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Kim, Jeonghun,Koh, Jong Kwan,Kim, Byeonggwan,Ahn, Sung Hoon,Ahn, Hyungju,Ryu, Du Yeol,Kim, Jong Hak,Kim, Eunkyoung WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2011 Advanced Functional Materials Vol.21 No.24
<P>An iodine‐free solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cell (ssDSSC) with 6.8% efficiency can be fabricated using conductive polymers and organized mesoporous TiO<SUB>2</SUB>. On page 4633, Eunkyoung Kim, Jong Hak Kim, and co‐workers show the effects of polymer conductivity and transmittance of the interfacial TiO<SUB>2</SUB> layer on energy conversion efficiency. This method can be used for the fabrication of various photovoltaic cells. </P>
Kim, Byeonggwan,Shin, Haijin,Park, Teahoon,Lim, Hanwhuy,Kim, Eunkyoung WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2013 Advanced Materials Vol.25 No.38
<P>The electrochromism and photothermoelectric properties of a poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxyselenophene) derivative are investigated by precisely controlling the morphology and applied electrical potential of the flexible polymer films. On page 5483, Eunkyoung Kim and co‐workers report a highly efficient and flexible photothermoelectric converter using doped poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxyselenophene)s. Efficient visible to near‐infrared absorption, photon to heat, and heat to electric conversion are realized in one polymer film. </P>
Electrochromic Diffraction from Nanopatterned Poly(3-hexylthiophene)
Kim, Yuna,Kim, Yoonjung,Kim, Sehwan,Kim, Eunkyoung American Chemical Society 2010 ACS NANO Vol.4 No.9
<P>Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) films were patterned by a soft lithography technique using a nanopatterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mold to generate one-dimensional (1D) grating and two-dimensional (2D) crossed line pillar patterns. The redox currents (<I>i</I><SUB>p</SUB>) were significantly increased due to the facilitated diffusion of ClO<SUB>4</SUB><SUP>−</SUP> counterions associated with redox processes at the P3HT electrode as analyzing cyclic voltammetry (CV) was performed at different scan rates (ν). It was found that the diffusion coefficient (<I>D</I><SUB>f</SUB>, cm<SUP>2</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP>) for ion diffusion in the patterned electrode was much larger than that of the pristine P3HT electrode. Furthermore, the value of <I>D</I><SUB>f</SUB> in the 2D electrode was three times higher than that in a pristine film. As a result of such facilitated charge transport, the electrochromic (EC) properties of the patterned P3HT electrode were greatly enhanced and dependent on the dimension of the pattern. Thus, the electrochromic efficiency (<I>E</I><SUB>e</SUB>), including the coloration (<I>E</I><SUB>c</SUB>) and bleaching efficiencies (<I>E</I><SUB>b</SUB>), was higher as the dimension of the pattern was increased; <I>E</I><SUB>e</SUB> was maximized in the 2D patterned P3HT film. In a patterned cell, electrochromic diffraction was reversibly observed with a switching efficiency (<I>R</I><SUB>DE</SUB>) of 2 and 2.5 for the 1D and 2D patterned cells, respectively.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/ancac3/2010/ancac3.2010.4.issue-9/nn1016378/production/images/medium/nn-2010-016378_0006.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nn1016378'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Kim, Byeonggwan,Koh, Jong Kwan,Kim, Jeonghun,Chi, Won Seok,Kim, Jong Hak,Kim, Eunkyoung Wiley-VCH 2012 CHEM SUS CHEM Vol.5 No.11
<P>A solid-state polymerizable monomer, 2,5-dibromo-3,4-propylenedioxythiophene (DBProDOT), was synthesized at 25?C to produce a conducting polymer, poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT). Crystallographic studies revealed a short interplane distance between DBProDOT molecules, which was responsible for polymerization at low temperature with a lower activation energy and higher exothermic reaction than 2,5-dibromo-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (DBEDOT) or its derivatives. Upon solid-state polymerization (SSP) of DBProDOT at 25?C, PProDOT was obtained in a self-doped state with tribromide ions and an electrical conductivity of 0.05?S?cm?1, which is considerably higher than that of chemically-polymerized PProDOT (210?? S?cm?1). Solid-state 13C?NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations revealed polarons in PProDOT and a strong perturbation of carbon nuclei in thiophenes as a result of paramagnetic broadening. DBProDOT molecules deeply penetrated and polymerized to fill nanocrystalline TiO2 pores with PProDOT, which functioned as a hole-transporting material (HTM) for I2-free solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (ssDSSCs). With the introduction of an organized mesoporous TiO2 (OM-TiO2) layer, the energy conversion efficiency reached 3.5?% at 100?mW?cm?2, which was quite stable up to at least 1500?h. The cell performance and stability was attributed to the high stability of PProDOT, with the high conductivity and improved interfacial contact of the electrode/HTM resulting in reduced interfacial resistance and enhanced electron lifetime.</P>
Kim, Eunkyoung,Cho, Eunji,Ahmed, Arif,Kim, Young Hwan,Kim, Sunghwan Elsevier 2017 Fuel Vol.194 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this study, a combination of double bond equivalence (DBE) distributions and hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) was applied to elucidate the chemical structures of nitrogen-containing compounds in polar fractions prepared by medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC). The N<SUB>1</SUB> and N<SUB>1</SUB>S<SUB>1</SUB> class compounds in the fraction eluted with 100% toluene (Polar1) were determined to have pyrrole as a core structure. In contrast, the N<SUB>1</SUB> and N<SUB>1</SUB>S<SUB>1</SUB> class compounds in the fraction eluted with ethyl acetate and methanol (Polar2) were shown to have either pyridine or <I>N</I>-alkylated pyrrole as a core structure. Theoretical calculations proved that <I>N</I>-alkylated pyrroles have higher polarizability and/or dipole moments than pyrroles, and hence, <I>N</I>-alkylated pyrroles are eluted with more polar solvents. It was also concluded that the thiophene group is included in the N<SUB>1</SUB>S<SUB>1</SUB> class in the polar fractions. The N<SUB>1</SUB>O<SUB>1</SUB> class compounds exhibited similar HDX results, suggesting that they contained pyrroles in the Polar1 fraction and pyridines and <I>N</I>-alkylated pyrroles in the Polar2 fraction. However, the lower DBE distribution of the N<SUB>1</SUB>O<SUB>1</SUB> class compounds indicated that this class included non-aromatic structures that were not observed in other fractions. The results presented in this study show that previously reported MPLC methods can effectively separate basic and non-basic nitrogen-containing compounds. Moreover, the chemical structures of compounds in heavy oils can be successfully elucidated by using a combination of DBE distribution and HDX-MS.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> DBE distributions and H/D exchange-MS were combined for structure elucidation. </LI> <LI> Core structures of N, NS, and NO class compounds in polar fractions were suggested. </LI> <LI> Observed N, NS, and NO class compounds have similar N containing core structures. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
부하지속곡선(Load Duration Curve LDC)을 이용한 한강수계 오염총량관리 목표수질 평가방법 적용 방안
김은경 ( Eunkyoung Kim ),류지철 ( Jichul Ryu ),김홍태 ( Hongtae Kim ),김용석 ( Yongseok Kim ),신동석 ( Dongseok Shin ) 한국물환경학회 2015 한국물환경학회지 Vol.31 No.6
Water quality in four major river basin in Korea was managed with Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) System. The unit watershed in TMDL system has been evaluated with Target Water Quality (TWQ) assessment using average water quality, without considering its volume of water quantity. As results, although unit watershed are obtained its TWQ, its allocated loads were not satisfied and vice versa. To solve these problems, a number of TWQ assessments with using Load Duration Curve (LDC) have been studied at other watersheds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate achievement of TWQ with Flow Duration Curve (FDC) and Load Duration Curve(LDC) at 26 unit watersheds in Han river basin. The results showed that achievement rates in TWQ assessment with current method and with LDC were 50~56 % and 69~73%, respectively. Because of increasing about 20% of achievement rates with using LDC, the number of exceeded unit watershed at Han river Basin was decreased about 4~6 unit watersheds.