Biomechanics, Training & Injury Prevention: Considerations for the Taekwondo Youth Athlete

( David Hawkins ) 국제태권도학회 2014 Journal of the International Association for Taekw Vol.1 No.1

Musculoskeletal injuries are common in many athletic training programs and efforts to limit these injuries are warranted. The purpose of this paper is to: (1) highlight specific biomechanics principles and their relevance to training and injury prevention, (2) summarize research characterizing how various factors affect musculoskeletal structures and injury risk in youth, and (3) synthesize this information into a personalized training prescription model that can be used by those involved in youth Taekwondo. A narrative review of relevant literature is presented, and a personalized training prescription model is developed. Material science concepts and basic research findings related to musculoskeletal injury mechanisms were reviewed along with various injury causation models. The information was synthesized into a personalized training prescription model. The structural/material properties of musculoskeletal structures and the acute and chronic temporal response of these properties to loading vary within and between individuals. Age, sex, and individual genetic differences are factors that influence an athlete`s musculoskeletal responses to training and their risk for incurring acute or overuse musculoskeletal injuries. Thus, different athletes can have different acute and chronic changes to musculoskeletal structural/material properties in response to similar loading histories. These concepts were integrated into a personalized training prescription model. The personalized training prescription model provides a useful guide to assist those involved in Taekwondo to develop training programs that assess and adjust various factors affecting injury risk to ensure young athletes receive the greatest sports experience and life-long health benefits.

관찰대상중심적(person - centered) 접근을 통한 청소년비행의 발달궤적 연구

정익중,Daniel S. Nagin,J. David Hawkins,Karl G. Hill 한국사회복지연구회(서울대학교 사회복지연구소) 2001 사회복지연구 Vol.17 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 관찰대상중심적 (person-centered) 접근중의 하나인 혼합형 모형 (mixture modeling)을 적용하여 청소년비행의 발달궤적(developmental trajectories)을 분석하는 것이다. 본 연구는 1985년부터 현재까지 진행중인 Seattle Development Project에서 수집된 15년간의 종단적 패널자료를 이용하였다. 기존 연구의 주류를 이루는 관찰변수중심적(variable-centered) 접근에서는 모든 청소년들에게 일률적으로 적용되는 평균 발달경로를 밝히는데 중점을 두는데 반하여, 이 연구는 혼합형 모형의 일종인 준모수적 집단중심모형(semi-parametric group-based modeling)을 사용하여 청소년비행의 다양한 발달궤적을 제시하였다. 본 연구결과 청소년비행에는 5가지 형태의 발달궤적-만성형 비행청소년(chronic offender), 점증형 비행청소년(escalator), 중단형 비행청소년(desister), 후발형 비행청소년(late onsetter), 비(非)비행청소년(non offender)-이 존재하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이 관찰대상중심적 발달궤적 연구는 다음과 같은 실천적 함의를 제공한다. 첫째, 성인기에 심각한 범죄를 유발하기 쉬운 환경에 노출되어 있는 청소년들을 사전에 발견할 수 있도록 도와준다. 둘째, 청소년비행의 상이한 발달궤적에 영향을 미치는 독특한 보호 및 위험요소들이 무엇인지 분석할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구결과는 청소년들의 상이한 발달궤적에 따른 적절한 비행예방 프로그램 개발에 적극적으로 활용될 수 있는 사회사업적 실천지침을 제공한다.

An overview of the volatile systematics of the Lau Basin – Resolving the effects of source variation, magmatic degassing and crustal contamination

Hahm, Doshik,Hilton, David R.,Castillo, Paterno R.,Hawkins, James W.,Hanan, Barry B.,Hauri, Erik H. Elsevier 2012 Geochimica et cosmochimica acta Vol.85 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>The Lau Basin erupts lavas with a range of geochemical features reflecting a complex history of interaction involving different mantle sources. The Valu Fa Ridge (VFR) and Mangatolu Triple Junction (MTJ) region have lavas with arc-like characteristics, Niuafo’ou Island (NV), Peggy Ridge and Central and Eastern Lau Spreading Centers (PR, CLSC and ELSC) erupt mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-like volcanics, whereas the Rochambeau Bank (RB) has features akin to ocean island basalt (OIB). To characterize the volatile systematics of these various regions, we report a comprehensive study of 39 submarine lavas from these various eruptive centers encompassing analyses of the noble gases (He, Ne, and Ar) and carbon (CO<SUB>2</SUB>) – both isotopes and abundances – together with other major volatile phases (H<SUB>2</SUB>O, S, Cl, and F).</P><P>Helium isotope ratios of the NV, MTJ, CLSC, and ELSC are MORB-like for the most part except for differentiated lavas that tend to have lower, more radiogenic <SUP>3</SUP>He/<SUP>4</SUP>He values. The RB has considerably higher <SUP>3</SUP>He/<SUP>4</SUP>He ratios (up to 23 <I>R</I><SUB>A</SUB> in this work) which extend as far south as the PR. The influence of ‘plume-like’ sources in the RB is also apparent in Ne isotopes: RB samples follow a trend similar to Hawaiian basalts in 3-isotope neon space. However, RB lavas have lower <SUP>40</SUP>Ar/<SUP>36</SUP>Ar (300–730) and higher [<SUP>36</SUP>Ar] than CLSC and ELSC, suggesting greater air contamination. Elemental He/Ne ratios (<SUP>3</SUP>He/<SUP>22</SUP>Ne<SUB>S</SUB> and <SUP>4</SUP>He/<SUP>21</SUP>Ne<SUP>∗</SUP> where S=solar and *=nucleogenic) are high throughout the Lau Basin and identify the Lau mantle as one of only two high <SUP>3</SUP>He/<SUP>4</SUP>He provinces worldwide with such an enrichment of He relative to Ne.</P><P>Magmatic CO<SUB>2</SUB> and δ<SUP>13</SUP>C fall in the range 7–350ppm and −28‰ to −6‰, respectively. RB lavas have less [CO<SUB>2</SUB>] and slightly lower δ<SUP>13</SUP>C than CLSC and ELSC. The lowest values are found among MTJ lavas. These lavas also have the highest [H<SUB>2</SUB>O], [F], [Cl], and [S] whereas the PR, ELSC and CLSC have the lowest. RB has intermediate [H<SUB>2</SUB>O]. We estimate primary [CO<SUB>2</SUB>] in primary melts using [CO<SUB>2</SUB>]–δ<SUP>13</SUP>C relationships, and find that RB lavas have higher [CO<SUB>2</SUB>] (∼935±168ppm) than ELSC/CLSC (638±115ppm). They also possess higher initial δ<SUP>13</SUP>C values, consistent with observations at other hotspot-related localities. However, there are no discernible differences in primary CO<SUB>2</SUB>/Nb ratios between mantle sources characterized by high <SUP>3</SUP>He/<SUP>4</SUP>He and MORB-like ratios. On the other hand, reconstructed values are considerably higher than that envisaged for depleted MORB mantle based on olivine-hosted melt inclusions.</P>

Angiogenesis inhibitor therapies for advanced renal cell carcinoma: Toxicity and treatment patterns in clinical practice from a global medical chart review

OH, WILLIAM K.,McDERMOTT, DAVID,PORTA, CAMILLO,LEVY, ANTONIN,ELAIDI, REZA,SCOTTE, FLORIAN,HAWKINS, ROBERT,CASTELLANO, DANIEL,BELLMUNT, JOAQUIM,RHA, SUN YOUNG,SUN, JONG-MU,NATHAN, PAUL,FEINBERG, BRUCE D.A. Spandidos 2014 International journal of oncology Vol.44 No.1

<P>The aim of this study was to assess the treatment patterns and safety of sunitinib, sorafenib and bevacizumab in real-world clinical settings in US, Europe and Asia. Medical records were abstracted at 18 community oncology clinics in the US and at 21 tertiary oncology centers in US, Europe and Asia for 883 patients ≥18 years who had histologically/cytologically confirmed diagnosis of advanced RCC and received sunitinib (n=631), sorafenib (n=207) or bevacizumab (n=45) as first-line treatment. No prior treatment was permitted. Data were collected on all adverse events (AEs) and treatment modifications, including discontinuation, interruption and dose reduction. Treatment duration was estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Demographics were similar across treatment groups and regions. Median treatment duration ranged from 6.1 to 10.7 months, 5.1 to 8.5 months and 7.5 to 9.8 months for sunitinib, sorafenib and bevacizumab patients, respectively. Grade 3/4 AEs were experienced by 26.0, 28.0 and 15.6% of sunitinib, sorafenib and bevacizumab patients, respectively. Treatment discontinuations occurred in 62.4 (Asia) to 63.1% (US) sunitinib, 68.8 (Asia) to 90.0% (Europe) sorafenib, and 66.7 (Asia) to 81.8% (US) bevacizumab patients. Globally, treatment modifications due to AEs occurred in 55.1, 54.2 and 50.0% sunitinib, sorafenib and bevacizumab patients, respectively. This study in a large, global cohort of advanced RCC patients found that angiogenesis inhibitors are associated with high rates of AEs and treatment modifications. Findings suggest an unmet need for more tolerable agents for RCC treatment.</P>

빈곤 아동과 비 (非) 빈곤 아동의 비행 발달궤적 변화의 예측요인 연구

정익중(Ick Joong Chung),(J. David Hawkins) 한국사회복지연구회 2002 사회복지연구 Vol.20 No.-

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