체육학 연구에서 다층자료분석의 활용

고병구 서울대학교 체육연구소 2001 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.22 No.1

Correct and accurate inference depends on an appropriate experimental design and a proper statistical model. Most of data in many sports science studies multilevel structures, but the structures have been ignored in data analysis. The purpose of this study was to introduce multilevel data analysis and to explore the possible applications to the study of physical education and sports science. The multilevel data analysis have two important principles. The first is that observational and experimental units should be distinguished and taken into consideration in analyzing multilevel data. This can eliminate the problems of the classical statistical model like ANOVA or regression analysis. And the second is to build to an analysis based on the data structure. The major advantages of the multilevel data analysis in analyzing multilevel data include improving the estimation of individual performance, modeling cross-level effects, and partitioning variance-covariance components(Bryk & Raudenbush, 1992). Furthermore, the multilevel data analysis can be used to assess the change, such as studying the structure of individual growth and estimating important statistical and psychometric properties of collections of growth trajectories, discovering correlates of initial states and change rates, and testing hypotheses about the effects of one or more experimental treatments on growth curves. Through reviewing prior studies in related to multilevel data analysis, improving inference in small samples, testing cross-level effects, partitioning variance-covariance components, meta-analytical study, and assessing the change of physical fitness or human performance have been proposed as the possible applications for physical education and sports science. In conclusion, for more valid inference in sports science study using the hierarchical data, multilevel data analysis and the possible applications should be considered.

초등학교 기계운동 실기 평가의 일반화가능도

고병구 師範大學 體育硏究所 1997 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.18 No.2

Elementary physical educators frequently employ performance observation as their primary assessment strategy. The purpose of this study was to determine the minimal conditions of observation needed to obtain generalizable results across observers, trials, and subjects for the balancing on a balance beam, cartwheel on a mat, forward rolling on a vaulting horse, and circling on a bar. Ten sixth grade male students were rated on three trials by 3 observers. The results were as follows; 1) Two observers and five trials are needed for evaluating the balancing on a balance beam (.81). 2) One observer and two trials are required for the cartwheel on a mat (.82). 3) One observer and three trials are required for the forward rolling on a vaulting horse (.83). 4) One observer and two trials are required for the circling on a bar.

국민학생의 체력인자구조 연구

고병구,김종택 師範大學 體育硏究所 1994 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.15 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factor structure of physical fitness of elementary school students and the differences of the factor structure of physical fitness between male and female students by using factor analysis. Twelve phsical fitness tests were administered to 48 male and 40 female subjects. The data were analyzed by principal component analysis model and rotated by varimax method. From the factor solution, results were made as follows: 1. The factor structure of physical fitness on male students Four factors were extracted and the factors account for 72.9% variances of what all the variables together represent. The first factor was explained by 50m run(.88), 100m run(.84), 600m run(.79), standing long jump(-.75), softball throw(-.70), shuttle run(.61), push-up(-.34), bench squart test(-.32). The second was factor explained by sit-ups(.85), push up(.77), flexed-arm hang(.72). The third factor was explained by stock stand test(.82), bench squart test(.73), softball throw(.35). The fourth factor was explained by sit and reach test(.94). 2. The factor structure of physical fitness on female students Four factors were extracted and the factors account for 72.6% variances of what all the variables together represent. The first factor was explained by sit and reach test(.72), sit-ups(.70), standing long jump(.67), push up(.56), flexed-arm hang(.55), shuttle run(-.44), bench squart test(.33). The second factor was explained by 50m run(.80), softball throw(-.75), 100m run(.67), shuttle run(.66), standing long jump(-.41), sit-ups(-.37). The third factor was explained by 600m run(.86), flexed-arm hang(-.63), 100m run(.55), push up(-.44), 50m run(.43). The fourth factor was explained by bench squart test(.70), push up(.56), sit and reach test(.39). 3. The differences of the factor structure of physical fitness between male and female students. There were no difference between the numbers of factors as shown the four factors were extracted for both male and female but deference between the content loaded significantly in the factors. And there were deference between the percentage contribution(%) of the factors.

심동적 영역의 평가에서 문항반응이론의 활용

김종택,고병구,김주학 師範大學 體育硏究所 1998 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.19 No.2

The purpose of this study was to introduce item response theory(IRT) and to explore the possible applications to the measurement of psychomotor behavior. The primary assumption of IRT is an individual will respond to an item on a test can be described in terms of a probabilistic function that describes the probability of an examinee responding correctly to an item. By contrast with the classical test theory, the advantage of IRT is to be able to estimate examinee's true ability and the estimate does not depend on the other examinees or on the particular test administered. When the item response of an examinee is dichotomous, if the probability of an examinee responding correctly to an item would be dependent of the ability of the examinee and the difficulty of the item, Rasch Model or 1-parameter IRT model could be used for estimating the item parameters. But if the discriminant or guess factor would be considered, then 2-parameter of 3-parameter model could be used. However, when the item response is polytomous, polytomous response model such as Partial Credit Model, Rating Scale Model, Nominal Response Model can be used. Especially, Binomial Trial Model, Poisson Counts Model, and Inverse Binomial Model can be used for analyzing multiple-attempt, single-item skill tests of psychomotor domain. Through reviewing the literatures of IRT, item bank, computer adaptive testing, mastery test measurement of change, repeating skill test, and sequential test has been proposed as the possible applications for psychomotor domain. In conclusion, for more valid and reliable assessment in the pychomotor domain, IRT and the possible applications of IRT should be seriously considered in measurement research in physical education.

한국형 인공심장 내의 혈류에 대한 수치해석적 연구

심은보,박명수,여종영,고형종,박찬영,민병구 제주대학교 인공심장이식연구소 2001 인공심장 연구 Vol.2 No.1

한국형 인공심장 내의 혈액 유동을 유한요소 코드인 ADINA를 사용하여 수치적으로 조사하였다. 그 동안 많은 실험을 통해서 밝혀진 중요한 문제점들 중의 하나는 바로 혈전 생성이다. 이것은 혈액 주머니내의 작용하는 과도한 높은 전단응력 또는 정체 영역과 밀접한 관련이 있다. 한국형 인공심장 내의 혈류는 액추에이터와 혈액주머니, 그리고 혈액의 상호작용에 의하여 정의될 수 있다. 여기에서 혈액은 비압축성, 뉴우턴 유체로 가정하였으며, 혈액주머니는 등방성 선형 고체재질로 가정하였다. 2차원 모델은 액추에이터와 혈액 주머니 사이의 접측 문제 및 고체-유체 상호작용 문제를 전부 고려하였다. 3차원 모델에서는 액추에이터에 의한 변형을 접촉문제를 혈액주머니 외부에 작용하는 압력조건으로 단순화하였다. 2차원 모델 계산결과에 의하면, 입구 및 출구 부근, 그리고 모서리 부근에서 전단응력의 세기가 매우 크다는 것을 발견할 수 있었다. 또한 위쪽 돌출부에서 속도가 매우 느려지는 정체 영역이 형성되었으며, 이는 실험에서 관찰된 혈전 생성영역과 거의 일치한다. 3차원 계산의 경우에도 역시 입구와 출구 부분에서 재순환 영역이 발견되었으며, 수축시에는 입구의 아래쪽에서, 이완시에는 출구의 아래쪽에서 정체영역이 생성됨을 알 수 있었다. One of the crucial problems which make the artificial heart operate improperly is the thrombus formation. Many experimental results show the thrombus formation is strongly retated with a high shear stress and the stagnation in the blood flow. Therefore study on the blood flow in artificial hearts is very important in a practical point of view. This thesis deals with the two- and three-dimensional unsteady blood flows in the Korean total artificial hearts(KTAH). It is numerically investigated by using the commercial finite element code ADINA. The flow in the sac of artificial heart results from the mutual interaction of the acuator, sac, and blood. Blood is assumed as an incompressible viscous Newtonian fluid, while the sac is considered to be elastic and isotropic solid material. The contact problem between the actuator and sac is included in the two-dimensional modelling. Because of the tremendously calculation time, the action of the actuator is replaced by the imposition of the time-varying pressure on the outer surface of the sac. Numerical results show a high shear stress distribution near the inlet and outlet corners of the sac. From two-dimensional calculation flow stagnation is seen to be found in the upper convex part of the sac. By comparing the numerical results with the experimental ones we can conclude the thrombus is generated in regions where blood flow stagnates or is very slow.

Sports Talent Identification and Selection in Korea

( Byoung Goo Ko ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2014 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.26 No.2

The purpose of this study is to review how Korea Institute of Sport Science (KISS) had carried out sports talent identification and selection for enhancing athletic performance over the last three decades. In the 1980s, KISS had to prepare for the 1986 Asian Games and the 1988 Olympic Games. So, KISS developed test items for sports talent identification for various sports and had identified 4,359 sports talents over 30 sport events. Moreover, KISS developed the standards for elite athlete and had selected talented athletes using them. In the 1990s after the two big sports events, KISS established Talented Athlete Selection Center and constructed the foundation of elite athlete recruitment system. In the 2000s, Korea had suffered a lot of difficulties in recruiting new athletes because of government``s birth control policy effect and economic affluence. So, KISS developed an innovative sports talent identification program and had searched about 500 talented children every year. And KISS developed a new talented athlete selection program and had selected 1,682 talented athletes during 2000s. These new sports talent identification and selection programs are flourishing until now and would be the best sources of national team members in the future.

Physical Fitness Profiles of Elite Ball Game Athletes

( Byoung Goo Ko ),( Ju Hak Kim ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2005 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.17 No.1

The purpose of this study was to compare physical characteristics between elite ball game athletes and university students, and then make physical profiles of elite ball game athletes. For this purpose, four physiques and ten physical fitness data that were obtained from 113 elite male athletes of four ball games and 49 university male students were analyzed by using One-Way ANOVA and T-Interval Profiling. T-Interval means the difference of the elite`s T-score and the university students` T-score as a general population that were calculated on the basis of the average and the standard deviation of the university students` raw scores. The results were as follows; 1. The physical characteristics of elite soccer athletes were identified as superiority of sitting height, percent body fat, arm muscle strength & endurance, arm power, abdominal muscle endurance, leg muscle strength & endurance, leg power, aerobic capacity, speed, agility, and flexibility, which distinguish them clearly. 2. The physical characteristics of elite basketball athletes were identified as superiority of height, sitting height, weight, chest circumference, arm power, abdominal muscle endurance, leg power, aerobic capacity, speed, and agility. 3. The physical characteristics of elite volleyball athletes were identified as superiority of height, sitting height, weight, chest circumference, arm power, abdominal muscle endurance, leg power, aerobic capacity, speed, agility, and flexibility. 4. The physical characteristics of elite baseball athletes were identified by superiority of height, sitting height, weight, chest circumference, arm muscle strength & endurance, arm power, abdominal muscle endurance, leg power, aerobic capacity, speed, agility, and flexibility. Consequently, elite ball game athletes present physical characteristics that distinguish them from the general population. From a practical point of view, these profiles can serve as useful criteria for identification of talent and selection of ball game players.

The Construction of Sports Talent Identification Models

( Byoung Goo Ko ),( Hai Mo Gu ),( Dong Ho Park ),( Jin Ho Back ),( Seong Won Yun ),( Myung Chun Lee ),( Jong Gak Lee ),( Duk Sun Chang ),( Seung Yun Shin ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2003 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.15 No.2

The purpose of this study was to construct sports talent identification models. To this end, conventional processes for developing talent identification models were reviewed, and, through this effort, basic and specific sports talent identification models that are constructed using theoretical factor models and statistical evaluation models were designed. The basic sports talent identification model is used to diagnose general sports performance ability and identify optimal sports events. This theoretical factor model is constructed using common factors such as height, weight, body composition, arm strength and endurance, arm power, body strength and endurance, leg strength and endurance, leg power, aerobic ability, speed, agility, and flexibility. These common factors are needed to perform most sports and are obtained through inductive classification analysis based on prior research and selection criteria, and through expert seminars. The specific sports talent identification model is used to diagnose event specific abilities of adolescents who are determined to have the best general sports ability (i.e., who rank among the best using the basic sports talent identification model). This theoretical factor model is constructed using specific factors such as physique, fitness, and physiological characteristics needed to perform each sport, and with the use of medical tests, a maturity test, and psychological and sociological tests (the tests are the same for all and not sport-specific). These specific factors are obtained through prior research, investigation of selection criteria, and expert seminars. The evaluation model for sports talent identification was constructed by applying standard distance analysis using T-scores.

Prediction Equations of Physical Fitness Age for Korean Adults

( Byoung-goo Ko ),( Ji-won Seo ),( Bong-ju Sung ),( Wook Song ),( Jun Hyun Bae ),( Byunggul Lim ),( Parivash Jamrasi ) 한국운동생리학회 2021 운동과학 Vol.30 No.3

PURPOSE: This study aimed to develop prediction equations for estimating the physical fitness age (PFA) of Korean adults in young (19-40 years), middle (41-64 years), and old (65-80 years) age groups. METHODS: Data from 122,842 individuals who participated in Korea National Physical Fitness Survey and National Fitness 100 from 2009 to 2014 were collected. Body composition, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, cardiorespiratory endurance, agility, power, balance, and coordination were measured. Pearson’s correlation and stepwise regression analyses were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The equations were as follows: PFA for young males=22.321 -.088 (20-m PACER)+.317 (body mass index [BMI]); PFA for young females=24.486 -.143 (20-m PACER)+.304 (BMI); PFA for middle-aged males=66.644 -.044 (standing long jump) -.069 (20-m PACER) - .201 (weight) -.075 (modified sit-ups)+.269 (10-m shuttle run)+.320 (BMI); PFA for middle-aged females=66.814 -.098 (standing long jump) -.113 (modified sit-ups); PFA for older males=84.795+.093 (figure-of-8 walk) -.100 (chair standing) -.122 (weight) -.102 (relative grip strength) -.060 (sit-and-reach)+.147 (3-m up-and-go); and PFA for older females=80.577+.097 (figure-of-8 walk)+.306 (3-m up-and-go) -.280 (weight) -.088 (relative grip strength) -.069 (sit-and-reach)+.393 (BMI) -.088 (chair standing) -.011 (2-min step-in-place). CONCLUSIONS: Our prediction equations for PFA can be used as a tool to prescribe sex- and age-appropriate exercise program and to verify the effect of the application of the exercise program by comparing pre -and post-PFA.

신장 발달에 미치는 유전적 요인의 효과

고병구(Byoung Goo Ko) 한국체육측정평가학회 2001 한국체육측정평가학회지 Vol.3 No.1