대학생의 애착관계 및 유형과 진로탐색효능감이 진로발달에 미치는 영향 = (The)influence of attachment relationship and style and career search self-efficacy on career development of college students

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study investigated how attachment and career search self-efficacy predict career development among college students. This research extended previous research in two important ways. First, it assessed attachment in terms of actual attachment relationships and styles. Second, career development encompassed a number of constructs, such as career exploration, career indecision, career identity, and career adaptability. Specifically, the purpose of this study is to address (a) how the actual attachment relationships and styles influence career search self-efficacy and career development, and (b) how career search self-efficacy affects career development.
A large sample of college students(N=613) from 7 universities in Korea completed the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment- Revised(IPPA-R), Relationship Questionnaire(RQ), Career Search Efficacy Scale(CSES), Career Exploration Behavior Survey(CEBS), Career Decision Scale(CDS), My Vocational Situation(MVS), and Career Futures Inventory(CFI).
The results of standard regression analyses showed that all the actual attachment relationship variables(attachment to father, mother, and peer) explained the career search self-efficacy variance. Specifically, the attachment to father appeared to have the most significant influence on the career search self-efficacy. Both of the attachment styles(i.e., anxiety and avoidance) predicted the career search self-efficacy beliefs. Specifically, anxiety dimension appeared to have much stronger effect on career search self-efficacy than avoidance dimension. In addition, the combination of the attachment relationship and style variables accounted for much more variance of the career search self-efficacy beliefs than each of the attachment variables. Anxiety, attachment to peer and father predicted significantly the career search self-efficacy beliefs.
The results of five hierarchical regression analyses showed that the attachment relationship and style variables predicted each of the career development variables differently, after controlling for the individual demographic variables(i.e., gender and grade). Attachment to mother and anxiety affected the career-related self-exploration, attachment to father and anxiety predicted the career-related environment exploration. Attachment to mother influenced career indecision and anxiety dimension uniquely accounted for the variance of career identity. Attachment to peer and father, anxiety, and avoidance contributed to the explained career adaptability variance.
The results of five hierarchical regression analyses, the career search self-efficacy beliefs affected all the career development variables, after controlling for the individual demographic variables and the attachment variables. Career search self-efficacy contributed to the explained variance of career adaptability, self-exploration, and environment exploration very strongly.
Based on the results of this study, some conclusions and implications can be drawn. First, this study extended the attachment theory to the career-related domain and examined the predictive power of the attachment variables. Attachment relationships and styles contributed to career development which is one of the psychological adjustment indicators during late adolescence and early adulthood. Second, this study provided substantial support to the literature that career search self-efficacy is a useful construct to affect each of the career development variables significantly and therefore the development of an intervention program to enhance career search self-efficacy is very beneficial. Third, this study contributed to the comprehensive understanding of the career-related factors including career-related decision-making and exploration, and the adaptive level of college students at the relational perspective.
Implications for research and counseling practices are provided. Also limitations of the study are discussed.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 학교에서 직업세계로의 전환과정에 있는 대학생(N=613)의 애착관계 및 유형과 진로탐색효능감이 진로 결정․탐색․적응수준을 포함하는 진로발달에 미치는 영향을 심층적으로 탐색하였다. 연구목적을 구체적으로 진술하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 애착관계 및 유형이 진로탐색효능감과 진로발달 변인들에 미치는 영향을 탐색한다. 둘째, 진로탐색효능감이 진로발달 변인들에 미치는 영향을 탐색한다.
이상과 같은 연구목적을 탐색하기 위해 본 연구에서 설정한 연구문제는 다음과 같다.
연구문제 1. 대학생의 애착관계 및 유형은 진로탐색효능감에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?
연구문제 2. 대학생의 애착관계 및 유형은 진로발달 변인들 각각에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?
연구문제 3. 대학생의 진로탐색효능감은 진로발달 변인들 각각에 어떤 영향을 미치는가?
각각의 연구문제에 대한 분석 결과는 다음과 같다.
연구문제 1에 대한 동시적 회귀분석 결과, 애착관계 변인들의 경우 부애착, 모애착, 동료애착 모두 진로탐색효능감에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 특히 부애착이 진로탐색효능감을 가장 높게 설명하는 것으로 나타났다.
애착유형 변인들의 경우, 불안 및 회피 모두 진로탐색효능감에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 불안이 진로탐색효능감을 보다 잘 설명하는 변인으로 확인되었다.
애착관계 및 유형 변인들의 결합적 영향을 탐색하기 위한 동시적 회귀분석 결과, 불안, 동료애착 및 부애착이 진로탐색효능감을 설명하는데 있어 통계적으로 유의한 변인으로 확인되었다.
연구문제 2에 대한 위계적 회귀분석 결과, 애착관계 및 유형 변인들은 인구학적 변인들을 통제한 후 진로발달 변인들 각각을 상이한 방식으로 유의하게 설명하는 것으로 나타났다. 모애착 및 불안은 진로관련 자기탐색에 유의한 영향을 미치고, 부애착 및 불안이 진로관련 환경탐색에 유의한 영향을 지니는 것으로 확인되었다. 모애착만이 진로미결정을 유의하게 설명하고, 불안만이 진로정체감을 유의하게 예언하는 것으로 나타났다. 동료애착, 부애착, 불안 및 회피는 진로적응성을 유의하게 설명하는 것으로 확인되었다.
연구문제 3에 대한 위계적 회귀분석 결과, 인구학적 변인들과 애착관계 및 유형 변인들을 통제한 후 진로탐색효능감은 자기탐색, 환경탐색, 진로미결정, 진로정체감 및 진로적응성 모두를 유의하게 설명하는 것으로 확인되었다. 특히 진로적응성, 환경탐색, 자기탐색에 강한 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다.
본 연구의 결과에 기초하여 연구의 의의 및 시사점을 논의하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 본 연구는 애착이론을 대학생의 진로발달 영역으로 확장시켜 애착의 설명력을 확인하였다는데 의의가 있다. 즉 생애 초기 몇 년 동안 형성된 중요한 타인들과의 안전애착 및 애착관계에 대한 애착유형/내적작동모델이 대학생들의 적응 지표들 중의 하나인 진로발달을 유의하게 예언한다는 것을 밝혔다는데 의의가 있다. 둘째, 진로탐색효능감이 진로탐색, 진로미결정, 진로정체감 및 진로적응성을 유의하게 설명하는 유용한 척도이며 진로탐색효능감 향상을 위한 개입 프로그램 설계 및 효과 검증의 의의를 확인하였다. 셋째, 대학생의 진로발달과 관련된 요인들을 폭넓게 포함하는 다양한 진로관련 결정․탐색․적응수준에 대해 관계적 관점에서 종합적으로 이해하는데 기여하였다.
본 연구결과는 우리나라 대학생들이 매우 심각하게 고민하고 있는 진로문제를 이해하고 도와주는 상담에서 유용하게 적용될 수 있을 것이다. 상담자들은 내담자와의 촉진적인 관계를 형성하고 내담자에게 안전기지를 제공하는 애착인물의 역할을 통하여 내담자의 진로발달을 촉진할 수 있다. 또한 진로탐색효능감 기제를 활용한 개입 프로그램 개발 및 효과 검증은 진로발달을 촉진하는 계기가 될 것이다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론 = 1
• 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 = 1
• 2. 연구문제 = 5
• 3. 용어의 정의 = 6
• Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 = 9
• 1. 애착이론 = 9
• 2. 진로탐색효능감 = 22
• 3. 진로발달 = 30
• 4. 애착 및 진로탐색효능감과 진로발달 = 38
• 5. 연구의 모형 = 51
• Ⅲ. 연구방법 = 54
• 1. 연구설계 = 54
• 2. 연구대상 = 54
• 3. 연구도구 = 56
• 4. 자료분석 = 65
• Ⅳ. 결과 = 67
• 1. 기술 통계 분석 = 67
• 2. 애착관계 및 유형, 진로탐색효능감과 진로발달 변인들 사이의 상관 = 68
• 3. 연구문제 결과 분석 = 69
• Ⅴ. 논의 = 98
• 1. 애착관계 및 유형이 진로탐색효능감에 미치는 영향 = 98
• 2. 애착관계 및 유형이 진로발달에 미치는 영향 = 102
• 3. 진로탐색효능감이 진로발달에 미치는 영향 = 112
• Ⅵ. 결론 및 제언 = 115
• 1. 요약 및 결론 = 115
• 2. 시사점 = 120
• 3. 제언 = 123
• 참고문헌 = 125
• 부록 = 146
• Abstract = 158

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