Dual public high school and public college enrollment: Factors associated with the choice to participate or not to participate in Washington State's Running Start Program

Brophy, Michael Lee Washington State University 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

The Washington State Legislature passed the "Learning by Choice" Law in 1990, which created, among other choices for students, the Running Start Option. Running Start allows qualified high school juniors and seniors the opportunity to take college courses at local community, technical, state and regional colleges and universities, thereby earning simultaneous credit at both their high school and community college, technical school, or university. Washington is one of forty-eight states that currently provide a dual enrollment opportunity to students that allows them to earn high school and college credit simultaneously through local community or technical colleges while still in high school. In 1992--1993, during the first year that the program was offered statewide, the level of participation in Running Start numbered 3,350 students. In 2003--2004, the level of participation in Running Start was 15,610 individual students, equal to 9,532 fulltime students. The level of participation in Running Start has grown by about 5 percent a year, or equal to the growth of the enrollment of juniors and seniors in the state (State Board Annual Progress Report, 2004). This research is presented as a policy study of the Running Start Program in Washington State. The policy study focused on three sections. The first section identifies the population of Washington State 11th and 12th graders, for the purpose of comparing to the sample drawn from Chelan and Douglas Counties 11th and 12th graders. The second part of the first section compares the population of Washington State Running Start participants and participants at regional colleges, to the sample drawn from Chelan and Douglas County Running Start participants. The comparison of both purposes was determined to be representative. The second section of this policy study examines how a student's perception of his or her affiliation to his or her high school relates to the choice to participate or not to participate in Running Start. The study concluded that the greater the connection students feel toward their affiliation to high school, the more likely they are to not participate in Running Start. Conversely, the more disconnected students are toward their affiliation to their high school activities, teachers, and the relevance of schoolwork, the more likely they are to participate in Running Start. The third section examines the considerations that are identified for the reasons why participants value their participation in Running Start. In order of importance, family economic, personal economic, and personal academic considerations were identified by Running Start participants. This study concludes with recommendations for further study and recommendations for professional practice relative to the State of Washington's Running Start Program.

Quantifying efficiency and accuracy in the Washington State University apple breeding program

Harshman, Julia Mae Washington State University 2015 해외박사(DDOD)

The Washington State University Apple Breeding Program just passed its 20th anniversary, released its third new variety and moved under new direction with breeder Kate Evans. The major program goal is to release a portfolio of new and improved cultivars suited to production in central Washington. Improved cultivars should have exceptional storability, to compliment the state's unrivaled long term cold storage facilities, while engendering an exceptional consumer experience. Apple breeding is a long and expensive process and therefore exploring how well the program meets its goal---releasing the best new cultivars---can validate the expenditures of the program while also potentially finding methods that would improve discovery rate and cost efficiency. The three main subprojects and conclusions are as follows: 1) Quantify moldy core susceptibility in currently available germplasm to inform crossing decisions and discover predisposing characteristics to inform culling decisions. Factors that predispose selections for moldy core were confirmed and appear heritable. 2) Quantify fire blight resistance in wild relative Malus sieversii to further inform crossing decisions and provide data for future association mapping. Multiple M. sieversii accessions were found to be resistant and will be used in 2016 as parents. 3) Analyze the cost structure of the current breeding program and the accuracy of trait evaluations in the replicated data collection phase of the program to explore the most efficient design structure for identifying elite selections. An alternative design that would allow more selections to be evaluated in that phase was proposed and is under consideration for the 2016 planting.

Recreational Cannabis Legalization in Washington State: Residents' Opinions and Perceptions of Effects Five Years after Implementation

Beltz, Lindsey Marie Washington State University ProQuest Dissertations 2019 해외박사(DDOD)

Washington became one of the first states to legalize recreational cannabis in 2012. Its residents are now in a unique position to evaluate the lived effects of a monumental shift in the state's drug law. This project assessed the effects of cannabis law reform as perceived by Washington residents, tested a newly designed measure of cannabis use that could increase the accuracy of national data, and explored concerns, opinions, and use in the context of recreational legalization. Data collection included a representative, random-sample survey of Washington residents (n=538) aimed to further understanding of the effects of legalization and a non-representative survey utilizing an online panel to experimentally test whether how we ask about cannabis use impacts people's answers.Overall, positive effects were the most frequently reported when residents were questioned about what effects they have noticed as resulting from legalization. These included decriminalization, economic benefits, and destigmatization. People remain concerned about drugged driving and increased use, although initial evidence does not support these concerns. Washington residents' perspective also revealed issues related to location and visibility of dispensaries and advertising. Overwhelmingly, however, residents' responses were positive.It is imperative that accurate self-report data are collected to know whether legalization increases rates of cannabis use. Experimental tests show that, in states where cannabis has not been legalized for recreational use, using the words "marijuana and hashish" in a survey question resulted in lower reported rates of use than the words "any cannabis products." This is likely due to the stigma associated with the term marijuana compared to cannabis. These results indicate that national surveys may produce inaccurate estimates of rates of cannabis use.Washingtonians generally remain supportive of recreational legalization. Opinions that have changed since the vote in 2012 tend now to be more positive. Use may have become more commonplace, but few new users have been created. Some report decreasing their alcohol use by substituting cannabis and 38% said the same about opioid use, providing evidence for substitution effects. While opinion is positive and stigma has lessened, pockets of resistance to legalization remain and are similar to national trends.

Sand state and performance analysis of micropiles

Shu, Shanzhi Washington State University 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

The incomplete description of the state of sand in current micropile design and past full scale tests have resulted in a number of anomalous results. A state dependent bounding surface sand constitutive model within the framework of critical state soil mechanics is formulated here. The constitutive model is coded with C++ and implemented into the finite difference geotechnical software FLAC3D. The model and its implementation are verified by using laboratory triaxial tests on Toyoura, Ottawa, and Fontainbleau sands. The performance of single, vertical group, and inclined network piles installed in sands with different initial state is studied systematically using the state dependent constitutive model. The finite difference grid in FLAC3D for pile arrangement with the state dependent sand model was first validated using a full scale test on a micropile group on Fontainbleau sand. The FLAC3D model was then used to study the effect of key variables that control the performance of micropiles. The results show that the side resistance of micropiles is influenced by the initial normal stress applied to the pile and its positive increment by shear induced dilation of dilative sand and negative increment due to contraction of contractive sand. The load transfer in a group of piles is controlled by two mechanisms: one due to overlap of stresses induced by adjacent piles, and the other due to dilatancy. Overlap of shear stresses as determined by pile spacing might lead to a positive group effect on side resistance. Shear induced dilation in dilative sands contributes to a positive group effect on side resistance in bored piles with well developed interfaces; however its effect is negative for contractive sand. Both mechanisms contribute positively to the group effect on tip resistance. The studies also show that the effect of inclination on pile resistance is affected by the sand state. When considered as structure elements, outward inclined network pile groups have higher resistance than inward inclined pile groups.

Molecular biology and epidemiology of grapevine leafroll-associated viruses

Donda, Bhanu Priya Washington State University ProQuest Dissertations 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

Studies were conducted on molecular biology and epidemiology of grapevine leafroll-associated viruses infecting wine grape (Vitis vinifera) cultivars in Washington State. In the first objective, the complete genome sequence of two isolates of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1, genus: Ampelovirus, family Closteroviridae ) was determined to be 18,731 and 18,946 nucleotides. The genome of GLRaV-1 isolates contain nine open reading frames with long 5' and 3' non-translated regions (NTRs). The sequence differences in the 5'NTR was used to develop a restriction fragment length polymorphism assay for distinguishing GLRaV-1 variants in vineyards. Northern blot hybridization revealed the presence of three of the eight putative 3' co-terminal subgenomic (sg) RNAs at higher levels in virus infected grapevine samples. The 5' termini of five sgRNAs were mapped and their leader sequences determined. The results provided a foundation to further elucidate the comparative molecular biology of grapevine-infecting members of the family Closteroviridae.. In the second objective, the spread of grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) was monitored for several seasons in vineyard blocks planted with three red-berried wine grape cultivars. Grapevines exhibiting GLD symptoms in these blocks were tested positive for Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3, genus: Ampelovirus, family Closteroviridae ). The temporal spread of GLD indicated higher number of symptomatic vines in each season compared to previous seasons, suggesting increased incidence of the disease during successive seasons. The spatial distribution of symptomatic vines in all three blocks indicated a disease gradient in which the highest percentage of symptomatic vines were present in rows closest to old vineyard blocks showing GLD symptoms. Spatial autocorrelation (dependence) analysis indicated random distribution of symptomatic vines during initial years of post-planting suggesting primary spread and clustering of symptomatic vines during subsequent years suggesting secondary spread of GLD. Sequence analysis of a portion of the heat-shock protein 70 homolog gene encoded by GLRaV-3 revealed predominance of one of the several genetic variants of the virus in the three vineyard blocks. These results provided for the first time science-based knowledge on nature of the spread of GLD in young vineyards to pursue site-specific disease management strategies under conditions prevailing in Washington State.

State and Phase Transitions and Quality Changes in Frozen Starch-Rich Foods

Krishna Kumar, Pavitra Washington State University ProQuest Dissertations 2019 해외박사(DDOD)

The frozen food industry is growing at a tremendous rate, owing to changes in lifestyle and increased purchasing capacity among consumers. The science and technology of food freezing has advanced very well- ice crystal visualization and control of crystal growth, assisted freezing technologies and improved freezing processes have led to frozen foods with better stability and properties during their shelf life. However, there is loss in quality of frozen food due to unavoidable temperature fluctuations during handling, storage and transportation. Based on their characteristic thermal transition temperatures, food matrices undergo changes in state and phase during temperature fluctuation from the frozen state, leading to ice recrystallization: there is repeated melting and refreezing of ice crystals in frozen food, leading to change in their number, size, shape and location within the food. As a result, there is loss in the physical, chemical and microbial quality of the food. In this study, frozen starch-rich foods, namely potato and rice have been chosen. The thermal transition parameters of these foods have been determined, and phase and state transitions have been induced by temperature fluctuations. The resulting ice recrystallization has been examined microscopically. The accompanying changes in hardness of potato and in starch retrogradation enthalpy of rice have been measured. The results indicate that the extent of ice recrystallization relates well with state/phase transitions in potato and rice. However, there is no impact on hardness in potato as a result of temperature fluctuation. Also, there is reduction in the starch retrogradation enthalpy of rice as a result of temperature fluctuation during frozen storage. Hence, starch-rich foods are less sensitive to temperature fluctuations compared to protein (e.g. fish) and sugar-rich (e.g. mango) foods. The study will lead to an optimized frozen storage management e.g. during the commercial handling of a wide variety of frozen foods, foods such as ice cream, fish etc. that are more susceptible to the implications of temperature fluctuation could be placed closer to evaporator, where there is less temperature fluctuation, while foods such as French fries and sushi etc. could be placed closer to doors of the cold room, where there is more temperature fluctuation, due to repeated opening and closing of the door.

Perceptions of accommodations in the success of college students with learning disabilities and/or attention-related disabilities: A study of experiences at one university

Perry, Tara Beatrice Washington State University 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

A growing number of students with learning disabilities (LD) and/or attention related disabilities have entered colleges and universities. They have encountered new accommodation procedures that differ from their high school experience. Such accommodations have either contributed or hindered their academic success. Understanding the students' successes and challenges was essential to developing support services that could meet their needs. This qualitative study focused on students' perceptions of their college experiences as well as the context of those experiences. Due to the limited research regarding specific accommodations that contribute to student success in college, this descriptive study examined their university and classroom accommodation in regards to their college success. The researcher implemented a qualitative approach to answer critical questions that capture the detailed lived experiences of the participants. Flyers were advertised to request volunteers who had a documented LD and/or attention related disability documented at the disability support services on campus. Volunteers across academic standings were selected to be interviewed based on having one or more of the disabilities noted. In order to capture the experiences of participants, the researcher conducted 19 one-on-one, face-to-face interviews with 10 students and nine support service providers. The students with LD and/or attention related disabilities were full-time students enrolled in a four-year university. Moreover, the researcher collected artifacts highlighting how students are accommodated as well as reviewed their documented disability files. Five research questions were used to understand the college student experience. From the data collected the researcher coded themes, combined like categories, looked for trends within the data, discussed new findings, and compared the findings to what has been discussed in the literature. The results of this study could bring about discussion of key issues facing students with LD and/or attention related disabilities and policy makers could conduct further studies in this area. Findings from this study could inform students, university professors, administrators, staff, and disability resource centers on how to foster equity within the college setting and adhere to laws for student success. This study will be discussed in five chapters: Introduction, literature review, methodology, data analysis and results, and discussion.

Biological and molecular properties of Potato virus S (PVS) and the effect of pvs on late blight resistant potato genotypes

Lin, Yu-Hsuan Washington State University 2012 해외박사(DDOD)

Potato (<italic>Solanum tuberosum</italic>) is one of the most important crops grown in Washington State. In 2011, Washington growers raised 160,000 acres of potatoes with an average yield of 615 CWT per acre, 98 CWT total, with a farm gate value of over $734 million. Late blight, caused by <italic> Phytophthora infestans,</italic> is an extremely devastating disease of potato worldwide. Defender is the only cultivar with foliar and tuber resistance to this disease in the U.S. However, under field conditions this cultivar exhibits high susceptibility to infection by <italic>Potato virus S</italic> (PVS, family <italic>Betaflexiviridae,</italic> genus <italic>Carlavirus</italic>). My research reproduced this phenotype under controlled conditions and demonstrated the tuber/seed transmission and proved modified Koch's postulates. Moreover, PVS infection resulted in similar severe symptoms in late blight resistant (LBR) breeding line LBR4106 (A95053-61). To better understand this phenomenon and to characterize PVS at biological and molecular levels, the complete nucleotide sequence of the PVS isolates from Defender and LBR4106 were determined. In my studies, <italic>Nicotiana occidentalis</italic>-37B was recognized as a good biological indicator for identifying severe phenotypes of PVS. Host response studies of PVS were done by screening LBR breeding lines, selected commercial cultivars, and the pedigree of LBR breeding lines. The results indicated LBR potatoes appear to be susceptible to PVS infection. To further investigate the potential interactions between these two pathogens and the resulting response, detached leaves of Defender and Ranger Russet were inoculated with <italic>P. infestans</italic> and/or PVS. The amount of sporulation and the extent of lesion expansion were measured to estimate the severity of late blight. The incidence of late blight increased with PVS infection in Defender suggesting potential interaction between PVS and Defender impacting the outcome to break late blight resistance. The genetic diversity studying of PVS was also carried out by analysis PVS isolates on the world wide basis. The results indicated a broad genetic diversity and multiple phenotypes of PVS. Furthermore, a full-length PVS clone was established for using reverse genetic approaches to identify the molecular determinant(s) in the PVS genome that are responsible for the differential responses in potato genotypes.

Optimal management of a groundwater resource with allowance for backstop technologies (Washington)

Nelson, Michael Alan Washington State University 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

Many municipalities rely on aquifers as their sole source of water supply. In the absence of natural recharge, groundwater is effectively a nonrenewable resource. Optimal management of the groundwater resource should reflect its lack of regeneration by inclusion of user cost in decision-making. Additionally, backstop water supply alternatives, along with increasing state-dependent pumping costs play important roles for many groundwater resources. The particular case of the Grande Ronde Aquifer in southeastern Washington state is detailed. Historical data, institutional setting, and future policy options are described in depth. Optimal control models are developed individually to consider future policy options of backstop water use and artificial recharge. Numerical simulations of the backstop model, parameterized for the Grande Ronde Aquifer, examine the sensitivity of optimal price and aquifer head paths to changes in backstop price, extraction costs, aquifer size, and discount rates. While the results are qualitatively intuitive, the need to develop alternative water sources is much less urgent than the popular perception in the Palouse Basin. Optimal control pricing is then compared to cost-based pricing. Cost-based pricing undervalues the groundwater resource, but the size of these distortions is very small for most parameter value assumptions. Finally, the social discount rate plays a key role in the size of the divergence between the optimal control outcome and the cost-based pricing outcome. Even so, the size of the difference is not substantial.

Forecasting Cattle (Bos taurus) Depredation Risk by Recolonizing Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) in Washington

Hanley, Zoe Lizbeth Washington State University ProQuest Dissertations 2017 해외박사(DDOD)

Preventing wolf-livestock conflicts requires identifying conditions placing livestock at risk and focusing outreach and adaptive management at a local scale. Risk mapping has become a popular tool to predict and display livestock depredation risk by carnivores worldwide. To date no maps predicting livestock depredation risk exist for the Northern Rocky Mountain gray wolf (Canis lupus) population. Historical (i.e. 1991 -- 2008) data from Idaho and Montana were used to predict cattle depredation risk by gray wolves recolonizing Washington. Risk models were developed at two spatial scales, (1) wolf pack territory (n = 137) and (2) cattle grazing allotment (n = 69) to test hypotheses that cattle depredations by wolves were associated with wolf demographics, cattle and wild prey abundance, allotment characteristics, and land cover types. Within wolf pack territories, cattle depredation risk increased as cattle abundance and adult wolf removal increased and if the pack depredated the previous year. Adult wolf removal and pack size showed weaker evidence in their relationship with cattle depredation probability and the predicted number of cattle depredated. Similarly, cattle depredation risk increased for larger grazing allotments with more cattle, wolves, and grassland cover and decreased with pack reproduction and a later cattle turnout date. Wolf pack reproduction, cattle turnout date, and percent grassland cover indicated high variability in the direction of their relationship with cattle depredation probability and the predicted number of cattle depredated. Forecast maps for Washington identified hotspots of high (81 -- 90%) depredation risk in Yakima, Kittitas, and Columbia counties. Cattle grazing allotments only occur east of the Cascade Mountains, and hotspots in Okanogan, Ferry, and Yakima counties were recognized as intermediate (61 -- 80%) depredation risk. These risk models and maps provide locations to focus depredation prevention measures and a template for future analyses as wolves continue to recolonize Washington.