17세기 초 서애학단(西厓學團)과 상주지역 사회의 재건

김형수 ( Hyeongsu Kim ) 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2015 民族文化硏究 Vol.69 No.-

16세기에 본격적으로 성장하기 시작한 사림세력은 임진왜란을 거치면서경상도 지역에서 지역사회 주도세력으로 확고히 자리를 잡게 되었다. 임진왜란은 조선 역사에서 매우 중요한 사건이었다. 이후 사족들이 지역에서의주도권을 잡게 된 것에는 임진왜란 당시 사족들의 의병활동에도 상당한 원인이 있었다. 상주지역 사족들은 임란 초기 구심점을 잃고 山谷으로 피신하였으나, 7월부터 각 지역에서 의병 起義가 이루어지자 상주지방에서도 李逢의 倡義軍과 金覺의 尙義陣, 金弘敏의 忠報軍 등 여러 방면에서 의병이 조직되게 되었다. 이렇게 조직된 의병들은 각각 매복전을 시행하여 상당한 성과를 올렸다. 이들은 상호 연합을 시도하기도 하였으나, 관군에의 의존도가 높았기때문에 독자적인 성과를 크게 올리지는 못하였다. 그러나 이들 상주 사족들의 의병활동은 전쟁이 종식된 후 향촌에서 그들의 주도권을 확립하는 중요한 계기가 되었다. 임진왜란이 종식되자 상주지역의 사림들은 지역사회의 재건을 도모하였다. 상주지역의 재건과정은 주로 의병에 참여했던 인사들을 중심으로 이루어졌다. 도남서원의 창건을 발의한 것은 정경세를 비롯한 상주 사족들로 류성룡의 문인으로 좌정한 자들이 중심이었다. 정경세와 전식 등 상주지역 서애학단 사림들은 도남서원을 창건하여 상주지역 퇴계학파의 구심점으로 삼고자 했던 것이다. 이는 정경세를 비롯한 상주사림들이 상주에 연고가 없는 五賢을 상주의 서원의주향으로 세우고자 한 목적이기도 했다. 정경세는 같이 의병활동을 했던 宋亮·金覺 등 6인과 더불어 공동으로 서원 창건을 발의하고, 창건통문을 직접 작성하였다. 이러한 정경세 등의 서원건립 시도는 당시 목사였던 김상용과 충돌을빚게 되었다. 정경세를 비롯한 서애문인들은 도남서원을 상주지역의 교화의 중심지로 삼고자 하였지만, 목사 김상용은 향교의 재건이 우선되어야 한다고 주장하였다. 이전·이준 형제가 전쟁 이후 상주지역에서 향안의 중수·향약을 우선 시행하고자 하였던 것도 지역 차원에서 교화를 통한 전후 복구를 중시한 상주지역 서애문인들의 향촌관과 밀접한 관련이 있었다. 상주지역의 서애문인들은 상주지역의 현안이 전쟁으로 황폐해진 전답 등을 蘇復하여야 하는 것임을 인지하고 있었다. 그러나 전쟁으로 인한 충격은 이들에게 경제적인 蘇復보다는 다른 차원의 질서를 건립하도록 하였다. 전쟁과정에서 나타난 인륜의 파괴는 이들에게 매우 충격적인 것이었다. 이들은 결국 임란이후 질서 재편에서 가장 중요한 과제로 예교의 복원을 들고, 이를 위하여 서원의 창건과 향안의 중수 및 향약의 실시를 시도하였던 것이다. Sarim(士林) power that had developed substantially in the 16th century formed a firm leading force in the Gyeongsang region through Japanese invasions of Korea(壬辰倭亂). Japanese invasions of Korea was a highly important affair for the Joseon Dynasty. Since then, that local elite, Sajok (士族), hold leading power was affected by the voluntary army activity of local elite. In the Sangju region, Sarim(士林) fled into mountains in the early of Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592. However, Changyeugun(倡義軍) of Lee Bong(李逢), Sangyeugun(尙義軍) of Kim Kak(金覺), and Chungbogun(忠報軍) of Kim Hongmin(金弘敏), etc. formed voluntary armies in various areas of Sangju after voluntary army activity was started in many areas of the country in July. Voluntary armies of Sangju region achieved considerable success by laying an ambush. They tried to unite against Japan but did not achieve independent success for their overdependence on royal army(官軍). However, the voluntary army activity of local elite in the Sangju region served to solidify their leading force in local community(鄕村) after the war. As Japanese invasions of Korea came to an end, Sarim of Sangju pushed ahead with the reconstruction of local community. The reconstruction of Sangju region was progressed by scholars who had involved in voluntary armies. Local elite of Sangju community including Jeong Kyeongsyeo(鄭經世) who had studied under Ryu Seongyoung(柳成龍) initiated the establishment of Donam Seowon(道南書院). Sarim of Seoae Group including Jeong Kyoungsyeo and Jeon Sik(全湜), etc. intended to get a central position of Teoyeo School through the establishment of Donam Seowon. For this rea-son, sarim of Sangju region including Jeong Kyeongsyeo(鄭經世) tried to appoint the Five Sages(五賢) as the master of Confucian rites who did not have any connection in the Sangju areas. Jeong Kyeongsyeo initiated the establishment of seowon with six scholars including Song Ryang(宋亮) and Kim Kak(金覺) who had joined in the voluntary army. The attempt for establishment of seowon by Jeong Kyoungsyeo came into conflict with Kim Sangyoung(金尙容) the then provincial governer(牧使). Seoae School Ties (西厓學團) intended to make Donam Seowon as a central institute of edification(敎化) in the Sangju region. Lee Jeon(李전) and Lee Jun(李埈) tried to remake list of Sajok and started Hyangyak, which was closely associated with the values of Seoae Group which took count of edification in the local community after the war. The scholars of Seoae Group(西厓門人) acknowledged that social issue of Sangju region was the reconstruction of farmlands devastated by the war. The impact of the war required the restoration of order on another level rather than economic recovery. The destruction of humanity during the war was terribly shocking to them. The scholars of Seoae Group determined the restoration of enlightment for civility(禮敎) as the most important task for restoration of social order after Japanese invasions of Korea. Therefore, they focused their efforts on the construction of seowon, repairing of hyangan(local sajok register), and the implementation of Hyangyak(鄕約).

Evaluation of the hypertension disease management program in Korea.

Kim, Younmi,Lee, Kunsei,Shin, Eunyoung,Kim, Hyeongsu,Kyung Ja June Science Press 2010 Asia-Pacific journal of public health Vol.22 No.3

<P>This study evaluated how the Hypertension Disease Management Program (HDMP) affects patient's blood pressure, knowledge, health behaviors, and use of medical services. Evaluation was performed by 2 measures, which were before and after comparison within the management group (n = 210) and comparison between the management group and control group (n = 1050) in 2005. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure of management group significantly decreased from 137.5 and 86.0 mm Hg to 131.2 and 83.8 mm Hg (P < .001, P < .01), respectively. Dieting, snack control, consumption of low-sodium meals, low-cholesterol meals, and fruits or vegetables, regular checking of blood pressure, and stress management techniques significantly increased after HDMP. However, there was no significant difference in the use of medical service between the disease management group and the control group. This study showed that the HDMP improved lifestyle and reduced blood pressure on the disease management group, but changed neither medical costs nor use of medical services. Long-term evaluation should be performed to determine if the HDMP reduce medical costs and use of medical services.</P>

Factors Affecting the Designation of Cerebrovascular Diseases as Work-Related in Administrative Litigation

Kim, Hyeongsu,Choi, Jaewook,Rim, Hwayoung,Chang, Sounghoon,Lee, Kunsei The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences 2008 JOURNAL OF KOREAN MEDICAL SCIENCE Vol.23 No.2

<P>The purpose of this study was to identify factors that could be used as standardized criteria for evaluating occupational diseases in initial assessments or requests for examination. Using 100 administrative litigation cases on the work-relatedness of cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) by the Seoul Branch of the Korea Labor Welfare Corporation (KLWC) from 1997 to 2002, we estimated the relationship between the investigated variables and designation of the work-relatedness of the CVD. As for the age, the odds ratio of the acceptance rate of a case as work-related in subjects over 60 yr of age was 0.08 (95% CI, 0.01-0.75), which was compared to subjects under 30 yr of age. Regarding working hours, the odds ratio of the acceptance rate of a case as work-related in CVDs in those over 56 hr was 9.50 (95% CI, 1.92-47.10) when compared to those less than 56 hr. As for the benefit type, the odds ratio of the acceptance rate of a case as work-related in medical benefits was 5.74 (95% CI, 1.29-25.54), compared to survivor benefits. As for the criteria for defining situations as work overload, the odds ratio of the acceptance rate of a case as work-related in injured workers was 12.06 (95% CI, 3.12-46.62), compared to that in non-injured workers. Our findings show that the criteria for defining situations of work overload played an important role in assessing the work-relatedness of CVDs in administrative litigation, and it is necessary to make the scientific evidence on judgement of work-relatedness on overwork.</P>

Factors Affecting the Designation of Cerebrovascular Diseases as Work-Related in Administrative Litigation

Hyeongsu Kim,Jaewook Choi,Hwayoung Rim,Sounghoon Chang,Kunsei Le 대한의학회 2008 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.23 No.2

The purpose of this study was to identify factors that could be used as standardized criteria for evaluating occupational diseases in initial assessments or requests for examination. Using 100 administrative litigation cases on the work-relatedness of cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) by the Seoul Branch of the Korea Labor Welfare Corporation (KLWC) from 1997 to 2002, we estimated the relationship between the investigated variables and designation of the work-relatedness of the CVD. As for the age, the odds ratio of the acceptance rate of a case as work-related in subjects over 60 yr of age was 0.08 (95% CI, 0.01-0.75), which was compared to subjects under 30 yr of age. Regarding working hours, the odds ratio of the acceptance rate of a case as work-related in CVDs in those over 56 hr was 9.50 (95% CI, 1.92-47.10) when compared to those less than 56 hr. As for the benefit type, the odds ratio of the acceptance rate of a case as work-related in medical benefits was 5.74 (95% CI, 1.29-25.54), compared to survivor benefits. As for the criteria for defining situations as work overload, the odds ratio of the acceptance rate of a case as work-related in injured workers was 12.06 (95% CI, 3.12-46.62), compared to that in non-injured workers. Our findings show that the criteria for defining situations of work overload played an important role in assessing the work-relatedness of CVDs in administrative litigation, and it is necessary to make the scientific evidence on judgement of workrelatedness on overwork.

A Comparison of Stereoacuity by The Verhoeff Stereoptor and Clinical Stereopsis Tests

HyeongSu KIM,ByeongYeon Moon,DongSik Yu,HyunGug Cho 대한시과학회 2017 대한시과학회지 학술대회 Vol.2017 No.06

Purpose: To examine whether the results of the Verhoeff stereoptor would correlate with those of clinical stereopsis tests used in optometric practice. Methods: This study involved 40 normal young adults, 18 women and 22 men, with ages of 21.82±1.22 years. All participants had visual acuity with better than 0.8 in conditions with or without glasses or contact lenses and they had no strabismus. The stereotests were performed that TNO test and Titmus test were at 40 cm, and Verhoeff stereoptor (a depth of 2.5 mm) and Frisby test (a depth of 6.0 mm) were at depth perception threshold (at closer distances recognizing depth perception). All tests were repeated four times and stereoacuity was expressed by mean seconds of arc. Results: The depth perception threshold were 871.43±243.19 mm in Verhoeff stereoptor and 772.86±439.34 mm in the Frisby test. The depth perception threshold in Verhoeff stereoptor showed a positive correlation with Frisby test (r=0.769, p=0.000). The stereoacuity were 51.30±24.12 seconds of arc in Verhoeff stereoptor, 235.94±292.29 seconds of arc in Frisby test, 100.59±71.10 seconds of arc in TNO Stereotest and 71.90±52.40 seconds of arc in Titmus Stereotest. Conclusions: Verhoeff stereoptor test, examining depth perception has the lowest standard deviation in four different tests and a positive correlation with Frisby stereopsis test.

Aquaponics application research based on biofloc technology aquaculture

Hyeongsu Kim,Ju-Ae Hwang,Donggil Lee,Jeon-Ho Lee 한국수산과학회 양식분과 2021 한국수산과학회 양식분과 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.4

Emerging memory technologies for neuromorphic computing

Kim, Chul-Heung,Lim, Suhwan,Woo, Sung Yun,Kang, Won-Mook,Seo, Young-Tak,Lee, Sung-Tae,Lee, Soochang,Kwon, Dongseok,Oh, Seongbin,Noh, Yoohyun,Kim, Hyeongsu,Kim, Jangsaeng,Bae, Jong-Ho,Lee, Jong-Ho IOP 2019 Nanotechnology Vol.30 No.3

<P>In this paper, we reviewed the recent trends on neuromorphic computing using emerging memory technologies. Two representative learning algorithms used to implement a hardware-based neural network are described as a bio-inspired learning algorithm and software-based learning algorithm, in particular back-propagation. The requirements of the synaptic device to apply each algorithm were analyzed. Then, we reviewed the research trends of synaptic devices to implement an artificial neural network.</P>

Effect of Biofloc system on growth and water quality in Korean bullhead (Pseudobagrus fulvidraco)

Hyeongsu Kim,Wongwan Jeong,Jongsung Park,Na Na Kim,Jeong-Ho Lee 한국수산해양기술학회(구 한국어업기술학회) 2018 한국수산해양기술학회 학술발표대회 Vol.2018 No.11

Fish farm monitoring report for outdoor aquaculture of far eastern catfish Silurus asotus in Korea

Hyeongsu Kim,Jongsung Park,Bokki Choi 한국수산과학회 2023 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.26 No.11

This study aimed to investigate the growth performance of far eastern catfish (Silurus asotus) on outdoor fish farms to obtain basic data for the domestic eastern catfish aquaculture industry. An outdoor fish farm was directly monitored from June 2018 to October 2019 to determine the farming conditions, growth performance, and water quality. The growth performance in 2017 was analyzed using data from the same fish farm. Three years of monitoring showed that the fish farm required approximately 5–6 months between stocking, harvesting, and selling an S. asotus batch. The growth parameters, namely, the weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR) for culture periods, SGR for feeding periods, and feed coefficient rate (FCR), were 4,664.7%, 1.27%, 2.43%, and 1.25 in 2017; 6,452.0%, 1.52%, 2.79%, and 1.42 in 2018; and 3,270.0%, 1.11%, 2.12%, and 1.38 in 2019, respectively. Moreover, the WGR was two-fold higher in 2018 than 2019, whereas the FCR was more effective in 2019 than 2018, presumably because of the stocking density. No mass mortality was observed during the water quality analysis. The results of this study provide basic data for the development of the catfish industry.

임란 전후 한강학단(寒岡學團)의 활동과 성주지역 사족사회의 동향

김형수 ( Kim Hyeongsu ) 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2017 民族文化硏究 Vol.77 No.-

16세기 성주지역은 남명 조식의 고제인 김우옹과 남명과 퇴계의 문하에 모두 출입한 정구, 퇴계문하에 출입한 이순 등이 활동하면서 학문적으로는 남명학파와 퇴계학파의 중간지대에 속하였다. 성주지역은 임진왜란 당시 일본군의 주둔지였으므로 매우 큰 피해를 입었다. 성주지역의 한강학단은 송원기, 이순, 배상룡 등이 의병에 참가하기도 하였으나, 성주를 수복한 것은 정인홍의 역할이 컸다. 그렇기 때문에 임란 이후 성주지방은 정인홍의 강력한 영향력 하에 있었다. 정구와 그의 문인들로 구성된 한강학단은 임진왜란 이후 천곡서원을 중건하고 여씨향약에 기반한 통독지회를 개최하는 등 성주지방을 蘇復하기 위하여 많은 노력을 기울였다. 정구의 향촌사회 소복책은 예안, 상주 등 퇴계학파가 여러 지역에서 실시하였던것과 같은 예교중심의 소복책이었다. 정구의 문인인 송광계도 동약을 실시하는 등 향촌사회의 정비 노력을 경주하였다. 정구 자신도 또한 동약을 실시하여 향촌사회를 재정비하고자 하였다. 그러나 임란 이후 성주지역은 남명 문하의 적전을 표방한 정인홍의 강력한 영향력하에 있었다. 정구 자신은 1610년 발생한 박이립 사건으로 인하여 성주를 떠날 수밖에 없었다. 한강학단은 박이립이 정인홍의 사주로 인하여 고변하였다고 인식하였으며, 정구는 결국 1620년 칠곡의 사빈에서 생을 마감하여야 했다. 정구 사후 정구의 문인들로 이루어진 한강학단은 광해군 14년 정구의 강학지인 회연백매원에 회연서원을 창건하고 인조 5년 정구를 배향함으로써 성주지역에서 한강의 위상을 회복할 수 있었으며, 인조반정 이후 『한강집』 등을 편찬, 출간하여 정구가 의도하였던 향촌사회의 재건 방안을 공인받고자 하였다. 인조반정 후 정인홍을 중심으로 한 대북세력이 몰락하자 성주지방은 정구의 한강학단이 주도권을 장악하게 되었고, 성주 한강학단은 퇴계학맥으로 접맥되어 정치적으로 남인을 표방하게 되었다. The Seongju formed an academic intermediate area between Nammyoung school(南 冥學派) and Toegye school(退溪學派) because Kim Uong(金宇?) of Nammyoung school, Jeong Gu(鄭逑) of Nammyoung and Toegye schools, and Lee Sun(李淳) of Toegye school did active works in the area. Seongju suffered big damage as a base of Japanese military during Japanese invasion in 1592. Although the Hangang school ties of Song Wongi(宋遠器), Lee Sun(李淳), and Bae Sangryong(裵尙龍) in the Seongju area participated in volunteer troops, Jeong Inhong(鄭仁弘) played a considerable role in recapturing Seongju. The situation had led Jeong Inhong to get powerful influence in the area after Japanese invasion in 1592. Jeong Gu and his scholars rebuilt Chunguk Seowon(川谷書院) after the war. They also focused on recovering the Seongju area with holding a Yeo clan’s Hyangyak based perusal meetings. Song Gwanggye(宋光啓) of Jeong Gu school made great efforts to establish hyangchon society with implementing Dongyak(洞約). Jeong Gu also tried to reestablish the society through Dongyak. However, the Seongju area was under Jeong Inhong’s strong influence after Japanese invasion in 1592. Jeong Gu had to leave Seongju because of Park Leelip affair in 1610. The Hangang circle recognized that Park Leelip had reported treason for Jeong Inhong’s instigation. Eventually, Jeong Gu ended his days at Sabin of Chilgok in 1620. Hangang school ties(寒岡學團)’s scholars regained its academic status in the Seongju area as founding Hyiyeon Seowon at th Bakmaewon in the 14th year of Gwanghaegun’s reign and enshrining Jeong Gu in the Seowon in the 5th year of King Injo’s reign. The circle tried to be authorized as a way for reestablishing the local society with publication of‘Hangangjib(寒岡集)’. The Hangang school ties(寒岡學團)’s scholars took the leadership as Daebuk(大北)’s power had been brought to ruin after the coup of 1623. The Hangang school ties’s scholars of Seongju professed Namin politically with carrying on the legacy of Toegye school.