). The paired EDLs significantly intensify the <I>E</I>in across the perovskite layer, resulting in suppressed charge trapping of photogenerated charges. As a result, our low-temperature processed P-I-N planar PeSC devices using the paired EDLs exhibit a higher power conversion efficiency (<I>η</I>max ∼ 19.4%) and a smaller device-to-device variation with a standard deviation (S.D.) of 0.70%, which far surpass those (<I>η</I>max ∼ 17.8%, S.D. ∼ 1.1%) of the devices with typical charge transport layers.</P>
Lee, Lim-Kyu,Kim, Ju-Hyun,Kim, Mee-Young,Lee, Jeong-Uk,Yang, Seung-Min,Jeon, Hye-Joo,Lee, Won-Deok,Noh, Ji-Woong,Kwak, Taek-Yong,Jang, Sung-Ho,Lee, Tae-Hyun,Kim, Bokyung,Kim, Junghwan The Society of Physical Therapy Science 2014 JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL THERAPY SCIENCE Vol.26 No.5
<P> [Purpose] An understanding of pain is very important in the study of nanophysiotherapy. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of endothelin-1 (ET-1)- and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-related pain, and suggest their applications in pain physiotherapy. [Method] This review focuses on the signal transduction of pain and its mechanisms. [Results] Our reviews show that mechanisms of ET-1- and MAPK-related pain exist. [Conclusions] In this review article, we carefully discuss the signal transduction in ET-1- and MAPK-related pain with reference to pain nanophysiotherapy from the perspective of nanoparticle-associated signal transduction.</P>
A Selective Retraction-Based RRT Planner for Various Environments
Junghwan Lee,OSung Kwon,Liangjun Zhang,Sung-Eui Yoon IEEE 2014 IEEE transactions on robotics Vol.30 No.4
<P>We present a novel randomized path planner for rigid robots to efficiently handle various environments that have different characteristics. We first present a bridge line test that can identify narrow passage regions and then selectively performs an optimization-based retraction only at those regions. We also propose a noncolliding line test, which is a dual operator to the bridge line test, as a culling method to avoid generating samples near wide-open free spaces. These two line tests are performed with a small computational overhead. We have tested our method with different benchmarks that have varying amounts of narrow passages. Our method achieves up to several times improvements over prior RRT-based planners and consistently shows the best performance across all the tested benchmarks.</P>
Restructuring Learning (Xue 學) on a New Foundation: Zhu Xi’s Reformulation of Gewu 格物 and Zhizhi 致知
( Lee Junghwan ) 성균관대학교 유교문화연구소 2015 儒敎文化硏究(中文版) Vol.0 No.24
本文從新的角度對朱熹論學的第一階段, 卽對“格物、致知”作進行重新解釋, 以此闡明朱熹論“學”的結構特徵。衆所周知, 朱熹對這兩個槪念的解釋源自二程。但到目前爲止, 對於“格物致知”的解釋朱熹在?大程度上沿襲了二程, 仍是一個尙待硏究的問題。在對“格物、致知”做重新解釋的過程中, 朱熹正面挑戰了二程弟子們的權威, 而對《河南程氏遺書》中的相關文字, 根據自己的目的做了有選擇的解釋。爲了不帶偏見地、全面地審視他對“格物致知”的重新解釋, 在本文中, 筆者探討了朱熹爲了凸顯自己“學”的觀點而設定的作爲比照的兩個極端, 卽博學和禪學。 朱熹一方面批評兩者的偏頗, 另一方面, 爲了重新確立“經傳讀書”與“師友講論”作爲知識來源的權威性和妥當性, 他又把博學和禪學兩者納入到“學”中。 由此, 他想要反轉當時被劉子健稱爲“內向化”的程學對內在層次關注的潮流。爲此, 朱熹提出了心、性之內在領域與物之外在領域之間渾然一致的新視角。由此, 本文重新探明了朱熹所提出的豁然貫通, 不是神秘的超越一切的東西, 而是內在領域和外在領域的渾然一致。 This paper aims to shed fresh light on Zhu Xi’s 朱熹 (1130-1200) reformulation of gewu and zhizhi, which he proclaimed was the first and indispensable stage of the sequence of genuine learning, thus revealing the unique characteristics of his scheme of learning. As is well known, he fell back on the authority of the Cheng brothers in interpreting these two key concepts. It remains understudied, however, to what degree, and in what way, Zhu inherited the teaching of the Cheng brothers in interpreting gewu and zhizhi. In so doing, he directly challenged the authority of the direct disciples of the Cheng brothers. He also selected passages from Henan Chengshi yishu in support of his views and modified the Chenge brothers’ ideas to make them better fit to his scheme rather than merely comprehensively representing the Cheng brothers’ thinking about these concepts. In order to fully illuminate Zhu Xi’s reformulations of gewu and zhizhi without bias, the present paper examines the ‘two polarities’―broad learning (boxue 博 學) and Chan Buddhism-oriented learning―against which he sought to contrast his own views. On the one hand, he criticized the one-sidedness of each of them, and on the other, he synthesized these two polarities into a single system so as to reestablish the authority and validity of the classics and discussions between teachers and colleagues as the source of meaningful knowledge. By doing so, he strove to reverse the tendency of focusing on the inner dimension in the Cheng learning tradition, a tendency which James Liu has called “turning inward.” In response to this tendency, Zhu Xi presented a new vision of the integral unity between the inner realms of human nature and the mind and the outer realm of the externals. In this vein, the present paper sheds fresh light on the meaning of “huoran guangtong” 豁然貫通 as “the integral unity,” that which bridges the division between the inner and the outer realms, instead of a mystic transcendence, a “sudden” “lofty” elevation, or the totality of the whole. [Article in Chinese]
Lee, Sunyoup,Kim, Changgi,Lee, Seokhwan,Lee, Jeongwoo,Kim, Junghwan Elsevier Ltd 2020 Fuel Vol.262 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Many previous studies have attempted to substitute diesel fuel with compressed natural gas (CNG) in compression-ignition engines, which can substantially reduce CO<SUB>2</SUB> and soot emissions. However, the CNG substitution rate cannot be maximized due to several restrictions, most prominently the amount of diesel injection. The minimum injection quantity becomes more significant under conditions of lower torque or higher CNG substitution rate. In this study, engine experiments were performed at 0, 70, and 80% CNG substitution rates under various EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) levels in a six-cylinder, 5899-cm<SUP>3</SUP> diesel engine to determine the combustion and emission characteristics at various CNG substitution rates. The 80% CNG case exhibited the highest thermal efficiency and largest CO<SUB>2</SUB> reduction with an elevated combustion noise level of 92.3 dB. The thermal efficiency increase and CO<SUB>2</SUB> reduction with 80% substitution were 2.7% and 18.7%, respectively. A three-dimensional engine combustion simulation was performed to optimize the diesel injector nozzle hole size and rate-of-injection (ROI) for 80% CNG substitution, whereby the mass of diesel injection quantity was reduced to 20% that of the conventional diesel case. The computational result demonstrated that a 25% smaller diameter nozzle (150 μm) with an advanced ROI exhibited a 3.4% increase in the gross indicated mean effective pressure.</P>