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Pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence study of itopride HCl in healthy volunteers
Cho, KyungJin,Cho, Wonkyung,Cha, KwangHo,Park, Junsung,Kim, MinSoo,Kim, JeongSoo,Hwang, SungJoo Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, New York 2010 Arzneimittel Forschung Vol.60 No.3
<P>In the present study two different formulations containing 50 mg itopride HCl (N-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzyl]-3,4-dimethoxybenzamide HCl, CAS 122898-67-3) were compared in 28 healthy male volunteers in order to compare the bioavailability and prove the bioequivalence. The study was performed in an open, single dose randomized, 2-sequence, crossover design in 28 healthy male volunteers with a one-week washout period. Blood samples for pharmacokinetic profiling were drawn at selected times during 24 h. The serum concentrations of itopride HCl were determined using a specific and sensitive HPLC method with fluorescence detection. The detection limit of itopride HCl was 5 ng/ml and no endogenous compounds were found to interfere with analysis. The mean AUC0–24h, AUC0–fi1, Cmax, Tmax and T1/2 were 865.28 ng · h/ml, 873.04 ng · h/ml, 303.72 ng/ml, 0.75 h, and 2.95 h, respectively, for the test formulations, and 833.00 ng · h/ml, 830.97 ng · h/ml, 268.01 ng/ml, 0.78 h, and 2.83 h, respectively, for the reference formulation. Both primary target parameters AUC0fi1 and Cmax were log-transformed and tested parametrically by analysis of variance (ANOVA). 90% onfidence intervals of AUC0fi1 and Cmax ere 100.57%–109.56% and 105.46%–21.18%, respectively, and were in the ange of acceptable limits of bioequivalence 80–125%). Based on these results, he two formulations of itopride HCl are onsidered to be bioequivalent.</P>
Cho, Kyungjin,Choi, Minkyu,Lee, Seockheon,Bae, Hyokwan Elsevier 2018 CHEMOSPHERE - Vol.208 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study investigated the effect of seeding source on the mature anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) bacterial community niche in continuous poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) gel systems operated under high nitrogen loading rate (NLR) condition. Four identical column reactors packed with PVA gels were operated for 182 d using different seeding sources which had distinct community structures. The ANAMMOX reaction was achieved in all the bioreactors with comparable total and ANAMMOX bacterial 16S rRNA gene quantities. The bacterial community structure of the bioreactors became similar during operation; some major bacteria were commonly found. Interestingly, one ANAMMOX species, “<I>Candidatus</I> Brocadia sinica”, was conclusively predominant in all the bioreactors, even though different seeding sludges were used as inoculum source, possibly due to the unique physiological characteristics of “<I>Ca</I>. Brocadia sinica” and the operating conditions (i.e., PVA gel-based continuous system and 1.0 kg-N/(m<SUP>3</SUP> <B>·</B>d) of NLR). The results clearly suggest that high NLR condition is a more significant factor determining the final ANAMMOX community niche than is the type of seeding source.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Four up-flow bioreactors inoculated with different seeding sludges were compared. </LI> <LI> High NRR was established in the bioreactors with comparable ANAMMOX gene quantity. </LI> <LI> The bacterial community structures of the reactors became similar during operation. </LI> <LI> “<I>Candidatus</I> Brocadia sinica” became absolutely predominant in the bioreactors. </LI> <LI> Seeding source effect on final ANAMMOX community was negligible. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
A Study on Family Caregiver Support Programs in the U.S.A.: The Case of the State of Georgia
Cho, Kyungjin,Kim, Yun-Jung The Korean Home Economics Association 2016 International Journal of Human Ecology Vol.17 No.2
This is a descriptive study that introduces programs that support family caregivers looking after the elderly, by focusing on the case of Georgia, in the United States. The U.S. is one of the few countries that support family caregivers by law. In this study, we focus on the evidence-based interventions implemented through the Alzheimer's Disease Supportive Services Program (ADSSP), a federal policy that complements the National Family Caregiver Support Program (NFCSP). Our findings show that one-on-one evidence-based programs (EBPs) for family caregivers are both economical and effective in assisting caregivers. In our discussion, we highlight how the implementation of the latest EBPs can build an infrastructure to support family caregivers. ADSSP funding is useful as it constructs a caregiver support through the implementation of programs in the local community. The result is the creation of a well-coordinated division of labor among government agencies, academia and NGOs, which produces a synergetic effect in funding, research and development, translation and implementation of programs, and staff training. We conclude that the implementation of EBPs funded by the government is a useful reference for Korea and other rapidly aging countries, if we are to create an infrastructure for caregiver support, which can effectively prevent a crisis in caregiving.
Cho, Kyungjin,Choi, Minkyu,Jeong, Dawoon,Lee, Seockheon,Bae, Hyokwan Pergamon Press 2017 Chemosphere Vol.185 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The process performance and microbial niche of anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) bacteria were compared in two identical bioreactors inoculated with different inoculum sources (i.e., pre-cultured ANAMMOX bacteria: PAB and activated sludge: AS) entrapped in poly(vinyl alcohol)/sodium alginate (PVA/SA) gel beads for a long-term period (i.e., 1.5 years). The start-up period with AS was longer than that with PAB; however, both bioreactors were successfully operated over the long-term with stable ANAMMOX activity. After long-term operation, the 16S rRNA gene concentration of ANAMMOX bacteria in both bioreactors was significantly increased, and thereby became comparable. In addition, <I>Candidatus</I> Jettenia sp. became the dominant ANAMMOX species in both bioreactors. Our results suggested that the ANAMMOX performance and microbial niche of ANAMMOX bacteria became nearly identical during long-term operation despite the use of different inoculum sources. Therefore, the use of PVA/SA gel beads entrapping AS appears to be a relevant option for constructing an ANAMMOX process in places where a full-scale ANAMMOX process has never been done previously.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Two ANAMMOX processes inoculated with different seed sources were compared. </LI> <LI> The ANAMMOX processes were successfully operated long-term. </LI> <LI> The ANAMMOX process inoculated with AS was successfully started up within 93 days. </LI> <LI> The ANAMMOX 16S rRNA gene copies of the reactors became comparable after 1.5 years. </LI> <LI> <I>Candidatus</I> Jettenia sp. was dominant in both PVA/SA gel beads ANAMMOX processes. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Cho, Kyungjin,Jeong, Yeongmi,Seo, Kyu Won,Lee, Seockheon,Smith, Adam L.,Shin, Seung Gu,Cho, Si-Kyung,Park, Chanhyuk Elsevier 2018 Bioresource technology Vol.256 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>An anaerobic ceramic membrane bioreactor (AnCMBR) has been attracted as an alternative technology to co-manage various organic substrates. This AnCMBR study investigated process performance and microbial community structure at decreasing temperatures to evaluate the potential of AnCMBR treatment for co-managing domestic wastewater (DWW) and food waste-recycling wastewater (FRW). As a result, the water flux (≥6.9 LMH) and organic removal efficiency (≥98.0%) were maintained above 25 °C. The trend of methane production in the AnCMBR was similar except for at 15 °C. At 15 °C, the archaeal community structure did not shifted, whereas the bacterial community structure was changed. Various major archaeal species were identified as the mesophilic methanogens which unable to grow at 15 °C. Our results suggest that the AnCMBR can be applied to co-manage DWW and FRW above 20 °C. Future improvements including psychrophilic methanogen inoculation and process optimization would make co-manage DWW and FRW at lower temperature climates.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Low-temperature anaerobic ceramic membrane bioreactor was evaluated. </LI> <LI> AnCMBR for treating a dilute FRW and domestic wastewater mixture. </LI> <LI> AnCMBR was successfully applied at ambient temperature for co-managing DWW and FRW. </LI> <LI> Microbial community structure was shifted by the temperature changes. </LI> <LI> Methanogenic activity was inhibited at 15 °C in AnCMBR treatment. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>