Social Integration of North Korean Defectors in Korean Society : Implications of German Intercultural Policies

박혜서 경희대학교 평화복지대학원 2019 국내석사

The purpose of this study is to find an alternative solution for social integration of North Korean defectors in Korean society by exploring theories of interculturalism, in particular trying to draw lessons from social integration policy of Germany for East German defectors with the perspective of interculturalism. The South Korea has a unique demographic characteristic. There are people who defected from the northern part of Korea peninsula in search for a better living conditions are known as “North Korean defectors”. Korea society expects that they would be a substantial bridge between the South and North in a process of future unification of Korea. Therefore it is fundamental task, especially for government, to integrate them in Korean society harmoniously. Nevertheless, while the number of North Korean defectors is over 30,000 nowadays, some obstacles could frustrating the North Korean defectors to harmoniously adapt in new circumstance, the South. Most of them usually suffer from severe identity confusion and feel alienated. This is because multiculturalism creates limitations for Korean society to integrate North Korean defectors. First limitation is that the native-born South Korean’s negative perceptions and prejudice toward the North Korean defectors are still prevailed. The other limitation is South Korean tendency to purposefully homogenize the defectors’ identity into one, ‘South Korean’. Therefore, this study clearly presents there is enormous gap still now between Korea social integration policy of them and reality of their current state in this society. In this respect, this study firstly analyzes the current status of North Korean’s social integration in search for applicable directions from German social integration policy for the defectors with perspective of interculturalism. The idea of interculturalism has been devised as a complimentary solution to improve the drawbacks of existing multiculturalism. Interculturalism aims to embrace diversity of immigrants by emotionally communicating each other through dialogue, to share mutual differences, and to regard the diversity from immigrants as valuable asset in its country. Since the social integration policy of North Korean defectors in Korean society mostly appears limitations of multiculturalism, this study says it should be overcome before unification. As looking at German case, people mostly think German unification is relatively successful. German has implemented intercultural education policy to enhance mutual understanding not only for East German defectors but also any other immigrants. After evaluating that Germany should have put more effort to its social integration policy and programs between West German and the defectors, it created the ‘Round Table Conference’ to discuss about political alternatives for successful reunification. It was a crucial institution as dispute reconciliation. However, some experts say that German unification is accomplished through East German defectors’ sacrifices because they were often discriminated by native-born West German and distressed with identity constitution in West. It evidently shows that German also did not solve the issue of social integration of East German defectors, but cause remorse in the German society till today. This study encourages Korean society to prepare preemptive idea to solve North Korean defectors’ struggle in adjusting in South by referring to social integration policy of Germany for the defectors. At this point, this study draws lessons from the German case, and finally arrive at solution to what genuine way for social integration of North Korean defectors in Korean society should be. Keywords North Korean defectors, South Korea, Identity, Perception, Multiculturalism, Interculturalism, Germany, Diversity, Social Integration

North Korean defectors' human rights protection in South Korea and the role of education

D'Elia, Fabiana Graduate School of International Studies, Korea Un 2019 국내석사

North Korean defectors start suffering from the lack of a serious mechanism of protection of their human rights long before arriving in South Korea. As previous studies have observed, even after leaving the precarious conditions of their homeland, many North Korean refugees often see their human rights violated in hosting third countries such as China, which denies them the status of refugees and regularly repatriates them. When finally reaching the South Korean territory, a great number of defectors still fails to enjoy a full protection of their rights. Several scholars have described how despite the numerous incentives granted by the South Korean government, in fact, North Korean defectors still face several challenges in trying to adapt to the South Korean society and lifestyle. The forming period defectors are supposed to spend at the state-run Hanawon resettlement center does not seem to grant defectors enough knowledge to be able to independently sustain themselves afterward. Existing data indicate how only around half of the North Korean defectors’ community in the South is currently employed in the county and that a significant number of defectors is believed to suffer from discrimination and unstable mental conditions in South Korea. The present research differs from previous studies which have examined North Korean defectors’ reality in South Korean since it approach the topic through a human rights perspective. This study, in fact, investigates defectors’ conditions in South Korea in terms of levels of protection of their human rights, presenting the aspects in which the South Korean integration policies have not succeeded in guaranteeing the full protection of defectors’ economic, social and cultural rights, as well and their civil and political ones. Some of defectors’ most basic human rights such as the Right to Mental and Physical Health, the Right of Freedom from Discrimination, the Right to Work and Protection Against Unemployment and to Security of Person, in fact, do not result to be sufficiently protected in South Korea. Finally, this research considers North Korean defectors’ situation in South Korea describing how proper education for both North Korean defectors and native South Korean citizens can be considered as effective tools to achieve a better protection of North Korean defectors’ human rights in the South. Better educational offers, educational training programs and greater access to information for North Korean defectors accompanied by a more pragmatic Unification Education for South Korean citizens to contrast prejudices about North Korean refugees are presented, in this study, as contributing factors to a greater protection of North Korean defectors’ economic, social and cultural human rights, as well as their civil and political ones.

MINORITY, SOCIAL EXCLUSION, AND NORTH KOREAN DEFECTORS IN SOUTH KOREA

김혜경 고려대학교 국제대학원 2009 국내석사

North Korean defectors are one of the significant minority groups of South Korea. They are classified as minority not only because of their numbers within the population but also in terms of their social, economic, political power and position. As minority, North Korean defectors are vulnerable to experience various types of social exclusion. They are exposed to exclusion from labor market, economic exclusion, educational exclusion, sociocultural exclusion, and even spatial exclusion. Unemployment and instability of employment of North Korean defectors is closely related to economic exclusion. And those who suffer from exclusion from labor market and, further more, suffer from economic exclusion is unlikely to have interests in education and just give up being educated as well as educating their children. Sociocultural exclusion normally caused by prejudice and unintentional or intentional isolation brands North Korean defectors as betrayers or the helpless poor. Unlike government’s intention to help North Korean defectors’ resettlement by providing rental houses, concentration of North Korean defectors in certain areas has put them in a situation hard to stretch out their hands and interact with other social members. And as a result, their boundary of social relations inevitably narrows down. The significance of North Korean defectors for South Korean society is not restricted to social integration alone; it is a passage to national reunification. Even though the two Koreas share many things in common and also they are similar in many ways, there exists differences between the two cultures. Additionally, dichotomy between government policies to help North Korean defectors get into the society and conscious or unconscious rejection from individual members is not ignorable. True social integration is only possible when uniqueness of manifold members is accepted and respected.

(The) Unprotected refugees : The issue of refugee determination of North Korean defectors in light of human rights and refugee protection systems

용은혜 韓國外國語大學校 國際地域大學院 2022 국내석사

Most North Korean defectors crossed the border to China and began to settle and live in China. However, North Korean defectors have been forcibly repatriated, being considered as illegal immigrants who entered the Chinese border for economic reasons, and not as refugees who should be protected. Even though forced repatriation is illegal under the 1951 Convention, North Korean defectors who have been forcibly sent back to North Korea are treated as traitors and are subject to serious punishment or the death penalty. Another problem North Korean defectors have encountered is their refugee status in a third country, regarding dual nationality under Article 1(A)(2) paragraph 2 of the 1951 Convention. A significant number of North Korean defectors are not recognized as refugees and become directionless with insecurity and instability, as they possess both North and South Korean nationalities. The research will discuss how the refugee status determination system influences contemporary refugees and settlement support policy when it comes to states' protection of them. In terms of North Korean defectors, they have a unique feature in that they can be entitled to different identities among citizens, refugees, and migrants. The Chinese political conditions and system of South Korea might cause many ambiguities, difficulties as well as some matters facing North Korean defectors.

North Koreans Through the Cinematic Eyes of South Korea : A Comparative Analysis of 20 South Korean Films

라혜빈 서울대학교 대학원 2023 국내석사

통일부에 따르면 현재까지 한국의 탈북민 (North Korean defectors)은 3만 3천명 이상이라고 한다. 한국에서는 이러한 탈북민들의 원활한 정착을 위해서, 도착한 즉시 대한민국 시민권과 "정착 교육" 그리고 여러 재정적 지원하고 있지만, 그들 중 많은 수는 여전히 한국 사회에 정착하는 데 많은 어려움을 겪고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 탈북민이 한국 사회에서 적응하는 과정에서 어려움을 겪는 데는 사회 시스템의 근본적인 차이를 포함한 여러가지 이유가 있겠지만, 한국 사회가 탈북민을 바라보는 시선이 긍정적이지만은 않기 때문일 것이다. 실제로 이런 시각으로부터 탈북민이 한국 사회에서 느끼는 “다름” (otherness)은 그들이 공동체에 적응하고 소속감을 느끼는 것에 큰 걸림돌이 되고 있다. 따라서 탈북민에 대한 한국 사람들의 부정적인 혹은 편협된 관점이 어떤 식으로 만들어지는가를 분석함으로써 탈북민들에 대한 인식을 개선하기 위한 방법을 모색하는 것은 우리 사회에 필요한 일이라고 생각한다. 이때 영화는 북한 주민에 대한 한국 사람들의 부정적 인식이 어떻게 구성되어 있는지 보여주는 유용한 통로가 될 수 있다. 다른 플랫폼보다도 영화는 인간의 시각을 현실과 가장 유사한 방식으로 전달하는 형이상학적, 시청각적 도구의 역할을 한다. 그렇다면 한국 영화 (South Korean cinema)에서 북한 사람들은 어떻게 묘사되는가? 한국 영화는 현대 한국 사회가 가지고 있는 북한 사람들에 대한 인식을 어떤 방식으로 반영하고 있는가? 한국 영화 속에 묘사된 북한 인물과 실제 북한 사람의 차이를 어떻게 좁힐 수 있을까? 본 연구는 이러한 질문들에 답하기 위하여 한국의 분단 영화들 (division films)을 시간대별로 분석하며 그동안 북한 사람에게 투영된 다양한 편견과 고정관념, 환상 등을 파악하고자 한다. 1990년대 후반부터 한국 영화 속에 등장하는 북한 인물은 변화하는 한국 영화산업 및 남북관계 (inter-Korean relations)의 영향을 받으며 계속해서 발전해왔다. 따라서 본 연구는 한국의 영화 20편을 비교 및 분석하면서 한국 영화가 드러내는 북한 사람에 대한 관점을 포착하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 본 연구는 북한 관련 영화에 대한 기존연구와 달리 영화 분석 및 연구를 심층 인터뷰와 접목한다. 심층인터뷰를 통해 탈북자들이 북한 사람에 대하여 가지고 있는 관점을 한국 영화 속에 드러나는 한국의 시각과 대조하여 한국 영화가 북한 사람에 대한 탐구를 어떻게 하고 있는지 알아보고자 한다. 제 2 장에서는 남북관계의 주요 정치적 변화와 함께 발전해온 분단영화의 역사적 개관을 시기별로 구분하여 소개하며, 제 3장에서는 각 분단영화에 등장하는 북한 인물들을 분석한다. 이때 분단 영화들은 전쟁영화, 간첩영화, 탈북자들이 나오는 다큐멘터리 영화 등으로 각 장르와 북한 인물의 직업별로 나눈다. 제 4장에서는 영화 속의 인물들을 분석한 결과를 가지고 한국 영화 속의 북한 인물에 대한 북한 사람의 견해를 연구하기 위해 탈북민을 대상으로 진행한 인터뷰 내용을 설명한다. 한국 영화에서 북한 인물이 등장하는 주요 장면들을 클립으로 편집하여 탈북민에게 보여줌으로써 한국 사람이 가지고 있는 북한에 대한 잘못된 인식을 탐구한다. 제5장에서는 한국 영화들 속에 드러나는 북한 인물에 대한 한국 사람들의 다양한 고정관념들을 정리하고, 남북간의 인식 차이를 좁히기 위하여 한국 영화가 앞으로 어떤 새로운 노력을 할 수 있을지 모색한다. 인터뷰 결과와 한국 분단영화의 북한 캐릭터 분석을 결합하여 분석함으로써 한국 분단영화가 앞으로 나아가야할 방향성을 제시하고자 한다. 본 연구는 이러한 분석들을 통해 탈북자에 대한 한국 사회의 인식을 긍정적으로 개선하고 북한과 한국 사람의 사회문화적 통합에 기여하는 것을 목적으로 한다. According to the Ministry of Unification, over 33,000 North Koreans have defected to South Korea since the separation of the Korean peninsula. Although these t’albungmin receive South Korean citizenship, “resettlement education,” and financial assistance almost immediately upon their arrival, a large number of them continue to face severe difficulties due to their cultural and linguistic differences in contemporary South Korean society. At the same time, the South Korean cinema industry continues to release division films of various genres, garnering national and international attention for its Hollywood style action and unique backdrop of the divided Korean peninsula. How can these films allow us to understand the discrimination and challenges that North Korean defectors experience? What messages do South Korean division films deliver about North Koreans, and how do they portray the perspectives of South Koreans? This study endeavors to combine the two different research fields of North Korean resettlement and South Korean cinema studies to understand the discrimination that North Korean defectors experience in South Korean society. Film and media studies is an effective method to examine how South Koreans’ negative perceptions of North Koreans have been constructed: above any other platform, films serve as a metaphysical, audiovisual tool that delivers the human perspective in the most similar way to reality. Therefore, this study will examine how South Korean films have depicted North Korean characters, shedding light on the various prejudices and stereotypes that have been projected upon North Koreans on screen. Through comparing and analyzing 20 films produced by South Korean filmmakers, this study aims to highlight the ways in which cinematic representations of North Koreans reflect the conceptualization of North Korean defectors in South Korean society. Chapter I demonstrates how this study will combine the two frameworks of film theory and qualitative research, unlike previous works, and Chapter II provides a historical overview of the division films along with major political changes among inter-Korean relations. This overview provides background context on the evolution of division films in South Korean cinematic history, separating each time period by their respective administration and political party. Chapter III gives an analysis of the North Korean characters in each division film, comparing their similarities and differences according to each genre. The chapter is divided into different categories of the division film, including espionage films, war films, and documentary films about North Korean defectors. With the collected analyses, Chapter IV describes interviews with North Korean defectors to examine the gap between South Korean and North Korean perceptions of North Koreans. The interview results provide an evaluation of the accuracy of North Korean characters in South Korean division films. Finally, Chapter V summarizes the various stereotypes and frameworks that South Korean filmmakers have used over the past decades, and explore what new efforts could be made in the future to create a more complex and nuanced North Korean character. Combining the interview results with the analysis of North Korean characters in South Korean division films, this chapter will propose ways forward for South Korean division films to present North Korean characters. Through these suggestions, this study aims to positively alter the perceptions of South Korean society towards North Korean defectors and contribute to the sociocultural integration of North and South Koreans.

북한이탈주민의 심리 적응을 위한 기독교상담 연구

조원선 亞細亞聯合神學大學校 大學院 2006 국내석사

The number of North Korean defectors is increasing due to the inability of the Pyongyang government to provide for them. In 2005 more than 6,000 North Korean defectors are living in South Korea and they are not adapting well for several reasons. First there has been a reduction in the amount of "adaptation" money from the South Korean Government. However their main problem lies in their alienation from South Korean society as well as handling the prejudices against them. The lack of emotional and psychological support compounds the problem. This study focused on the counseling of North Koreans from a Christian world view. To understand the North Korean defectors, we need to understand four factors that shaped their character, emotion and thought. The North Korea of Juche or self-reliance ideology has shaped the values and culture of North Koreans. However their thinking changed after the famine in the mid 1990s. The North Koreans are also affected by the physical injuries they received while hiding in China. Some were imprisoned and cruelly treated by the Chinese police. Adapting to the post-modern and capitalist culture in South Korea is another source of stress for the defectors. These things shape their identity and play a part in the process of adaptation. They struggle with communications barriers, social alienation and guilt as a result of leaving their family members in North Korea. They also suffer from inferiority complex, discouragement and physical pains. However there is not enough support to help them overcome these problems. As a result, the defectors are prone to violence, anti-social behavior and drinking. Fortunately some defectors adapt through religion and a new social network. Christianity plays a key role for many defectors who became Christians in China. As they seek help in the South Korean churches, Christian Counseling becomes essential in meeting the needs of the defectors with psychological hurts. It can enable them to find their real identity within the framework of the Christian world-view. Healing their mental hurts must go together with the provision of job training and material needs. Counselors must have basic knowledge of North Korean society and culture in order to be able to help the defectors. This study hopes to provide a starting point to develop a counseling course that is tailored to the defectors. Such a course aims to help defectors adapt psychologically to the South and is based upon the Christian world view. In the long term, we hope that Christian-based counseling will become part of the mainstream counseling resources. More studies are needed to widen the role of Christianity in this area.

북한 이탈주민의 보호 및 정착지원 방안에 관한 연구

이진성 연세대학교 행정대학원 2001 국내석사

역사적인 남북정상회담을 계기로 남북한간에 반세기 이상 지속되어 왔던 냉전구도가 화해와 협력의 시대로 변화되고 있다. 남북한간에 헤어졌던 가족이 만나고 끊어졌던 철도를 다시 잇는 등 정상회담 이후 한반도는 새로운 남북공존의 시대를 열어가고 있다. 이러한 남북 화해와 협력시대의 개막은 우리민족의 통일에 대한 가능성도 더욱 밝게 하고 있으며, 그 시작이 곳곳에서 하나하나 이루어지고 있다. 남북한이 하나되기 위한 교류와 협력이 분야별로 추진되고 있지만 그것이 민족의 통일로 이어지기까지는 많은 시간과 노력이 필요하다. 남북정상회담으로 교류와 협력이 확대되면서 남북간의 대결구도가 화해와 공존으로 바뀌고 있기는 하지만 오히려 다른 한쪽에서는 우리의 관심에서 멀어지고 더욱더 소외되는 정치·경제·사회 부분의 문제도 있다. 이는 중장기적으로 남북관계의 진전과 통일의 가능성을 전제로 했을 때 적지 않은 부담으로 작용할 수 있기 때문에 사전에 그에 대한 지속적인 관심과 대응방안이 모색되어야 한다. 남북관계의 진전에 따라 우리의 관심에서 멀어지고 소외되고 있는 사회문제의 하나로 지적할 수 있는 것이 국내외 북한 이탈주민의 문제일 것이다. 북한 이탈주민의 문제는 1990년대 중반 북한의 경제난과 식량난이 가중되면서 중국이나 러시아 등지로 탈북하는 북한주민들의 수가 증가하게 되었다. 이들의 일부는 제3국을 통해서 한국으로 입국하는 경우도 있는데, 그 규모는 통일부의 통계에 따르면 2000년 3월 24일 현재 1,140명에 이르고 있으며, 대부분이 중국이나 러시아 지역에 불법적으로 은신하며 생활하고 있다. 최근 들어 북한의 식량사정이 호전되어 북한으로 돌아가는 경우도 있지만 아직도 상당수의 북한 이탈주민이 중국이나 러시아 지역에 불법체류 형태로 생활하고 있다. 재외 북한 이탈주민 수는 국내 거주 북한 이탈주민보다 훨씬 많은 것으로 추정하고 있는데, 정부 내 관련부처의 추산은 1만∼3만명선으로 알려지고 있다. 반면 중국에서 북한이탈주민을 지원하는 민간단체 활동가 및 관련 연구자들은 중국내 북한 이탈주민의 수를 약10만∼40만명으로 추정하여 왔다. 이처럼 국외에 상당히 많은 북한 이탈주민이 체류하고 있는 가운데 정부나 민간단체 등은 국외에 체류하고 있는 북한 이탈주민에 대한 지원을 위해 다양한 정책을 추진하고 있으나, 관련국가들이 북한 이탈주민에 대해 식량난으로 일시적으로 체류하고 있는 불법체류자로 인식하여 북한으로 강제송환하고 있으며, 현지에서 은신하며 생활하고 있는 경우 이들은 인권탄압과 노동력 착취 등에 노출되어 있는 상태이다. 반면, 국내로 입국하여 생활하고 있는 북한 이탈주민의 경우 정부의 체계적인 지원이 있기는 하지만 이질적이고 다른 체제하의 생활에 쉽게 적응하는데 많은 어려움이 있다. 국내 거주 북한 이탈주민은 정부의 초기 생활안정과 관련된 지원에도 불구하고 대부분 생활기반 조차 마련하지 못하고 경제적인 어려움을 호소하고 있다. 뿐만 아니라 각종 사회생활에 있어서도 일반 주민과 쉽게 동화되지 못함으로써 우리사회 적응에도 많은 문제가 제기되고 있다. 여기에다 최근 남북관계의 진전에 따라 이들 북한 이탈주민들의 정체성 혼란이 가중되면서 남북 양측이 모두 싫어하는 집단으로 전락하고 있다는 위기의식마저 느끼고 있다. 정부는 이러한 문제점을 인식하고 국내외 북한 이탈주민에 대한 지원체계를 모색하기 위해 관련 법령을 정비하고 구체적인 지원정책을 추진하고 있으나, 국내외 북한 이탈주민 대부분이 많은 어려움을 겪고 있다. 국외 거주 북한 이탈주민의 경우 관련국가와의 대립되는 이해관계로 정부의 공식적인 지원이 불가능한 상태에서 민간단체 중심의 지원으로 기본적인 보호가 이루어지고 있으며, 국내 거주의 경우에는 정부의 지원이 있음에도 불구하고 경제적 어려움과 사회적응 문제 등에 직면하고 있다. 이처럼 우리정부의 국내외 북한 이탈주민의 보호와 지원이 있기는 하지만 아직도 많은 시행착오를 겪고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 국내외 북한 이탈주민의 보호와 지원체계가 좀더 현실적이고 실제적인 체계로 전환되어야 하는데, 먼저 국내 북한 이탈주민의 경우 그들에 대한 지원은 정부의 생활기반 마련을 위한 지원과 함께 정부뿐만 아니라 민간단체가 참여하여 그들의 사회적응을 위한 지원과 교육 등의 프로그램을 마련하고 정비하는 데 역점을 두어야 할 것이다. 이를 위해 북한 이탈주민을 연령이나 성별등 여러 가지 부류로 분류하여 그들의 요구에 필요한 지원이 가능한 체계를 구축해야 할 것이다. 둘째, 북한 이탈주민의 지원에 있어 민간단체의 참여를 활성화 할 수 있도록 정부와 민간이 참여하는 협의체를 구성하여 정기적인 회의를 통해 상호 유기적인 지원이 가능하도록 하여야 할 것이다. 셋째, 북한 이탈주민의 지원에 있어 다양한 민간단체의 참여와 함께 전문적이고 체계적인 지원이 가능할 수 있도록 우리사회의 각종 사회복지체계와 연계하거나 사회복지사 및 사회복지기관 등이 참여할 수 있도록 하는 방안의 모색도 고려해 볼 수 있다. 이와 함께 북한 이탈주민의 지원에 일반국민의 적극적인 참여와 공감대를 형성할 수 있는 인식전환을 위해 지속적인 국민 각계각층에 대한 홍보도 병행되어야 할 것이다. 한편, 국외 거주하고 있는 북한 이탈주민의 보호와 지원을 위해서는 현지에서의 신변보호와 북한으로의 강제송환을 막을 수 있는 활동을 기본목표로 점차적으로 그들의 신변안정과 인권탄압 등을 개선하며 난민지위 부여 등의 문제를 해결할 수 있는 방안이 모색될 수 있도록 하여야 한다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 첫째, 국외에 거주하고 있는 북한 이탈주민에 대한 다양하고 심층적인 실태조사가 있어야 할 것이다. 현재와 같이 국외 거주 북한 이탈주민에 대한 자료가 체계화되어 있지 않은 상태에서 국제사회의 관심과 지원뿐만 아니라 우리정부나 민간단체의 보호 및 지원에도 많은 한계가 있기 때문이다. 둘째, 현재 중국이나 러시아에서 북한 이탈주민에 대해 지원활동을 전개하고 있는 시민단체와 종교단체들에 대해 정부의 비공식적인 지원이 강화되어야 한다. 정부의 비공식적인 지원은 북한 이탈주민들의 일시적인 보호뿐만 아니라 적절한 교육과 중국내에서의 정착이 이루어질 수 있도록 하는 지원형태도 가능할 것이다. 셋째, 중국이나 러시아지역에 흩어져 살고 있는 우리동포들의 지원을 통해 북한 이탈주민의 보호에 참여할 수 있도록 하여야 한다. 넷째, 민간과 정부가 참여하는 재외 북한 이탈주민 지원센터와 같은 단체의 설립을 통해 체계적이고 실질적인 지원이 이루어질 수 있도록 하며, 정부와 민간이 유기적으로 협력하는 형태가 바람직할 것이다. One of the issues that our interest is withdrawn from following the progress of the relationship between North and South Koreas is the problem of domestic and international defectors from North Korea. The issue of North Korean defectors has been intense as the number of defectors from North Korea to China or to Russia has increased due to the worsening economic difficulties and food shortage in North Korea in the middle of 1990s. Some of them have come to South Korea through third countries. According to the statistics conducted by the Ministry of Reunification, the number of North Korean defectors in South Korea amounts to 1,140 as of March 2000, whereas others are taking refuge illegally either in China or in Russia. There is a huge difference in the estimations of the numbers of North Korean defectors in foreign countries between the government and civic groups. The government estimate it between 10,000 and 30,000, while civic groups that are acting in China or related researchers estimate it approximately between 100,000 and 400,000. As such a large number of defector s from North Korea are living in foreign countries, the government and civic groups have promoted policies to support them. However most of North Korean defectors are hiding themselves in foreign countries as illegal residents, and suffering from severe outrage upon human rights and labor exploitation. When arrested, they are often sent back to North Korea by force. Realizing such problems, the government has readjusted related laws and tried to produce effective policy in order to develop a support system for North Korean defectors in domestic and foreign countries. However the support for North Korean defectors in foreign countries is operated mainly by civic groups, as the public support by the government is not possible. Defectors in South Korea are also facing economic difficulties and other problems related to social adjustment, despite the government support. Thus, the support system on North Korean defectors in South Korea and other countries should be shifted into a realistic and systematic form. First, regarding North Korean defectors in South Korea, various civic groups should participate in activities so as to strengthen the support and education for defectors' social adjustment, on top of the government support to build up their economic foundation. Second, in order to vitalize participation of civic groups in the issue, a conference among the government and the private sector should be established to enable organic support on North Korean defectors through regular meetings. Third, in order to perform professional and systematic support as well as participation by various civic groups, it is also considerable to connect with social welfare system or grope for plans to make it possible for social workers or social welfare institutions to participate in projects. Meanwhile, regarding North Korean defectors in foreign countries, the basic goals should be the protection of them from danger on the spot and the prohibition of forced repatriation to North Korea. Their safety against danger and personal rights should be secured, and the ways to solve other problems including granting them refugee status should be found. In order to do this, most of all, a thorough investigation on North Korean defector s living in foreign countries should be conducted. Second, the government support to vitalize activities of South Korean civic and religious groups on the spot should be strengthened, as the public support by the government is impossible in foreign countries. Third, over seas Koreans who are living in China or in Russia should be boosted to participate in protection of North Korean defectors. Fourth, it is advisable to support them through an organization such as a support center for over seas North Korean refugees, established and run by both the government and the private sector. Establishment of such an organization based on organic and cooperative relationship between the government and the private sector will be desirable.

북한이탈주민의 자녀를 위한 한국어 어휘 교재 연구 : 중급 단계 외래어 학습을 중심으로

김효민 전북대학교 일반대학원 2021 국내석사

Children of North Korean defectors who have difficulty using Korean can easily leave formal education. To prevent this, specialized Korean language textbooks for children of North Korean defectors are needed. In Chapter 3, we conducted a survey on children of North Korean defectors. And we analyzed Korean textbooks for children of North Korean defectors. As a result, the following points should be considered in the composition of education and textbooks: First, according to the survey, improved Korean textbooks reflecting the characteristics of North Korean defectors' children are needed. Second, as a result of the textbook analysis, it is necessary to construct active learning-enabled textbooks while considering the learner's level. In this paper, we presented supplementary points and ways to improve Korean textbooks for children of North Korean defectors. Many children of North Korean defectors find it difficult to use loanword vocabulary. Chapter 4 presents our textbook with additional loanword vocabulary. The characteristics of it are as follows; First, as design principles and composition of textbook we made up educational objectives and achievement criteria according to the design of standard Korean curriculum. It also presents educational periods and materials, and educational methods and media. In particular, QR codes were used to facilitate access to video classes included in textbooks in other places than classrooms. This encourages learners to have an active learning attitude on their own. Regarding this issue, please refer to the design of Korean textbooks for children of North Korean defectors in this paper 4.2. Next, pictures or illustrations related to the vocabulary you want to learn in relation to the loanword vocabulary are presented step by step. And finally, the details of the unit present the reality of improved Korean language textbooks for children of North Korean defectors. Details can be found in Chapter 4 of this paper. By analyzing the survey and existing Korean language education textbooks, textbooks for children of North Korean defectors seemed to need textbooks that strengthened loanword education. It is believed that the vocabulary textbook proposed in this paper presents a direction to overcome such problems. In the future, we hope that more attention will be paid to the compilation of Korean textbooks that can actually help North Korean defectors' children's Korean language lives.

북한이탈청소년의 외상경험이 남한사회적응에 미치는 영향 : 친구지지 및 교사지지의 조절효과

박연미 연세대학교 사회복지대학원 2018 국내석사

지방자치단체가 주도하는 북한이탈주민 지원사업의 효과성에 대한 연구 : 인천광역시 남동구 사례를 중심으로

한동혁 연세대학교 정경·창업대학원 2017 국내석사

1990년대 북한이 실시한 「고난의 행군」으로 인하여 북한에서는 수백만 명의 아사자가 발생하였다. 이는 북한주민들의 대량탈북을 야기하였으며, 우리나라로 입국하는 북한이탈주민의 수도 급증 하였다. 이를 계기로, 우리나라 북한이탈주민지원 정책은 시대적인 요구에 맞게 변화되어 왔다. 그러나 대량탈북이 발생한 20년이 지난 현시점에서 돌이켜볼 때 수많은 북한이탈주민들이 지역사회에 적응하지 못하고 있으며, 적응하지 못하는 이들은 해외로 탈남을 시도하거나, 또는 목숨을 걸고 재 입북하는 사태가 벌어지고 있다. 심지어는 이들이 해외에 망명정부를 수립하고 있다는 뉴스가 인터넷으로 보도되고 있다. 국내에서 생활하는 북한이탈주민들 조차 생활고에 시달려 돈벌이를 위해 각종 범죄를 저지르고 있다. 예를 들면, 수많은 북한여성들은 티켓다방에서 불법성매매를 하면서 살아가고 있다. 정부는 매해 수백억 원의 예산을 들여 북한이탈주민지원정책을 집행하고 있다. 그러나 이는 다양한 한계를 내포하고 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 통일부에서 시행하고 있는 북한이탈주민지원 사업을 연구하고 분석하여, 잘못 집행되는 정책내용을 지적하고, 이를 통해 북한이탈주민들의 적응력 강화를 지원하여 사회통합을 유도하는 기반을 마련하고자 한다. 우리사회에 정착한 3만 여명의 북한이탈주민들이 우리사회의 일원으로 수용되지 못한다면, 통일 후 2500만 명의 북한주민들과 우리국민과의 통합은 기대하기 어려울 것이다. 「고난의 행군」은 북한주민들에게 많은 변화를 가져왔다. 북한에는「장마당 시장경제」라는 세계에 없는 경제시스템이 구축되어 운영되고 있다. 현재 남북 간 대화채널은 단절이 되었지만, 3만 여명의 북한이탈주민들을 통해 전달되는 남한에 대한 정보가 북한주민들에게 전달되어 북한 내 변화가 지속되고 있다. 북한이탈주민 한사람이 북한주민들에게 전달되는 영향력은 매우 크다. 북한주민들 자체가 변화한다면 우리는 적은비용을 들여 남북통일과 북한의 경제발전을 이룰 수 있을 것이다. 우리정부는 우리나라에 입국한 3만 여명을 대상으로 하는 북한이탈주민지원 정책을 발전시키는 것 보다, 향후 다가올 통일을 대비하는 즉 북한 전체주민들을 대상으로 하는 지원체계를 구축할 필요가 있다. 따라서 우리정부는 현존하는 북한이탈주민 지원정책의 한계를 극복하고, 새로운 북한이탈주민지원 정책을 수립할 필요가 있다. 우리정부가 예산집행 과정의 투명성을 높이고, 효과를 극대화하며, 실질적이고 장기적인 북한이탈주민 보완정책을 마련집행하는데 중점을 두고 적극 노력한다면, 우리정부는 현재보다 높은 성과를 거둘 수 있을 것이다. In the middle of 1990s, ‘Arduous March’conducted by North Korea caused millions of victims of starvation. It triggers a lot of North Koreans to escape and the number of North Koreans entering South Korea to rapidly increase. Since then, policies of the South Korean government on the support for North Korean defectors has been changed to meet the needs of times. However, when the current situation of North Korean defectors after the massive defection is examined, numerous defectors do not adapt to the local community in South Korea. Some of defectors try to immigrate into other countries or re-enter North Korea taking a risk. The internet news reports that North Korean defectors establish the exile government. North Korean defectors living in South Korea go through financial problems, which forces them to commit crimes to earn money. For example, a lot of female defectors from North Korea illegally prostitute themselves in a cafe called ‘Ticket Dabbing’in South Korea. Annually, the South Korean government spends tens of billions of won implementing policies on the support for North Korean defectors. Nevertheless, there are a few limits of these policies. Thus, this study aims to explore problems of current policies to support defectors from North Korea by analyzing support businesses for North Korean defectors and to provide foundation to induce social unity by helping defectors to reinforce their adaptation to the community in South Korea. If the South Korean society does not accept 30,000 North Korean defectors as social members, it may be difficult to integrate South Korea and 2,5 millions of North Korea after unification. ‘Arduous March’brings a large number of changes into North Koreans. ‘Jangmadang Market Economy’, which is an unprecedented economic system, was established and operated. Currently, the communication channel between South Korea and North Korea cuts off but owing to information as for South Korea which is conveyed to North Korea by North Korean defectors, change within North Korea is continuously happening. One defector from North Korea significantly influences North Koreans. Therefore, it is assumed that aggressive efforts of North Koreans themselves to change in every aspect can contribute to achieving unification with less cost and developing economy of North Korea. It implies that the preparation for the future unification, namely building the system to help the whole North Koreans is more necessary than the development of policies to support North Korean 30,000 defectors entering South Korea. In other words, limits of the present policies supported by the government needs to solve and new policies to support North Korean defectors need to set up. To be specific, if the process to budget is more transparent, effectiveness of policies to support North Korean defectors is maximized, and there are a lot of efforts focusing on setting up and implementing practical and long-term complementary policies, the government will achieve much more good results from policies on North Korean defectors.