스트레스, 성격특성과 우울증간의 관계에 관한 연구: 자기 주도성의 조절효과를 중심으로 = A Study regarding the relationships among Stress, Personality Characteristics, and Depression: Focusing on the Moderating Effect of Self-Directedness

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between among stress, personality characteristics, and depression. Specifically, this study focused on the moderating effect of the self-directedness between life stress and depression. In this study, the self-directedness which was proposed by Cloninger(1994) as one of the seven-factor model was assumed to play an important role in depression. The subjects were 447 college students(258 males, females 189) who were recruited from fourteen different universities in South Korea. Self reported questionnaires such as Cloninger's the Temperament and Character Inventory based on Cloninger's psycho-biological model, Beck Depression Inventory and Delongins, Folkman & Lazarus(1988)'s Daily Stress Scale were administered to them. The findings were as the follows: First, The female subjects were significantly more depressed than the male subjects. Second, the depressed groups obtained higher scores in harm avoidance, novelty seeking and self-transcendence scales, as well as lower scores in self-directedness, cooperativeness, and reward dependance scales than those of the control groups. Third, the self-directedness among seven factors of the TCI was identified as the most powerful variable for prediction of depression in female subjects. Finally, the moderating effect of self-directedness between stress and depression was significant in female subjects. This results were suggestive that psychological intervention focusing self-directedness would be effective for the depressed woman.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 Cloninger(1994)가 심리생물학적 모델을 근거로 개발한 기질과 성격검사(Temperament and Character Inventory, TCI)를 이용해, 우울증집단과 비우울증집단간의 어떠한 성격특성들 간의 차이가 있는지 알아보고, TCI에서 측정하고 있는 7가지의 성격차원에서 우울증을 가장 잘 설명하는 것으로 추정되는 자기 주도성(self-directedness)이 스트레스와 우울증 사이에 조절효과가 있는지 검증해서, 우울증의 치료적인 개입전략에 대한 중요한 자료를 제공하고자 연구되었다. 이를 위해 OCU(Open Cyber University)로「성행동의 심리학」수업을 듣는 전국 약 14개 대학교의 학생들을 대상으로 수업중 과제로 설문조사를 실시하여, 총 447명의 자료를 수집하고(남자 258명, 여자 189명) 분석하였다. 우울증과 비우울증집단간의 TCI의 7가지 성격특성의 하위척도별 점수 차이를 비교한 결과, 우울증집단이 비우울증집단에 비해 위험회피(harm avoidance), 자극추구(novelty seeking), 자기초월(self-transcendence)이 유의미하게 높았으며, 사회적 민감성(reward-dependence), 자기 주도성(self-directedness), 연대감(cooperativeness)이 유의미하게 낮았다. 특히, TCI 7가지 성격특성 중에서 자기 주도성(self-directedness)이 우울증을 예측하는 가장 강력한 변수임이 드러났다. 마지막으로, 스트레스와 우울증간의 관계에서 자기 주도성(self-directedness)의 조절효과결과, 여자의 경우 스트레스와 우울증간의 관계에서 자기 주도성이 조절효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이것은 우울증 치료시 개입전략에 대한 중요한 자료가 될 수 있을 것이라고 생각된다. 즉, 여자의 경우 우울증 치료시 자기 주도성(self-directedness)에 초점을 맞추어 개입 하는 것이 효과적임을 시사한다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 신경림, "한국여성의 우울증상 실태조사 연구" 31 (31): 2001

2 뉴스위크, "캠퍼스를 위협하는 우울증"

3 김은이, "중․고등학생의 우울에 미치는 역기능적 태도와 스트레스의 영향" 숙명여자대학교 대학원 1998

4 김옥희, "인간관계론" 박영사 2004

5 김연, "우울증의 귀인 모형에 관한 연구" 고려대학교 1985

6 이영호, "우울증에 대한 귀인모형" 서울대학교 1993

7 김은정, "우울증상과 대인관계 취약성 : 사회성 및 자율성 성격유형을 중심으로" 17 (17): 155-169, 1998

8 조현주, "우울에 취약한 성격특성과 인지-행동적 요인에 관한 연구" 성균관대학교 2000

9 전수경, "우울에 미치는 성격유형과 생활사건 유형의 상호작용효과" 고려대학교 대학원 1992

10 이민규, "우울에 대한 성격-사건간의 일치성 가설의 검증" 19 (19): 247-257, 2000

11 김현, "역기능적 신념과 생활스트레스가 우울에 미치는 영향" 충남대학교 대학원 1996

12 송지영, "여성에서 왜 우울증이 많은가?" 18 (18): 2002

13 송대현, "심리학에서 본 자존심" 성원사 1993

14 최미례, "스트레스와 우울의 관계에 대한 자아존중감의 중재효과와 매개효과" 한국임상심리학회 22 (22): 363-383, 2003

15 두금주, "스트레스와 우울간의 관계 : 자기효능감과 완벽주의의 매개효과" 아주대학교 대학원 2002

16 박희석, "스트레스, 사회적지지, 역기능적 태도 및 대처방식의 우울에 대한 효과" 12 (12): 179-196, 1993

17 김정희, "스트레스 평가와 대처의 정서적 경험에 대한 관계" 7 (7): 44-69, 1995

18 배정희, "성격과 생활사건의 일치가 우울에 미치는 영향" 이화여자대학교 대학원 1997

19 김명권, "생활사건과 우울 및 인지에 관한 일 연구" 고대 1984

20 김남재, "생활 스트레스와 우울 증상의 관계에서 자동적 사고의 역할" 한국건강심리학회 7 (7): 181-195, 2002

21 양현정, "대학생활적응에 영향을 미치는 일상적 스트레스와 자아존중감의 상호작용효과" 연세대학교 대학원 2003

22 최혜림, "대학생의 자기존중감, 우울증, 가정적 자아와의 관계" 11 (11): 183-197, 1999

23 심희옥, "대학생의 우울성향에 영향을 주는 귀인양식과 매개요인들, 자기존중감과 사회적 지원" 34 (34): 1996

24 백송숙, "내․외향성 성격유형에 따른 스트레스, 대처 및 학교적응도의 차이" 전남대학교 교육대학원 2003

25 김영호, "기질성격검사(TCI)와 우울증" 고려대의대 2003

26 김윤희, "걱정이 많은 사람들의 자기개념과 자기복잡성" 서울대학교 2001

27 유성진, "걱정이 많은 사람들의 성격특징" 9 (9): 15-37, 2000

28 Lu. L., "University transition: major and minor life stressors, personality characteristics and mental health" 24 : 81-87, 1994

29 Lazarus, R, S., "Theory-based stress management" 1 : 3-13, 1990

30 Marijnissen, "The temperament and character inventory in major depression" 70 : 219-223, 2002

31 Coyne, J. C., "The role of cognition in depression : A critical appraisal" 94 : 472-505, 1983

32 Brown, S. L., "The relationship of personality to mood and anxiety states : A dimensional approach" 26 : 197-211, 1992

33 Suzanne E. Luty, "The relationship of dysfunctional attitude to personality in depressed patients" 54 : 75-80, 1999

34 Leslie J. F., "The relationship between rosenberg's construct of self-esteem and Eysenck' two-dimensional model of personality" 21 (21): 483-488, 1996

35 Peirson, A. R., "The relationship between personality and mood : comparison of the BDI and the TCI" 30 : 391-399, 2001

36 Arieti, S., "The psychological organization of depression" 136 : 1365-1369, 1980

37 DeLongis, A., "The impact of daily stress on health and mood : Psychological and social resources as mediators" 54 : 486-496, 1988

38 DeNeve, K. M., "The happy personality : A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being" 124 : 197-229, 1998

39 Abramson, L. Y., "The cognitive diathesis-stress theories of depression: Toward an adequate evaluation of the theories validities, In Cognitive processes in depression" Guilford Press 3-30, 1988

40 Joffe, R. T., "The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire in major depression" 150 : 959-960, 1993

41 Cloninger C. R, "The Temperament and Character Inventory(TCI): a guide to its development and use"

42 Charles B. Anderson, "The Effect of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Bulimia Nervosa on Temperament and Character as Measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory" 43 : 182-188, 2002

43 Alloy, L. B., "Testing the cognitive diathesis-stress theories of depression: Issues of research design, conceptualization, and assesment, In Cognitive processes in depression" Guilford Press 31-73, 1988

44 Richter, J., "Temperament und Character during the course of unipolar depression among inpatients" 250 : 40-47, 2000

45 Michel Hansenne, "Temperament and character inventory(TCI)and depression" 33 : 31-36, 1999

46 Testsuya Sato, "Temperament and character inventory dimensions as a predictor of response to antidepressant treatment in major depression" 56 : 153-161, 1999

47 Gary Felsten., "Stress reactivity and Vulnerability to depressed mood in college students" 36 : 789-800, 2004

48 Alison, F. Garton, "Stress and self-concept in 10-to 15 year-old school students" 18 : 625-640, 1995

49 Costa Jr., P. T, "Still stable after all these years: Personality as a key to some issues in adulthood and old age, In Life Span Development and Behavior, Vol. 3" Academic Press 65-102, 1980

50 Billings, A. G., "Social-environmental factors in unipolar depression: Comparisons of depressed patients and nondepressed controls" 92 : 119-113, 1983

51 Brown, G. W., "Social support, self-esteem and depression" 16 : 813-831, 1986

52 Monroe, S. M., "Social support, life events, and depressive symptoms : A 1-year prospective study" 54 : 424-431, 1986

53 Kessler, R. C., "Social factors is psychopathology : Stress, social support, and coping process" 36 : 531-572, 1985

54 Brown, G. W., "Self-esteem and depression. Ⅲ. Etiological issues" 25 : 235-243, 1990

55 Maddux, J. E., "Self-efficacy, In Handbook of social and clinical psychology" Pergamon 57-78, 1991

56 Manning, M. M., "Self-efficacy expectancies, outcome expectancies, and the persistence of pain control in childbirth" 45 : 421-431, 1983

57 Jorg Richter, "Self-directedness as a cognitive feature in depressive patients" 32 : 1327-1337, 2002

58 Paykel, E. S., "Recent life events in the development of the depressive disorders, In The psychology of the depressive disorder: Implications for the effects of stress" Academic Press 245-262, 1979

59 Compas, B, E., "Psychosocial stress and child/adolescent depression: Can we be more specific?, In Handbook of depression in children and adolescents" Plenum Press 509-524, 1994

60 Dohrenwend, B. P., "Problems in defining and sampling the relevant population of stressful life events, In Stressful life events: Their nature of and effects" Wiley 1974

61 Clayton, P. J., "Premorbid personality traits of men who develop unipolar or bipolar disorders" 243 : 340-346, 1994

62 Kizilary. P. E., "Predictors of Depression in Women" 27 (27): 983-993, 1992

63 Nelleke van den Heuvel, "Personality: A moderator of the relation between cognitive functioning and depression in adults aged 55-85?" 41 : 229-240, 1996

64 Helen Cheng, "Personality, self-esteem, and demographic predictions of happiness and depression" 34 : 921-942, 2003

65 Robins, C. J., "Personality vulnerability, life events, and depressive symptoms : A test of a specific international model" 54 : 847-852, 1988

66 Richard A. Grucza, "Personality and depressive symptoms : a multi-dimensional analysis" 74 : 123-130, 2003

67 Richard W. Robins, "Personality Correlates of Self-Esteem" 35 : 463-482, 2001

68 Hewitt, P. L., "Perfectionism, stress, and vulnerability to depression" 10 : 137-142, 1986

69 Liisa Keltikangas-Jarvinen, "Parental practices, self-esteem and adult temperament : 17-year follow-up study of four population-based age cohorts" 34 : 431-447, 2003

70 Watson, D., "Negative affectivity : The disposition to experience aversive emotional states" 96 : 465-490, 1984

71 Svrakic, D. M., "Mood states and personality traits" 24 : 217-226, 1992

72 Cloninger, C. R., "Measurement of temperament and character in mood disorders : a model of fundamental states as personality types" 51 : 21-32, 1998

73 Culp, L. N., "Marriage and depressive symptoms: The role of self-esteem differs by gender" 1993

74 Fairbank, D., "Life event classification and the event-illness relationship" 5 : 41-47, 1979

75 Coyne, J. C., "Issues in personality as diathesis for depression : The case of sociotropy-dependency and autonomy-self-criticism" 118 : 358-378, 1995

76 Ekehammar, B., "Interactionism in personality from a historical perspective" 81 : 1026-1048, 1974

77 Cloninger, C. R., "Integrative psychobiological approach to psychiatric assessment and treatment" 60 : 120-141, 1997

78 Greenier, K. D., "Individual differences in reactivity to daily events : Examing the roles of stability and level of self-esteem" 67 (67): 187-208, 1999

79 Birren, J. E., "Health, behavior, and aging" Institut de la Vie: Proc 1977

80 Kovasa, S. C., "Hardiness and health : A prospective study" 42 : 168-172, 1982

81 Takuro Tomita, "Factor structure of psychobiological seven factor model of personality : a model-revison" 29 : 709-727, 2000

82 Shigeki Hirano, "Evaluating the state dependency of the Temperament and Character Inventory dimensions in patients with major depression : a methodological contribution" 69 : 31-38, 2002

83 Smith, T. M., "Endorsement of irrational beliefs as a moderator of the effects of stressful life events" 46 : 932-936, 1984

84 Olinger L. J., "Dysfunctional Attitude and Stressful Life Events: An Interactive Model of Depression" 11 : 25-40, 1987

85 Stone, S. V., "Disease-Prone personality or distress-prone personality?, In Personality and disease" Wiley 1990

86 Kwon, S. M., "Differential causal roles of dysfunctional attitudes and automatic thoughts in depression" 16 : 309-328, 1992

87 Monroe, S. M., "Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research : Implications for the depressive disorders" 110 : 406-425, 1991

88 Beck, A. T., "Development of the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale: A measure of personality factors in depression" University of Pennsylvania Press 1983

89 Hammen, C., "Depressive self-schemas, life stress, and vulnerability to depression" 94 : 308-319, 1985

90 Beck, A. T., "Depression: Clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects" Harper & Row 1967

91 Beck, A. T., "Depression: Causes and Treatment" Univ. of Pennsylvania Press 1967

92 Richter, J., "Das Temperament und Chairmaker Inventary(tai): ein Leitfaden uber seine Entwicklung und Anwendung" Sweets Test Services GmbH 1999

93 Billings, A. G. ., "Coping, stress and social resources among adults with unipolar depression" 46 : 877-891, 1984

94 Silver, R. L., "Coping with undesirable life events, In Human Helplessness: Theory and applications" Academic Press 1980

95 Gattuso, S. M., "Coping with gastrointestinal endoscopy : Self-efficacy enhancement and coping style" 60 : 133-139, 1992

96 Lazarus, R. S., "Coping and adaption in gentry, In The handbook of behavioral medicine" Guilford 1984

97 Blatt, S. J., "Convergences among psychoanalytic and cognitive-behavioral theories of depression" 9 : 157-190, 1992

98 Kanner, A. D., "Comparisons of two modes of stress measurement : Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events" 4 : 1-39, 1981

99 Miranda, J., "Cognitive vulnerability, depression, and the mood-state hypothesis: Is out of sight out of mind" 11 : 585-605, 1997

100 Beck, A. T., "Cognitive therapy of depression: New perspectives, In Treatment of depression: Old controversies and new approaches" Raven Press 265-290, 1983

101 Robins, "Cognitive and life events in major depression : A test of the mediation and interaction hypotheses" 14 : 297-313, 1990

102 Robins & Block., "Cognitive Theories of Depression Viewed from a Diathesis-Stress Perspective: Evaluations of the Models of Beck and Abramson, Seligman and Tessale" 13 : 297-313, 1989

103 Simons, A. D., "Cognition and life stress in depression : Cognitive factors and the definition, rating, and generation of negative life events" 102 : 584-591, 1993

104 Gotlib, I. H., "Cognition and depression : Issues and future directions" 11 : 663-673, 1997

105 Chwalisz, K., "Causal attribution, self-efficacy cognition, and coping with stress" 60 : 133-139, 1992

106 Sarason. I. G., "Assessing the impact of life changes : Development of the life experiences survey" 46 : 932-936, 1978

107 Ferster, C. B., "Animal Behavior and mental illness" 16 : 345-356, 1966

108 Youngs, G. A., "Adolescent stress and self esteem" 25 : 333-341, 1990

109 Cloninger, C. R., "A unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states" 3 : 167-226, 1986

110 Dykman, B. M., "A test of whether negative emotional priming facilitates access to latent dysfunctional attitudes" 11 : 197-222, 1997

111 Scott, J., "A preliminary study of the relationship among personality, cognitive vulnerability, symptom profile, and outcome in major depressive disorder" 184 : 503-515, 1996

112 Kendler, K. S., "A population-based twin study of self-esteem and gender" 28 : 1403-1409, 1998