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Kwon, Gihan,Jang, Hoyoung,Lee, Jun-Sik,Mane, Anil,Mandia, David J.,Soltau, Sarah R.,Utschig, Lisa M.,Martinson, Alex B. F.,Tiede, David M.,Kim, Hacksung,Kim, Jungho American Chemical Society 2018 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.140 No.34
<P>Non-noble-metal, thin-film oxides are widely investigated as promising catalysts for oxygen evolution reactions (OER). Amorphous cobalt oxide films electrochemically formed in the presence of borate (CoBi) and phosphate (CoPi) share a common cobaltate domain building block, but differ significantly in OER performance that derives from different electron-proton charge transport properties. Here, we use a combination of L edge synchrotron X-ray absorption (XAS), resonant X-ray emission (RXES), resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS), resonant Raman (RR) scattering, and high-energy X-ray pair distribution function (PDF) analyses that identify electronic and structural factors correlated to the charge transport differences for CoPi and CoBi. The analyses show that CoBi is composed primarily of cobalt in octahedral coordination, whereas CoPi contains approximately 17% tetrahedral Co(II), with the remainder in octahedral coordination. Oxygen-mediated 4<I>p</I>-3<I>d</I> hybridization through Co-O-Co bonding was detected by RXES and the intersite <I>dd</I> excitation was observed by RIXS in CoBi, but not in CoPi. RR shows that CoBi resembles a disordered layered LiCoO<SUB>2</SUB>-like structure, whereas CoPi is amorphous. Distinct domain models in the nanometer range for CoBi and CoPi have been proposed on the basis of the PDF analysis coupled to XAS data. The observed differences provide information on electronic and structural factors that enhance oxygen evolving catalysis performance.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>
Inhibition of a NEDD8 Cascade Restores Restriction of HIV by APOBEC3G
( David J Stanley ),( Koen Bartholomeeusen ),( David C Crosby ),( Dong Yong Kim ),( Eunju Kwon ),( Linda Yen ),( Nathalie Caretta Cartazo ),( Ming Li ),( Stefanie J?ger ),( Jeremy Mason Herr ),( Fumia 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 2013 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 연구업적집 Vol.23 No.0
Cellular restriction factors help to defend humans against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV accessory proteins hijack at least three different Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases, which must be activated by the small ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8, in order to counteract host cellularrestriction factors. We found that conjugation of NEDD8 to Cullin-5 by the NEDD8-conjugating enzyme UBE2F is required for HIV Vif-mediated degradation of the host restriction factor APOBEC3G (A3G). Pharmacological inhibition of the NEDD8 E1 by MLN4924 or knockdown of either UBE2F or its RING-protein binding partner RBX2 bypasses the effect of Vif, restoring the restriction of HIV by A3G. NMR mapping and mutational analyses define specificity determinants of the UBE2F NEDD8 cascade. These studies demonstrate that disrupting host NEDD8 cascades presents a novel antiretroviral therapeutic approach enhancing the ability of the immune system to combat HIV.
Statistical Analysis of Social Determinants of Health: An Exploratory Study for Global Comparison
Ik-Whan Kwon,Sung-Ho Kim,David Martin KINFORMS 2017 Management Review Vol.12 No.2
The American healthcare system has become a whipping boy for many global health care professionals who contend that the United States spends more than any other similar countries on health care, yet the health outcomes measured by life expectancy and infant mortality rates of this country have been hovering at the bottom for industrialized nations (Bradley-Springer, 2012). Scholars and researchers in the health care and related fields have been arguing for many years that investment in the health care system alone cannot improve health outcomes (Butler, Bowen and Cabello, 2017). n the United States, another danger is that financial pressure, the decision makers in healthcare may look for a quick and short term solution (Kim and Kwon, 2015). These scholars and practitioners have developed a different hypothesis to explain health outcomes. They argue that “health” can be explained with a composite measure of medical as well as social determinants of health. Social determinants here are defined in this study as spends not directly tied to financial investment in the medical system. The implication for policy makers is that investment in the medical area alone cannot produce intended positive health outcomes. Rather, a nation’s health policy should address investment in the combined health “basket” (medical plus social agents) to achieve health goals. This study using a few industrialized countries similar to the United States in economic characteristics and political system to investigate statistically how much “social determinants” played a role in determining a nation’s health outcomes. Economic agents are also included in the model to investigate comparative contribution to nation’s health outcomes by these two sample groups. Findings show “social determinants” play a more significant role in determining the nation’s health outcomes compared to economic agents (spending in medical care). Policy implications are addressed at the end of this paper.
Liver Transplantation for Autoimmune Liver Disease
Choon Hyuck David Kwon 한국간담췌외과학회 2014 한국간담췌외과학회 학술대회지 Vol.2014 No.4
자가면역성 간질환은 자신의 간조직 내에 표현되는 항원에 대한 면역관용의 결핍으로 발생하는 질환군으로 자가면역성 간염 (autoimmune hepatitis, AIH), 원발성 담즙성 간경변 (primary biliary cirrhosis, PBC)과 원발성 경화성 담관염primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)가 해당한다. 대부분의 경우 내과적 치료에 잘 반응하여 간경변으로 진행되지 않으나, 일부 환자의 경우 조직 손상이 진행되어 결국 간이식을 필요로 하게 된다. 간이식의 적응증은 일반적인 적응증과 차이는 없으나 예외적으로 간 기능이 보존되어 있더라도 기타 치료에 반응하지 않은 가려움증과 반복되는 간성 뇌병증은 간이식의 대상자가 될 수 있다. 자가면역성 간질환의 간이식의 성적은 비교적 양호하여 5년 이식편 생존율은 72~78%이며 환자 생존율은 80~83%된다. 그러나 원발질환의 재발이 약 20-30%에서 발생하고 다른 적응증에 비해 이식 후 거부반응이 잘 생기는 것으로 알려져 있다. AIH의 경우 재발하여도 간기능은 정상일 수 있으므로 이식 후 재발 여부에 주의가 필요하다. 대개 스테로이드 투여로 잘 조절되지만, 약 6%의 환자에선 결국 간부전으로 진행된다. UDCA는 PBC에서 간 손상을 예방하는 것으로 알려져 있으나 이식 후 재발한 환자에의 효과에 대해선 아직 잘 알려진 바 없다. 다만 2% 미만의 환자만 PBC 재발로 인해 이식편이 소실되어 임상적 중요성은 크지 않다. PSC 재발은 장염이 있는 경우와 생체간이식 기증자가 수여자와 1촌 지간인 경우 증가하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 현재까지 재발성 PSC에 효과가 있는 치료는 알려진바 없다. AIH와 유사한 임상적 조직학적 소견이 미면역성 질환으로 간이식 받은 수여자에서 나타날 수 있으며 이를 de novo AIH라 한다. De novo AIH는 AIH처럼 스테로이드에 잘 반응하나 마찬가지로 적절한 치료가 시행되지 않을 경우 간경변으로 진행할 수 있어 주의가 필요하다.