연예인의 개인 평판이 연예인 CSR 명성 및 회사 신뢰도와 상품 구매력에 미치는 영향

NAKAGAWA, REINA 서강대학교 대학원 2023 국내석사

일본어 화자를 위한 한국어 경어법 교육 연구

Nakagawa, Masaomi 서울大學校 大學院 2006 국내석사

Looking for the gaze of love: Paranoia, hysteria, and the masochism in the Gothic (Charlotte Dacre, Charlotte Bronte, Ann Radcliffe, Shirley Jackson)

Nakagawa, Chiho Arizona State University 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation focuses on representations of masochism in Gothic novels by female writers to investigate the ways in which they appear as a means for the heroine to cope with, manipulate, or subvert the patriarchal system. This study also reconsiders the significance of the other frequently referenced mental disorders in the Gothic, paranoia and hysteria, to demonstrate that these disorders also illuminate an important thematic of female Gothic: management of the gaze. Masochism, which informs the fate of the Gothic heroine, results from the patriarchal system that requires her to accept male domination, not from her willingness to expose herself to harmful situations, as some critics have argued. The Gothic masochism is clarified by addressing the issue of the gaze: the necessity of the gaze that produces the heroine's subjectivity and sustains her life forces her to submit to male power. Ann Radcliffe's The Mysteries of Udolpho exemplifies the prototype of female Gothic, in which the masochistic acceptance of the male gaze is presented as an inevitable solution after a thorough examination of male domination. In this novel, the heroine shows the paranoiac fear of gaze and the hysteric desperation of gaze until she reaches the masochistic acceptance of gaze. The latter half of the dissertation investigates three women writers' subsequent experiments in representing heroines' quests for a manageable domination, focusing on various types of masochism---male masochism, religious masochism, and masochism as a means of defiance---that emerge in the process. Charlotte Dacre's Zofloya represents a bold attempt at a woman's resistance to a society that assigns her the submissive position, which the heroine unknowingly takes in an effort to play the role of dominator. Charlotte Bronte's protagonist displays sophisticated strategies of masochism, willingly submitting to the tyrant and even magnifying his power with religious overtones only to control him. Shirley Jackson represents an even more drastic solution for managing domination: the protagonists' obedient retreat to a hidden space, where they entirely evade the gaze of men. The study concludes with a discussion of possibilities of survival outside patriarchy, achieved through Gothic heroine's perfect management---elimination---of the gaze.

Gender Identity Shapes Preferences for Health and Environmental Behaviors

Nakagawa, Sandra Kai ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Stanford Universit 2017 해외박사(DDOD)

Relative to women, men are less likely to engage in many health-promoting and pro-environmental behaviors. In this dissertation, I argue that men avoid healthy and sustainable practices in order to demonstrate their masculinity and distance themselves from feminine-typed domains. Across three papers I draw on survey and experimental methods to examine the role of masculinity maintenance and gender attitudes on health and environmental preferences. Chapter 1 provides causal evidence that men's gender identity maintenance efforts negatively affect health-related preferences through two pathways: first, unhealthy choices that express masculinity, and secondly, elevated blood pressure in response to gender identity threats. In chapter 2, I show that men's lower levels of environmental concern can be explained by differences in gender beliefs and perceptions about the masculinity and femininity of pro-environmental views. Finally, in chapter 3 I test a potential intervention strategy intended to increase men's rates of sustainable practices by drawing on masculine-typed frames that fit more closely with widely held definitions of masculinity. Overall, this research shows how men's gender identity maintenance can shape preferences for health and environmental behaviors.

한국어 말하기 수행 평가 연구 : 일본 지역 학습자를 대상으로

Nakagawa, Masaomi 서울대학교 대학원 2014 국내박사

본 연구는 일본에서의 한국어 말하기 수행 평가의 방안과 실제를 제시하는 데에 목적이 있다. 1990년대 초부터 본격적으로 이루어진 한국어 능력 평가 연구는 평가의 타당성과 신뢰성을 확보하고 실제성과 실용성을 가진 평가 도구 개발이 진행되어 왔다. 그 중에서도 한국어 말하기 능력 평가는 비교적 활발하게 연구가 이루어진 분야이다. 한편 일본에서의 한국어 학습자도 말하기 능력에 대하여 높은 요구를 가지고 있기에 말하기 능력 평가의 중요성이 매우 크다고 할 수 있다. 그러나 일본에서의 한국어 말하기 능력 평가에 대한 연구는 거의 이루어지지 않았으며, 그 결과 학습 맥락이 부족한 평가만 교육 현장에서 이루어지고 있는 것이 사실이다. 이러한 상황은 교수・학습이 이루어져도 그 결과에 대하여 검토하고 교육 현장에 재투입하는 교수・학습과 평가의 순환작용이 기능하지 못하고 있음을 의미한다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 일본 대학에서의 한국어교육이라는 교육 현장성을 고려하였으며 한국어 말하기 능력 평가의 이론 모색과 그 적용을 시도하였다. 본 연구에서는 한국어 말하기 능력 평가를 학습자가 한국어를 구사하여 어떤 사회적 행위를 실천하는 말하기 수행에 나타난 능력 추정과 그 추정을 통한 구체적인 학습 지원 활동으로 보았으며 이 말하기 능력 평가의 개념과 그 고려 요소를 규정하였다. 또한 일본 대학에서의 한국어 말하기 능력 평가의 실태를 파악하기 위하여 현장 교사에 대한 설문 조사와 평가 사례에 대한 담화 분석, 그리고 교사(평가자)를 대상으로 한 사후 인터뷰 조사를 실시하고 분석하였다. 그 결과 한국어 말하기 능력 평가의 문제점으로 평가 기준의 문법 능력 중심성, 대화의 비상호성, 과제의 비실제성, 교수・학습과 평가의 단절성이라는 네 가지 문제점이 지적되었다. 이 네 가지 문제점은 일본 대학에서의 한국어교육이 안고 있는 교육적 측면과 환경적 측면에 기인한다. 또한 본고에서는 그 외에 학습자의 언어적 측면, 심리적 측면, 문화적 측면에도 주목하여 일본어 모어화자가 가지는 ‘수동성’이라는 특성을 지적하였다. 이러한 교육 현장의 문제점과 학습자가 가지는 부정적 특성을 해결하기 위하여 본고에서는 수행 평가의 필요성을 주장하였으며 ‘통합적 말하기 능력에 대한 평가’와 ‘대화를 중시한 평가’, ‘학습자의 주체성을 유인하는 평가’라는 일본에서의 한국어 말하기 수행 평가 개발의 방향성에 대하여 언급하였다. 구체적으로는 한국어 말하기 수행 평가의 구인으로서 언어 능력과 문화 능력에 문제 해결 능력이라는 새로운 역량을 추가하였으며 학습자가 자신을 둘러싼 사회와 관계가 있는 과제를 수행하면서 평가에 주체적으로 참여하는 평가 방안을 제시하였다. 이 평가 방안에서는 학습자가 과제를 수행한 결과에 대하여 타자 평가와 자기 평가를 통하여 자신의 학습 성과를 내적으로 성찰하고 향후 학습 목표를 설정하게 된다. 마지막으로 평가 방안을 일본 대학에서의 한국어교육에 적용한 후, 학습자와 교수자(교사 및 교사 교육 담당자)에게서 받은 피드백에 대한 재고를 했으며 이를 토대로 향후 연구 과제를 제시하였다.

Global Rise or Persistent Inequalities? A Cross-National Analysis of Women Faculty

Nakagawa, Mana ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Stanford Universit 2015 해외박사(DDOD)

Over the last decade, women have increasingly outnumbered men in higher education enrollments in the vast majority of countries around the world. Yet, studies reveal that women continue to be underrepresented as faculty, particularly in the higher echelons of the academic hierarchy and across traditionally male-dominated disciplines. This dissertation explores the global status of women faculty in higher education institutions from historical, national, and organizational level perspectives. The experiences of women faculty have been well documented in specific countries and regions throughout the world, but the extent to which these trends can be generalized in a global and historical context is far less understood.My first paper utilizes data from the UNESCO Institute of Statistics to examine the global trends of women faculty attainment across 93 countries from 1970 to 2012. Using descriptive analysis and country-fixed effects regression analysis, I examine (1) how women faculty have advanced cross-nationally over time, and (2) to what extent these changes are driven by global and transnational dynamics, and/or by country-level characteristics. Although the conditions of women academics have been widely examined across different countries worldwide, extant studies have largely been cross-sectional in nature, or focused on single country or university contexts. The contribution of this paper is to examine the phenomenon from a cross-national and longitudinal perspective. I find that despite the current prevailing discourse focusing on the underrepresentation of women academics, women's share of faculty positions has in fact grown dramatically and consistently over the last several decades.While the first paper provides an important historical context to understanding the current status of women faculty worldwide, more recent research emphasizes the unequal access and opportunities that women faculty continue to face in reaching the higher ranks of tenure, particularly in the Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) fields. In order to understand these gender differences among academic faculty, the second paper employs a comparative analysis of women faculty in current-day, top ranked universities worldwide. Given the limited availability of comparative international data on women faculty, I utilize a uniquely constructed dataset on over 12,000 current faculty (2013-14 academic year) from 13 advanced and developing countries, across four diverse fields of study. The investigation relies on descriptive and multi-level analyses focusing on two main dependent variables: (1) women's share of faculty positions inside higher education institutions across four fields of study, and (2) women's share of tenured or permanent faculty positions inside a higher education institution, across disciplines. I find that in this current-day sample of elite universities worldwide, women are in fact, vastly underrepresented at the tenure ranks across all fields of study across the 13 countries, and particularly in engineering. From a global perspective, countries that are interlinked to a world society are more likely to see women in faculty positions across all ranks and disciplines. Various political and structural factors at the national level jointly contribute to the limited advancement of women faculty, particularly in the science and engineering fields, as well as in higher ranks of faculty positions across disciplines.The third article examines the organizational-level characteristics of higher education institutions that contribute to the growth of women faculty across the 52 elite universities for which data is uniquely collected. I find a wide variation in the institutional characteristics associated with differing levels of women's representation in faculty positions. Most prominently, the presence of women department heads is significantly linked to greater representations of women faculty, both overall and at higher ranks of tenure. Building on feminist and organizational-level theories, I argue that the current underrepresentation of women in higher ranks of faculty are functions of a dynamic, multi-level gender system in which global-, national- and organizational-level processes work together to perpetuate the gender segregation in academic hierarchies across the world.This dissertation contributes a unique examination of the status of women faculty in a global context from a variety of sociological, feminist, and organizational frameworks and perspectives. Given the cross-national scope of these papers, the findings contribute new evidence for the generalizability of existing theories on women in higher education cross-nationally, beyond the existing state of theories focusing on single country studies. As the under-representation of women, particularly in elite and leadership positions, spans diverse socio-economic and political contexts around the world, these papers further offer new considerations for scholars and stakeholders invested in the broader issues of gender, work and organizations.

Indium phosphide-lattice-matched, long-wavelength vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for optical fiber communications

Nakagawa, Shigeru University of California, Santa Barbara 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

The purpose of this dissertation is to realize reliable and practical long-wavelength vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) for real optical fiber communications. The approach is to deploy all-lattice-matched structures on InP, which have been already proven to provide high performance, reliability, low cost, and high manufacturability by GaAs-based shorter-wavelength (850–980 nm) VCSELs. AlGaAsSb is a promising material to implement highly reflecting distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) which are lattice-matched to InP. However, the high operating voltage and high thermal impedance caused by the AlGaAsSb/AlAsSb DBRs result in the large temperature rise, preventing CW operation. The primary advance in this dissertation is a double-intracavity contacted structure. This structure allows generated heat and injected current to bypass the Sb-based mirrors, reducing the temperature increase. The device has demonstrated excellent performance such as high maximum output power (>1 mW at 20°C and >100 μW at 80°C) and high maximum operation temperature (88°C) for the 8 μm aperture. The InP-lattice-matched VCSEL fully benefits from the double-intracavity contacted structure in terms of the device temperature, since the measured operating voltage and thermal impedance are comparable with the GaAs-lattice-matched structures. There are several parameters to be improved for the higher temperature and higher output operation. The low injection efficiency results from the small overlap of optical mode and current density profile, which will be increased using two separate oxide apertures for current and optical confinements. The relatively low characteristic temperature of the injection efficiency and threshold current must be improved by optimizing the material quality of the active region.

Important roles of housing stock in consumer behaviors

Nakagawa, Shinobu University of California, San Diego 2003 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation explores the effects of housing on consumer behaviors. A house, a typical durable good, is subject to transactions cost in altering the stock, and thus its adjustment dynamics are infrequent and slow. It has the spillover effects on nondurable consumption dynamics. It is also the single most important component of wealth, and thus can be the collateral in borrowing resources from future to realize the optimal level of current consumption. Chapter 1 surveys the field of the consumption-based capital asset pricing model (C-CAPM) with particular reference to the role of housing. A simple theoretical framework with durable goods is presented, and the model is estimated with the U.S. aggregate data on consumers. The results show that in contrast to consumer durable goods, housing assets subject to larger transactions costs play an important role for resolving the empirical puzzle of the standard C-CAPM. Chapter 2 compares the empirical performance between the housing and habit formation models. Both are common in the sense of generating an additional state variable to the household's optimization problem to break the standard tight reciprocal relationship between risk aversion and intertemporal substitution of consumption. The equilibrium condition is estimated using the household panel data on expenditures on food, a typical nondurable good, and housing stocks. I observe that adjustment costs in housing significantly generate its low intratemporal substitutability to food consumption, and its lowness yields the sluggish food consumption dynamics without requiring an unrealistically high degree of curvature of utility function. In contrast, I find no supportive evidence of the habit formation effects. Chapter 3 extends the housing model to test for the existence of borrowing constraints, focusing on low liquid asset holders who have been identified as liquidity constrained consumers. The equilibrium condition is estimated and tested for various household wealth groups. The results show that the condition is rejected and the one-side positive Euler inequality holds only for households whose amount of liquid financial assets is lower, but this is not the case if they have sufficient housing equities, suggesting an additional collateral role of housing assets for relaxing borrowing constraints.

Near-field phenomena in resonant and nonlinear photonic nanostructures

Nakagawa, Wataru University of California, San Diego 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

Optical nanostructures are manufactured devices composed of two or more constituent materials with characteristic size scales close to but smaller than the optical wavelength (e.g. 50–500 nm). The interaction of an optical wave with such a nanostructure is in most cases qualitatively different than with larger structures. As a result, optical nanostructures enable the study of new and interesting near-field optical physics, and may facilitate novel photonic devices and highly integrated systems. However, the complexity of these interactions means that traditional analytic or approximate solutions are not applicable, and that new accurate numerical electromagnetic analysis tools must be developed. This dissertation presents several specific examples of new electromagnetic analysis tools and the application of these tools to study near-field optical effects in nanostructures and to design and characterize new photonic device structures. The electromagnetic modeling tools presented in this dissertation are based on the well-established Rigorous Coupled-Wave Analysis technique, and include extensions to investigate ultrashort pulse propagation in nanostructures, as well as to analyze second-harmonic generation in the undepleted-pump approximation. These tools are applied to study the modulation of an ultrashort optical pulse in interacting with nanostructures, as well as to design a quasi-two-dimensional resonant filter based on periodic defects in photonic crystals. In addition, the transverse localization of the optical field in subwavelength periodic nanostructures is extensively studied, with applications to the design of a tunable resonant cavity based on near-field coupling and the enhancement of second-harmonic generation through field localization and engineered phase matching conditions. It is the overall goal of this work—by presenting several concrete examples of useful and novel photonic devices—to illustrate the potential of near-field phenomena in optical nanostructures to provide abundant opportunities for both the study of interesting near-field optical physics and the development of useful optical devices and technologies. In the future, as the relevant device design and fabrication technologies develop, optical nanostructures hold great promise both as a platform for the miniaturization and large-scale integration of photonic devices and as a tool to investigate new near-field optical physics including nonlinear optical and quantum mechanical phenomena.

Experimental study of compressibility effects on entrainment and mixing in supersonic planar turbulent bluff-body wakes

Nakagawa, Masaki University of Michigan 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

Understanding effects of compressibility on the entrainment and mixing properties of supersonic turbulent shear flows is a key to successful development of the next generation of high-speed airbreathing propulsion systems. Previous studies have focused largely on supersonic mixing layers, and have shown dramatic reductions in the entrainment and mixing rates with increasing compressibility which has been widely believed to be a generic effect of compressibility in supersonic turbulent shear flows. The present dissertation reports results from an experimental investigation of entrainment and mixing in supersonic, planar, turbulent, bluff-body wakes to clarify the generic effects of compressibility in turbulent shear flows. The experimental techniques, including conventional pressure measurements, shadowgraph and planar laser Mie scattering (PLMS) visualizations, and particle image velocimetry (PIV), were used to study instantaneous and mean velocity fields, scaling properties, turbulence statistics, and large-scale structure in instantaneous and phase-averaged vorticity fields over a range of relative Mach numbers. These were compared with corresponding results from incompressible wakes and from supersonic mixing layers. Results indicate that the classical vortex street-like large scale structure of incompressible planar turbulent wakes is recovered in supersonic wakes where the local relative Mach number <italic>M_r</italic>(x) has decreased to sufficiently small values, but no comparable large-scale organized structure is evident where the relative Mach number is large. Moreover, at downstream locations where <italic>M_r</italic>(x) is large, a reduction in the growth rate of the flow is observed due to compressibility, but this reduction is significantly smaller than that reported from studies of supersonic mixing layers. Results also show that the wake undergoes a self-induced forcing where it passes through reflected expansion waves produced by the wake generator. This local forcing alters the scaling constants for the wake, and affects the entrainment and mixing rate, only if the flow conditions produce a subsonic upstream path from the wave interaction point. However downstream of this point, the interaction leads to a dramatic increase in the growth rate and an attendant local increase in the entrainment rate, providing a means to increase the entrainment rate in supersonic turbulent shear flows.