Environmental and Economic Costs of Household Food Waste in Daegu

( Bashir Adelodun ),김상현,( Golden Odey ),최경숙 한국농공학회 2020 한국농공학회 학술대회초록집 Vol.2020 No.-

Food waste has become a global issue with increasing attention among the researchers and policymakers due to its significant environmental and economic impacts and the associated unsustainable use of resources. While food wastage occurs at each stage of the supply chain with food loss at the upstream, the impacts of food waste occurring at the downstream are enormous due to the accumulated added values, especially at the consumption stage of the supply chain. In this study, the environmental and economic implications of household food waste were investigated. The primary data of household food waste was collected through direct sampling from households in Daegu, South Korea. The GHG emission potential factor for each of the food wasted items was adopted from the literature, and the water footprint was based on the water footprint concept, i.e., indirect water use, while the sale prices were used to assess the economic cost of wasted food items. The GHG emission and water footprint assessments associated with environmental impacts and the economic cost of wasted food items were conducted. The findings showed that a daily average of 12.36 kg food waste was generated between July and December 2019 among the sampled households, with watermelon, rice, and leafy vegetable responsible for 9, 8, and 8%, respectively, of the total weight of the 42 food wasted items. The environmental impacts indicated that 17.16 ± 16.14 kg CO_2-eq and 11.07 ± 10.22 m³ of green house gas emissions and water footprint, respectively, were associated with the household food waste. Beef, rice and cheese had the highest amount of GHG emissions of 21, 16, and 14% of the total emissions, respectively, while beef, soybean and rice accounted for 30, 10, 9% of the total water footprint, respectively, that were lost due to food waste. Further, the average estimated economic cost associated with wasted food items was 100, 220.96 ± 102,409.22 Korean won, with fish, beef, and leafy vegetable accounting for 14, 10, and 9%, respectively, of the total economic cost. This study, therefore, provides insight into the enormity of environmental and economic implications of household food waste among Korean households.

Analysis of Spatial-temporal Variability and Trends of Extreme Precipitation Indices over Chungcheong Province, South Korea

Bashir, Adelodun,Golden, Odey,Seulgi, Lee,Kyung Sook, Choi The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers 2022 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.64 No.6

Extreme precipitation events have recently become a leading cause of disasters. Thus, investigating the variability and trends of extreme precipitation is crucial to mitigate the increasing impact of such events. Spatial distribution and temporal trends in annual precipitation and four extreme precipitation indices of duration (CWD), frequency (R10 mm), intensity (Rx1day), and percentile-based threshold (R95pTOT) were analyzed using the daily precipitation data of 10 observation stations in Chungcheong province during 1974-2020. The precipitation at all observation stations, except the Boryeong station, showed nonsignificant increasing trends at 95% confidence level (CL) and increasing magnitudes from the west to east regions. The high variability in mean annual precipitation was more pronounced around the northeast and northwest regions. Similarly, there were moderate to high patterns in extreme precipitation indices around the northeast region. However, the precipitation indices of duration and frequency consistently increased from the west to east regions, while those of intensity and percentile-based threshold increased from the south to east regions. Nonsignificant increasing trends dominated in CWD, R10 mm, and Rx1day at all stations, except for R10 mm at Boeun station and Rx1day at Cheongju and Jecheon stations, which showed a significantly increasing trend. The spatial distribution of trend magnitude shows that R10 mm increased from the west to east regions. Furthermore, variations in precipitation were very strongly correlated (99% CL) with R10 mm, Rx1day, and R95pTOT at all stations, except with wR10 mm at Cheongju station, which was strongly correlated with a 95% CL.

음식물 손실 및 쓰레기가 식량 생산 및 수자원 이용에 미치는 영향 평가

바실아델러둔 ( Bashir Adelodun ),최경숙 ( Kyung Sook Choi ) 한국농공학회 2018 한국농공학회 학술대회초록집 Vol.2018 No.-

Increasing population density and over-exploitation of resources for food production will indisputably continue to have a serious impact on the food security and water resources in Korea. Currently, the agricultural sector is allotted about 48% percent of the country’s total water use. However, food supply largely depends on importation with a relatively small cultivated area, characterized by low efficiency and high production cost. The situation is expected to be more precarious with the FAO estimation that requires doubling of food production by 2050. Management of agricultural water along the food supply chain can ensure efficient utilization of resources to closing the gap between food production and food consumption, without recourse to unfeasible agricultural intensification or incessant high food importation. This study examines the wastage of food and water resources inherent in food loss and waste (FLW) across the food supply chain, from farm to fork, using the top-down approach of global FLW mass flow model. The results show that in the period of estimation (2007 - 2013), the average FLW generated is 10.41 million tonnes (214.91 kg/capita/year), accounting for 21 % of the total food supply in the country, with plant-based food responsible for the majority. Of the total FLW in the food supply chain, food loss at upstream such as production, postharvest and storage, and processing and packaging accounted for 41% while the food waste at downstream stages including distribution, and consumption were 59%. Furthermore, using an estimate of the water footprint of representative in each food group, the results indicate that the loss of water resources (both green and blue water) embedded in the FLW is 42.88 billion m³, which is about 33% of the total water resources in the country. This study, therefore, shows that the self-sufficiency of food production in Korea can be achieved through FLW reduction and efficient management of water resources. The study, in addition, indicates where the food loss and waste reduction interventions should be targeted at along the food supply chain.

CMIP5 및 CMIP6모델의 연별 및 계절별 기후인자 모의 비교분석

바실아델러둔 ( Bashir Adelodun ),이슬기 ( Seulgi Lee ),미르자주네이드아흐메 ( Mirza Junaid Ahmad ),최경숙 ( Kyung Sook Choi ) 한국농공학회 2023 한국농공학회 학술대회초록집 Vol.2023 No.0

Increasing climate extremes have continued to impact on the socioeconomic well-being and ecosystems due to climate change. However, reliable projection of important climate variables such as precipitation and temperature are critical to develop adaptation, mitigation, and resilience strategies against various future climate change impacts. Thus, it is important to comprehensively evaluate the applicability of GCM models for effective representation and reliable projections of local climatic characteristics. This study evaluates the performance of 24 GCMs from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phases 5 and 6 (11 from CMIP5 and 13 from CMIP6) and their multi-model ensembles to simulate precipitation, maximum (T_max), and minimum temperature (T_min) at annual and seasonal scales over Chungcheong region from 1975 to 2015. The inverse distance weighting and quantile delta mapping were applied to bias correct the GCM data. Six major evaluating indices comprising of Normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and Modified Index of agreement (Mod_IoA) for temporal performance and Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE), Spatial efficiency metrics (SPAEF), Fraction skill score (FSS) for spatial performance assessment were used after which a comprehensive GCM ranking was applied. The overall results of the performance evaluation of bias-corrected GCMs showed that CMIP6 models performed better in simulating precipitation, T_max, and T_min at both temporal and spatial scales. For CMIP5, the top 3 performing GCMs are GISS, ACCESS1-3, and MRI-CGCM3 for precipitation; CanESM2, GISS, and MPI-ESM-L-R for T_max; and GFDL, MRI-CGCM3, and CanESM2 for T_min. However, the top 3 performing GCMs for CMIP6 are MRI-ESM2-0, BCC_CSM, and GFDL for precipitation; MIROC6, BCC_CSM, and MRI-ESM2-0 for T_max, and GFDL, MPI_ESM_HR, and MRI-ESM2-0 for T_min. Meanwhile, the multi-model ensembles (an average of top 3 GCMs) performed better in simulating historical precipitation and T_min for both CMIP5 and CMIP6 compared with multi-model ensembles (an average of all the GCMs), which only performed slightly better for simulating T_max. This study provides an insightful findings on the selection of appropriate GCMs to generate reliable climate projections for local climate in Chungcheong region of South Korea.

SDG성취를 위한 한국가구별 음식물 쓰레기 물발자국 규명

바실아델러둔 ( Bashir Adelodun ),이슬기 ( Seul-gi Lee ),골든오데이 ( Golden Odey ),칼리드아데올라아데요미 ( Khalid Adeola Adeyemi ),최경숙 ( Kyung Sook Choi ) 한국농공학회 2021 한국농공학회 학술대회초록집 Vol.2021 No.-

직접무게측량을 통한 한국 가정의 음식쓰레기 특성 분석

바실아델러둔 ( Bashir Adelodun ),조건호 ( Gun Ho Cho ),김상현 ( Sang Hyun Kim ),이슬기 ( Seul Gi Lee ),최경숙 ( Kyung Sook Choi ) 한국농공학회 2019 한국농공학회 학술대회초록집 Vol.2019 No.-

Studies on food waste have gained increased attention in recent time due to its adverse effects on the environment and associated waste of resources. It is established that food waste at the consumption stage of the supply chain is more pronounced in the developed countries, among which Korea belongs. Addressing the food waste generation is a promising way to achieving sustainable development goal of the United Nations on sustainable consumption and production patterns which Korea is desirous of pursuing. However, inadequate information on the actual amount of household food waste generation has repressed the appropriate policy interventions designed to reduce and set a performance target for food waste generation. This study investigated the quantity of food waste in Korean households using a novel direct weighing sampling method of characterization. The households were selected from three different housing systems, including apartment (33), villa (31), and house (20). The results showed that the average food waste generated among the sampled Korean households was 0.29 ± 0.20 kg per capita per day, with fruits, vegetable, and rice and rice products contributed highest proportions of 30.04, 26.76, and 14.46%, respectively. The inedible portion accounted for 1.17% of the total food waste. The statistical analyses revealed the non-significant difference (p = 0.3524) in food waste generation among the different housing systems. However, there were variations in the quantity of food waste type among the investigated housing systems. The outcomes of this study can further be explored for the estimation of embedded resources and environmental impacts of household food waste.

극한강우 및 홍수피해 인과관계 평가: 충청지역 사례를 중심으로

바실아델러둔 ( Bashir Adelodun ),골든오데이 ( Golden Odey ),쿠두스아데이 ( Qudus Adeyi ),최경숙 ( Kyung Sook Choi ) 한국농공학회 2023 한국농공학회 학술대회초록집 Vol.2023 No.0

Flood, one of the major natural disasters responsible for direct economic damage in South Korea, has become an increasing event in recent times. Driven by climate change, precipitation extremes play a significant role on the flood damage and its further increase will exacerbate the socioeconomic impact in the country. However, the empirical evidence linking precipitation extremes to the historical flood damage is limited. Thus, understanding the causal link between extreme precipitation characteristics and flood damage are critical to provide important policies on preparedness and adaptation strategies to mitigate the disasters associated with flood events. The spatial and temporal changes of precipitation extremes from 10 synoptic stations based on daily precipitation data were analyzed using the ClimPACT2 tool and Mann-Kendall test. The four precipitation extreme indices consisting of consecutive wet days (CWD), number of very heavy precipitation wet days (R30 mm), maximum 1-day precipitation amount (Rx1day), and simple daily precipitation intensity (SDII), which represent changes in intensity, frequency, and duration, respectively, and the time series data on flooded area and flood damage from 1985 to 2020 were used to investigate the causal relationship in the ARDL-ECM framework and pairwise Granger causality analysis. The trend results showed that majority of the precipitation indices indicated positive trends, however, CWD showed no significant changes. ARDL-ECM framework showed that there was a long-run relationship among the variables. Further analysis on the empirical results showed that flooded area and Rx1day have significant positive impacts on the flood damage in both short and long-runs while R30 mm only indicated significant positive impact in the short-run, both in the current period, which implies that an increase in flooded area, Rx1day, and R30 mm will cause an increase in the flood damage. The pairwise Granger analysis showed unidirectional causality from the flooded area, R30 mm, Rx1day, and SDII to flood damage. Thus, these precipitation indices could be useful as indicators of pluvial flood damage in Chungcheong region.

지속가능한 자원관리를 위한 음식물 소비에 대한 물발자국의 지역격차 및 영향인자 평가

( Qudus Adeyi ),( Bashir Adelodun ),( Golden Odey ),( Kyung Sook Choi ) 한국농공학회 2023 한국농공학회 학술대회초록집 Vol.2023 No.0

The actualization of the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) relating to food security, responsible consumption and production is being threatened by the increase in the withdrawal and unsustainable use of freshwater resources significantly driven by changes in food consumption patterns and socioeconomic status. An in-depth understanding of the regional disparities and driving factors influencing the change in the water footprint of food consumption needs to be assessed to develop effective and sustainable water management policies. Therefore, this study explored the regional disparities and driving factors influencing the change in water footprints (WFs) of food consumption in South Korea between 2007 and 2020 using WFs concept and Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition analysis. The 60 food items in the KNHANES dietary data was grouped into 9 food groups to ease computation and comparison used to compute the WFs of food consumption. The global and local spatial autocorrelation analysis was further used to assessed the regional disparities of WFs of food consumption. Furthermore, the influence of the driving factors (population, WF intensity, per capita food consumption, food consumption structure) on the change in WFs of food consumption was explored. The results showed that the cumulative WFs of food consumption increased from 2.76 ㎦ in 2007 to 42.3 ㎦ in 2020, with an average annual growth of 4%. However, there was a significant variation in the WFs of food consumption across the selected administrative units. The spatial autocorrelation analysis further revealed that the spatial distribution of the WFs did not follow a distinct spatial pattern except in 2016 and 2017. Furthermore, WF intensity had the most significant contribution to the increase in WFs of food consumption, followed by food consumption structure and population, while per capita food consumption influenced the decrease in WFs of food consumption considering the entire study area and period. Overall, the findings showed that the drivers influencing the changes in WF of food consumption vary across administrative units. Therefore, this study encourages each administrative unit authority to develop policies and strategies to promote sustainable food consumption that could aid water resource conservation.

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DETERMINANTS OF VIRTUAL WATER TRADE BASED ON EMPIRICAL STUDIES

( Golden Odey ),( Bashir Adelodun ),김상현,최경숙 한국농공학회 2020 한국농공학회 학술대회초록집 Vol.2020 No.-

The increasing population of the world coupled with the increase in economic and social activities has led to the rise in water consumption, prompting the initiation of technical and managerial actions aimed at establishing rational and sustainable water policies. The virtual water concept as a water efficiency metric is becoming increasingly popular and various nations have collaboratively developed commodity- and livestock-focused flow regulations through trade, based on this concept. Virtual water trade enables the externalization of the impacts of water and countries dependency rate on foreign water resources to be determined. However, analyzing virtual water trade purely from a water endowment perspective offers a partial judgment since trade in virtual water may originate from other indicators different from water endowment. This study therefore reviewed available literature to determine the indicators integrated in the studies related of virtual water trade, and their role in shaping virtual water exchanges over the years at the local and international levels. Based on available studies, it is reported that virtual water trade within and between nations is commonly influenced by socioeconomic and environmental indicators and the interpretation of the resultant effect of these indicators is essential for setting national and regional water use targets. However, a nonconformity of literatures and an inadequacy in the level of environmental indicators studied in relation to virtual water trade over the years, suggests a need for improved research through the adoption of more integrated approaches to virtual water trade, with special concern on the quantitative exploration of environmental and socioeconomic indicators related to virtual water exchanges, and the complexity of virtual water networks.

식량교역의 토지, 물, 식량 안보에 미치는 영향 평가

골든오데이 ( Golden Odey ),바실아델러둔 ( Bashir Adelodun ),이슬기 ( Seulgi Lee ),칼리드아데올라아데요미 ( Khalid Adeola Adeyemi ),최경숙 ( Kyung Sook Choi ) 한국농공학회 2022 한국농공학회 학술대회초록집 Vol.2022 No.-

The observed and predicted changes in climate, as well as the growth in urban population, are creating severe stress on existing water resources in South Korea. By the importation of agricultural products from more water-rich countries through the virtual water concept, a country could save local water resources for other important uses. However, these imports from other countries could lead to certain vulnerabilities in the importing country derived from climate change. This study therefore assessed the implication of virtual water imports and climate change through food trade, on the water, land and food security status of South Korea over the period of 2000 to 2017. The results showed that significant amounts of national water and land was saved through the importation of major upland crops. Virtual water imports increased significantly over time, rising from 16.2 Bm3 in 2000 to 16.5, 17.4, and 20.7 Bm3 in 2005, 2011, and 2017 respectively, with the USA, China, Australia, Brazil and Canada being the major exporters to South Korea. The study also revealed high Climate Vulnerability Index (CVI) values for the oils and grains category of imported food, implying the high vulnerability of South Korea to climate change effects resulting from the import of these crops. The quantitative impacts and structural changes in virtual water trade, as well as the link between climate change, food security, international trade, and domestic water consumption could be evaluated for the sustainable management and allocation of resources.