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SEM Studies on the Leaf Surface of Promising Mulberry(Morus spp.) Genotypes
Singhal, B. K.,Kumar, V.,Rajan, M. V. 한국식물학회 1999 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.42 No.1
Mulberry (Morus spp.) leaf quality has a great role in silkworm rearing which in turn affects the overall silk yield. In the recent past, many varieties of mulberry have been evolved considering the morphological characters, growth, yield, and quality parameters based on bioassay. The present investigation was carried out on ten promising mulberry genotypes viz. Tr-10, K-2, S-36, S-54, S-1, V-1, Mysore local, S-13, S-34, and RFS-135 to characterize stomatal size and frequency, trichomes and idioblasts using SEM. These new parameters will provide useful information for cultivars identification as well as for selecting mulberry genotypes adapted to different eco-climatic conditions and assessing the feeding quality of leaf for silkworm rearing.
Singhal, B.K.,Dhar, Anil,Sharma, Aradhana,Jand, Seema,Bindroo, B.B.,Saxena, N.N.,Khan, M.A. Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2003 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.6 No.2
Mathematical constants for multiplication with leaf length (I) or breadth (b) or l ${\times}$ b have been worked out for determining leaf area in promising mulberry genotypes viz., Chinese White, S-146, Chak Majra and Sujanpur Local of sub-tropical India. When pooled, the mathematical constants worked out were 8.1132, 10.1019 and 0.5992 for multiplication with leaf length, breadth and l ${\times}$ b, respectively, for genotypes bearing un-lobbed leaves and 6.9447, 8.2761 and 0.5009 for multiplication with leaf length, breadth and l ${\times}$ b, respectively for genotypes bearing lobbed leaves. Leaf area can be worked out by using any constant by multiplying either with leaf length or breadth or both (l ${\times}$ b). Estimated leaf areas worked out were found significantly and positively correlated with actual leaf area (r=999$^{**}$). The suggested present non-destructive method by using mathematical constants is very quick and alternative to electronic leaf area meter for spot leaf area determination in mulberry which is the only food source for mulberry silkworm in sericulture industry.
Sericulture Practices and Future Strategies under Present Scenario of Indian Subtropics
Singhal, B.K.,Dhar, Anil,Bindroo, B.B.,Bakshi, R.L.,Khan, M.A. Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2003 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.7 No.2
The present paper deals with the mulberry cultivation technology with package of practices for successful sericulture in Indian sub-tropics. The information on leaf nutritional quality in trained and untrained trees is provided. Besides, the current status of sericultural practices is discussed based on the problems faced by the industry and intensive field surveys undertaken in different areas of one of the most potential sericultural provinces.
Nutritional Disorders, Analytical Diagnosis and Nutrient Guide for Mulberry, Morus indica L.
Singhal, B.K.,Chakraborti, S.,Rajan, Mala V.,Thippeswamy, T. Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2004 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.8 No.1
Due to recent scientific innovations in mulberry cultivation, leaf yield has been increased manifold. However, with successive leaf harvest, a quantum drop in leaf yield and quality has been noted. This inturn has affected the silkworm rearing and farmers suffered by the frequent crop failures. This is mainly due to nutrient deficiencies in mulberry leaf. Moreover, no complete information is available about hunger signs of nutritional disorders, analytical diagnosis and critical levels of nutrients required. The present paper, thus, may serve as an important nutrient guide for identification of hunger signs, leaf nutrients status under deficiency and critical levels of the elements namely N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn requirements for higher leaf yield and quality. The leaf nutrient status provided may help chemist for correcting the soil status. Besides, an integration of mulberry intercropping with legumes and applications of neem and castor oil cakes, VA-mycorrhizal inoculation, biofertilizer and vermicompost are suggested as integrated nutrient management for sustainable sericulture industry. Based on the information described in this paper, a model needs to be framed for maintaining continuous supply of nutrients to obtain desired quantity and quality of mulberry leaf for successful silkworm cocoon crop and increasing overall silk productivity.
( B. K. Singhal ),( S. Chakraborti ),( Mala V. Rajan ),( T. Thippeswamy ) 한국잠사학회 2004 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.8 No.1
Due to recent scientific innovations in mulberry cultivation, leaf yield has been increased manifold. However, with successive leaf harvest, a quantum drop in leaf yield and quality has been noted. This inturn has affected the silkworm rearing and farmers suffered by the frequent crop failures. This is mainly due to nutrient deficiencies in mulberry leaf. Moreover, no complete information is available about hunger signs of nutritional disorders, analytical diagnosis and critical levels of nutrients required. The present paper, thus, may serve as an important nutrient guide for identification of hunger signs, leaf nutrients status under deficiency and critical levels of the elements namely N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn requirements for higher leaf yield and quality. The leaf nutrient status provided may help chemist for correcting the soil status. Besides, an integration of mulberry intercropping with legumes and applications of neem and castor oil cakes, VA-mycorrhizal inoculation, biofertilizer and vermicompost are suggested as integrated nutrient management for sustainable sericulture industry. Based on the information described in this paper, a model needs to be framed for maintaining continuous supply of nutrients to obtain desired quantity and quality of mulberry leaf for successful silkworm cocoon crop and increasing overall silk productivity.
Damage mechanism and stress response of reinforced concrete slab under blast loading
Senthil, K.,Singhal, A.,Shailja, B. Techno-Press 2019 Coupled systems mechanics Vol.8 No.4
The numerical investigations have been carried out on reinforced concrete slab against blast loading to demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the finite element based numerical models using commercial package ABAQUS. The response of reinforced concrete slab have been studied against the influence of weight of TNT, standoff distance, boundary conditions, influence of air blast and surface blast. The results thus obtained from simulations were compared with the experiments available in literature. The inelastic behavior of concrete and steel reinforcement bar has been incorporated through concrete damage plasticity model and Johnson-cook models available in ABAQUS were presented. The predicted results through numerical simulations of the present study were found in close agreement with the experimental results. The damage mechanism and stress response of target were assessed based on the intensity of deformations, impulse velocity, von-Mises stresses and damage index in concrete. The results indicate that the standoff distance has great influence on the survivability of RC slab against blast loading. It is concluded that the velocity of impulse wave was found to be decreased from 17 to 11 m/s when the mass of TNT is reduced from 12 to 6 kg. It is observed that the maximum stress in the concrete was found to be in the range of 15 to $20N/mm^2$ and is almost constant for given charge weight. The slab with two short edge discontinuous end condition was found better and it may be utilised in designing important structures. Also it is observed that the deflection in slab by air blast was found decreased by 60% as compared to surface blast.