정규직과 비정규직의 임금격차에 관한 실증분석 = An Empirical Analysis of The Wage Differential Between Regular Employees and Irregular Employees.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

An Empirical Analysis of The Wage Differential Between
Regular Employees and Irregular Employees.

Moon, Young-Man

Department of Economics, Graduate School,
Pukyong National University

Abstract

It is the gap of salary analysis of actual proof of the regular worker, that is the important purpose of study of this paper, and irregular workers. Korea is the highest country the rate of the irregular workers among the OECD nation. The country in which the gap of salary according to the form of employees is most serious is Korea. The wage inequality extent (P90/10) of the upper position 10% and lower 10% was analyzed among OECD nations. Then, U.S. most used abusive the wage inequality by 4.9 times. And next Korea used abusive the wage inequality by 4.7 times with U.S.
In this way, there as to the reason, why the gap of salary is serious is the related in which it is deep with the irregular worker increment of the Korean labor market. The irregular workers went through the IMF foreign exchange crisis and the irregular workers drastically increased due to the quantitative softening enlargement by the adjustment of structure and it exceeded a majority in 1999. And the majority of every laborer are the irregular workers in 2009. And the wage of the irregular workers is nothing but the half level of the regular worker. The irregular workers is discriminated at the addition favor and social insurance (the national annuity, the health insurance, the employment insurance, and the industrial accident compensation insurance) application including not only a wage but also the retirement allowance, a reward, and etc. And the irregular worker is 7months, on the other hands, it is impossible in 2 years and the regular worker the irregular workers suffers due to the serious employment insecurity in the case of the average length of employment in 6months.
The irregular worker rapidly increased and the social polarization is deepened. Together, the research about the irregular workers actively gets accomplished. But although the unified definition about the concept about the irregular worker and classification standard were not conceived and data in which it is identical as to the estimation the irregular worker scale were used, the large-scale difference is shown.
Moreover, as to the gap of salary estimation according to the type of labor, the research result is differently drawn according to data and the analytical method that each researcher uses. Accordingly, the various opinion about the concept of the irregular workers and classification standard were looked into the gap of salary analysis of actual proof of the regular worker, That is the important purpose of study of this paper, and irregular workers through the established literature review in advance. And the international instrument and U.S., Germany, the Japanese, including, the case of the major advanced country including not only the various opinion of each researchers but also OECD, ILO, and etc. were together checked out in order to grope for the rational access about the concept of the irregular workers and classification standard.
Moreover, in order that the present condition of the irregular workers of Korea and OECD nation and drawing were specifically understood, we looked around the irregular workers scale of Korea and OECD nation, the wage inequality exponent, the low wages specific gravity, the Employment Protection system, and etc
It classified as 'the free market economy (Liberal Market Economy)' and 'the adjustment market economy (Coordinated Market Economy)' and the OECD nation was compared and was analyzed by the capitalism for each type. And the research about the scale estimation was so far to some extent comprised as to the protection of irregular workers law enforcement effectiveness analysis. But the analysis about the wage effect did not have with this law.
Accordingly, a wage after the protection of irregular workers method before implementation and trial and working condition, and etc. were seen with the comparison analysis solution in order to observe the wage effect according to the protection of irregular workers law enforcement. We recently together studied about the effect of the term based method in which it there is adverse criticism. So far, as to the research about the solid solution by type gap of salary, in the nationwide dimension, the research about the irregular workers general was comprised the main current.
Although it says to be the same irregular workers, however a wage and working condition can be different to the irregular workers characteristic including the sex, the academic career, a slate, the business scale, the type of occupation, the industrial, joining labor union existence and nonexistence, and etc. But a research of these did nearly not realize. Accordingly, in this research, not only the research about the irregular workers general but also the irregular workers was made by characteristic with fragmentation and the solid solution by type gap of salary was analysis of actual proof Bottomed.

The Ministry of Labor 「Investigation into the realities by type of labor」2007 year data and 2008 years used data and the gap of salary analysis of actual proof of the regular worker. That is the important research subject of this paper, and irregular workers analysis of actual proof Bottomed. And a result is as follows.
First, the basic gap of salary of the regular worker and irregular workers was analyzed in the state that it doesn't control the Human Capital. Then, a wage was per hour 13,540 won in the case of 2007 years of the regular worker and the irregular workers was 8,570 won. In other words, 2007 years a wage was per hour 63.29% level of the regular worker contrast irregular workers. And in 2008, the regular worker, per hour, a wage was 14,470 won and the irregular workers was 8,420 won. In 2008, the regular worker contrast irregular workers, per hour, a wage per the time is 58.18% level. Accordingly, the basic gap of salary between the irregular workers and the regular worker were more expanded with about 5.1%p.
Second, The gap of salary by type of labor at the state where it controls the nature, an age, the academic career, a slate, including, the Human Capital and business scale, the type of occupation, an industry, labor union existence and nonexistence, including, the structural factor of the business characteristic and labor market, and etc. through the OLS regression analysis was estimated. As a result, in 2007 years, it was 13.5%. And it was 14.9% on 2008 years. Although this controls the Human Capital, and etc., it shows that the pure gap of salary according to the employment form called the regular worker and irregular workers considerably exists. A gap became more in comparison with 2007 years in 2008 with about 1.4%p with enlargement. Accordingly, in the Korean labor market, the discrimination of wages according to the employment form considerably exists. And there is the wage effect according to the irregular worker protective law trial in the inverse proportion relation. That is, whereas the effect that it is converted from the irregular worker to the regular job to the irregular worker protective law trial was affirmative, it had the affect that it is negative in the thing in which it orders the gap of salary with reduction.
According to the third, and the business scale, the gap of salary of the regular worker and irregular workers was estimated. Then, the gap of salary more extremely showed up in the large enterprise (24.4%) less than 299 peoples more than medium and small firm (7.6%) over 300 peoples.
And the business scale was more ordered with fragmentation and the gap of salary of the regular worker and irregular workers was estimated. Then, it was presumed as the business (27.89%) over 10 people less than (1%), 10~29 people (4.6%), 30~299 people (12.45%), 300~499 people (20.47%), 500 peoples. That is, the gap of salary according to the employment form increased as the business scale was enlarged. As to the however whole wage level, medium and small firm worker whose the scale is small can absolutely know the lowness in comparison with the large enterprise in which the scale is big. Especially, a wage is per hour no more than 33.6% over 500 peoples in which a wage is per hour the highest with the regular worker contrast of the business, and the irregular workers of 10 people less than business.

The male and female were classified and the gap of salary of the regular worker and irregular workers was estimated. Then, the gap of salary according to the employment form more extremely showed up in the female (16.05%) more than the male (13.67%) with fourth. And if the wage level was per hour looked into according to the sex, a female was remarkably lower than the male.
Especially, the male regular worker (16,530 won) contrast female irregular workers (7,350 won), per hour, a wage is no more than 44.5%.
That is, in the Korean labor market, the discrimination of wages between man and woman are still a presence. And the female irregular workers dually receives a differential.
The gap of salary of the regular worker and irregular workers was estimated according to the academic career. Then, the solid solution by type gap of salary the university graduates (19.35%) was most big. The next was the graduation a postgraduate school (18.94%), the high school graduate (13.50%), and the middle school graduate less than (10.68%) with fifth. In other words, the gap of salary between the irregular workers and the regular worker more showed up more than the low school career in the high academic background. And the wage level of the middle school graduate less than irregular workers (6,250 won) in which the graduation a postgraduate school regular worker (28,560 won) contrast wage in which a wage is per hour the highest is most low was no more than 21.9%. And the wage level very increased as a scholarship increased. This means that the correlation of the academic career and wage is very high.
The gap of salary of the regular worker and irregular workers was estimated according to the type of occupation. Then, the clerical work (24.8%) was most big. The next was the expert / technical workers · expert (14.5%), the service / sell (13.0%), and the technical service / mechanism · machine operation · assembly (5.4%) with sixth.
That is, the pure gap of salary according to the employment form more showed up more than the technical service more than the production job in the clerical work in the high academic background engineering job. And as to per hour, a wage, the expert / technical workers was the highest. The next was the clerical work, the technical service / machine operation, and the service / sell. The wage level of the service / sell irregular worker (6,480 won) in which it is most low with the expert / technical workers regular job (17,200 won) contrast a wage is the highest was no more than 37.7%.
The gap of salary of the regular worker and irregular workers was estimated as the industrial. Then, the pure gap of salary according to the employment form showed up in the manufacturing industry (14.3%) more than the non-manufacturing industry (12.0%) with seventh.
And an industry was more subdivided and the gap of salary was estimated. Then, the industry in which the pure gap of salary between the irregular worker and the regular job are most big was the finance / insurance (21.42%). The next was the food / lodging industry (16.47%), and the transportation business (13.84%). Per hour, as to the wage level, in the case of the regular worker, the manufacturing industry and non-manufacturing industry were similar without the large-scale difference. But In the case of the irregular workers the non-manufacturing industry was a little bit high. And the finance / insurance business was the highest if we examined. The food / lodging industry was most low. Especially, the wage level of the food / lodging industry irregular worker (5,000 won) in which it is most low with the regular job (27,760 won) contrast of the finance / insurance business a wage is per hour the highest was no more than 18%.
According to an eighth, and joining labor union existence and nonexistence, the pure gap of salary between the irregular workers and the regular worker were estimated. Then, the gap of salary between the irregular worker and the regular job showed up in the population (18.53%) in which it joins the trade union more than the population (15.04%) in which it doesn't join the trade union.
And the gap of salary between the irregular workers and the regular worker were estimated in the state where it considers till not only the joining labor union. nothing but also the business scale. Then, the gap of salary of the population which was the business over 300 peoples and in which it is joined in the labor union was 24.80%. It was 24.19%. And the gap of salary of the population which was the place of business less than 299 peoples and in which it is joined in the trade union was 10.33%. The population in which it doesn't become to the trade union with joining showed up as 7.78%.
That is, as to the business scale gap of salary according to joining labor union existence and nonexistence, the gap of salary between the irregular workers and the regular worker are bigger than medium and small firm (less than 299 peoples) in the large enterprise (over 300 peoples).
Accordingly, the gap of salary according to the employment form of the labor union official population and non-union worker population the gap of salary is more bigger than the non-union worker population in the labor union official population if over is organized. And the gap of salary of the regular job and irregular worker is big in the large enterprise labor union official population than medium and small firm labor union official population in case of considering till the business scale.
The gap of salary by the productivity difference of the gap of salary according to the employment form was about a. By using 'a method it resentful with the gap of salary of Oaxaca', 'gap of salary decomposition' was performed so that it could find out whether the gap of salary by a differential was about a. Then, or not the total gap of salary between the irregular workers and the regular worker were presumed as 0.4581637. And the gap of salary by the double productivity difference is 0.3422117. The gap of salary by a differential is 0.115952 with tenth.
As to this, when we look at the total gap of salary between the irregular worker and the regular job as 100%, the gap of salary by the productivity difference the gap of salary by 74.69% this a differential says to be 25.31%. And if the factor in which it affects on a wage was to put it more concretely looked into, 'continuously (46.81%)' most reached the big effect in the case of the Human Capital and demographic characteristics variable in advance. The next reached an affect to 'education (14.59%)', and 'sex (11.09%)'. Moreover, it was the type of occupation (16.08%), and the business scale (2.09%) among a factor by the business characteristic and labor market structure. And it was confirmed to reach the affect of the feeling (+) of a little in the case of the trade union (0.62%) variable. Accordingly, the gap of salary according to the employment form is able to make to considerably come under the influence in not only a difference but also the differential factor in which it cannot be explained as including the human characteristic and Human Capital, and etc.
The gap of salary was disassembled according to the eleventh, and the business scale. Then, the total gap of salary between the irregular workers and the regular worker were presumed as 0.3898 less than 299 peoples in the case of the place of business. And the gap of salary by the double productivity difference is 0.2993. The gap of salary by a differential is 0.0905.
As to this, when we look at the total gap of salary between the irregular workers and the regular worker as 100%, the gap of salary by the productivity difference the gap of salary by 76.8% this a differential means 23.2%.
And in the case of the worker 300~499 people business place, the total gap of salary between the irregular workers and the regular worker were presumed as 0.6143. And the gap of salary by the double productivity difference is 0.3671. The gap of salary by a differential is 0.2472.
As to this, when we look at the total gap of salary between the irregular worker and the regular job as 100%, the gap of salary by the productivity difference the gap of salary by 59.8% this a differential says to be 40.2%.
The total gap of salary between the irregular workers and the regular worker were presumed as 0.7190 over 500 peoples in the case of the place of business. And the gap of salary by the double productivity difference is 0.4541. The gap of salary by a differential is 0.2649. As to this, when we look at the total gap of salary between the irregular worker and the regular job as 100%, the gap of salary by the productivity difference the gap of salary by 63.2% this a differential means 36.8%. Accordingly, the synthesis lower-part , and the gap of salary of the regular worker according to the business scale and irregular workers the pure gap of salary according to not only the total gap of salary but also a differential increases this as the business scale is enlarged.
The gap of salary of the regular worker and irregular workers was disassembled to the 12th, and the sex. Then, the total gap of salary was presumed as 0.5336 in the case of the male. And the gap of salary by the double productivity difference was 0.4384. The gap of salary by a differential was analyzed as 0.0952. As to this, when we look at the total gap of salary between the irregular worker and the regular job as 100%, the gap of salary by the productivity difference the gap of salary by 82.2% this a differential means 17.8%. And in the case of a female, the total gap of salary was presumed with 0.4191. And the gap of salary by the double productivity difference was 0.1589. The gap of salary by a differential was analyzed as 0.2601. When this looks at the total gap of salary between the irregular worker and the regular job as 100%, the gap of salary by the productivity difference is 37.9%. The gap of salary by a differential says to be 62.1%. Accordingly, the pure gap of salary of the regular worker according to the sex and irregular workers can confirm than the male that a female is more excessive. And in the Korean labor market, the sex discrimination of wages is the discrimination of wages still exists.
The gap of salary was disassembled according to 10 thirds, and the labor union subscribed or not. Then, the total gap of salary of the labor union subscription population was analyzed as 0.6407. And the gap of salary by the double productivity difference was 0.4428. The gap of salary by a differential was analyzed as 0.1979. When this looks at the total gap of salary between the irregular worker and the regular job as 100%, the gap of salary by the productivity difference is 69.1%. The gap of salary by a differential means 30.9%.
And the total gap of salary was analyzed as 0.4817 in the case of the population in which it doesn't join the labor union. And the gap of salary by the double productivity difference was 0.3505. The gap of salary by a differential was analyzed as 0.1312. As to this, when we look at the total gap of salary between the irregular worker and the regular job as 100%, the gap of salary by the productivity difference the gap of salary by 72.8% this a differential says to be 27.2%. Accordingly, the pure gap of salary of the regular worker according to the labor union sign up or not and irregular workers can confirm that they are more harder than the population in which the population joined in the labor union is not admitted to the labor union.


Key Words: Irregular Workers, Wage Differentials, Discrimination, Labor Union.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목 차
• Abstract
• 제 1 장 서론························································································1
• 제1절 연구의 배경과 목적·····························································1
• 제2절 연구의 방법과 구성·····························································5
• 제 2 장 임금격차에 관한 이론과 선행연구···································7
• 제1절 임금격차의 개념과 이론···················································7
• 1. 임금격차의 개념··································································7
• 2. 임금격차 이론······································································9
• 제2절 선행연구의 검토································································16
• 1. 국내 논문··············································································16
• 2. 외국 논문············································································20
• 제 3 장 한국과 OECD국가의 비정규직노동자 현황··················23
• 제1절 비정규직노동자의 개념 및 증가요인·····························23
• 1. 개념 및 분류기준·································································23
• 2. 증가요인················································································39
• 제2절 한국의 비정규직보호법 내용과 시행효과·····················43
• 1. 비정규직보호법 내용과 효과에 대한 이견······················43
• 2. 비정규직보호법의 시행효과··············································44
• 3. 기간제법의 시행효과··························································51
• 제3절 비정규직노동자의 국제비교···········································54
• 1. 비정규직노동자의 실태······················································54
• 2. 자본주의 유형별 비정규직노동자의 실태·······················57
• 제 4 장 정규직과 비정규직의 임금격차 분석·····························60
• 제1절 분석자료 및 분석모형·····················································60
• 1. 분석자료 개관 및 기술통계·············································60
• 2. 변수의 정의 및 분석모형·················································73
• 제2절 임금격차 분석··································································80
• 1. 2007년 임금격차 분석······················································81
• 2. 2008년 임금격차 분석······················································84
• 1) 임금격차 추정(전체)···················································85
• 2) 사업체 규모별 임금격차 추정····································88
• 3) 성별 임금격차 추정·····················································95
• 4) 학력별 임금격차 추정·················································98
• 5) 직종별 임금격차 추정················································101
• 6) 산업별 임금격차 추정················································104
• 7) 노조가입 유·무별 임금격차 추정······························107
• 제3절 소결···············································································113
• 제 5 장 정규직과 비정규직의 임금격차 분해···························116
• 제1절 분석자료 및 분석모형···················································116
• 1. 분석자료··········································································116
• 2. 분석모형··········································································116
• 제2절 임금격차 분해·································································119
• 1. 고용형태별 임금격차 분해(전체)·································119
• 1) 고용형태별 임금격차 추정········································119
• 2) 고용형태별 임금격차 분해········································122
• 2. 사업체 규모별 임금격차 분해······································124
• 1) 고용형태별 임금격차 추정········································124
• 2) 고용형태별 임금격차 분해········································126
• 3. 성별 임금격차 분해·······················································128
• 1) 고용형태별 임금격차 추정········································128
• 2) 고용형태별 임금격차 분해········································131
• 5. 노조가입 유무별 임금격차 분해··································132
• 1) 고용형태별 임금격차 추정········································132
• 2) 고용형태별 임금격차 분해········································135
• 제3절 소결················································································137
• 제 6 장 결론···················································································139
• 제1절 요약 ················································································139
• 제2절 정책적 시사점································································146
• <참고문헌>·················································································151

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