Forecasting Cattle (Bos taurus) Depredation Risk by Recolonizing Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) in Washington

Hanley, Zoe Lizbeth Washington State University ProQuest Dissertations 2017 해외박사(DDOD)

Preventing wolf-livestock conflicts requires identifying conditions placing livestock at risk and focusing outreach and adaptive management at a local scale. Risk mapping has become a popular tool to predict and display livestock depredation risk by carnivores worldwide. To date no maps predicting livestock depredation risk exist for the Northern Rocky Mountain gray wolf (Canis lupus) population. Historical (i.e. 1991 -- 2008) data from Idaho and Montana were used to predict cattle depredation risk by gray wolves recolonizing Washington. Risk models were developed at two spatial scales, (1) wolf pack territory (n = 137) and (2) cattle grazing allotment (n = 69) to test hypotheses that cattle depredations by wolves were associated with wolf demographics, cattle and wild prey abundance, allotment characteristics, and land cover types. Within wolf pack territories, cattle depredation risk increased as cattle abundance and adult wolf removal increased and if the pack depredated the previous year. Adult wolf removal and pack size showed weaker evidence in their relationship with cattle depredation probability and the predicted number of cattle depredated. Similarly, cattle depredation risk increased for larger grazing allotments with more cattle, wolves, and grassland cover and decreased with pack reproduction and a later cattle turnout date. Wolf pack reproduction, cattle turnout date, and percent grassland cover indicated high variability in the direction of their relationship with cattle depredation probability and the predicted number of cattle depredated. Forecast maps for Washington identified hotspots of high (81 -- 90%) depredation risk in Yakima, Kittitas, and Columbia counties. Cattle grazing allotments only occur east of the Cascade Mountains, and hotspots in Okanogan, Ferry, and Yakima counties were recognized as intermediate (61 -- 80%) depredation risk. These risk models and maps provide locations to focus depredation prevention measures and a template for future analyses as wolves continue to recolonize Washington.

The effects of nuclear receptor and Toll-like receptor crosstalk on HIV-1 replication in and transmission by macrophages and dendritic cells

Hanley, Timothy Michael Boston University 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

Sexually transmitted pathogens such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) have been shown to increase human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) mucosal transmission by augmenting viral replication, by recruiting HIV-1 target cells to the site of infection, and by activating inflammatory gene expression through Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Ligand-activated nuclear receptors (NRs), including glucocorticoid receptor (GR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), and liver X receptor (LXR), are potent inhibitors of TLR-induced inflammatory gene expression. In addition, PPARgamma has been shown to repress HIV-1 expression in macrophages. Together, these findings lead us to hypothesize that ligand-activated NRs can repress both basal and pathogen-enhanced HIV-1 replication in macrophages and dissemination by dendritic cells (DCs) both by directly repressing HIV-1 replication and by ameliorating pro-inflammatory responses to pathogens. Signaling through TLRs that exclusively utilize the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) adapter protein activate HIV-1 replication in macrophages and DCs through activation of NF-kappaB. TLRs that utilize the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain containing adaptor inducing interferon-beta (TRIF) adapter protein repress viral replication in both cell types in a type I interferon-dependent manner. GC, which encodes multiple TLR ligands, has differential effects on HIV-1 replication in macrophages and DCs. GC co-infection represses viral transcription in macrophages by inducing the binding of interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) to the HIV-1 interferon-sensitive response element (ISRE). This repression is absent in DCs due to the lack of IRF8 binding to the ISRE. NR signaling potently inhibits both basal and pathogen-enhanced HIV-1 transcription by distinct but overlapping mechanisms. GR, PPARgamma, and LXR signaling prevent the association of the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB with the viral promoter, thereby restricting viral transcription. Additionally, PPARgamma and LXR, but not GR, signaling prevent the clearance of the nuclear co-repressor complex from the viral promoter. Finally, NR signaling inhibits both DC- and macrophage-mediated HIV-1 trans-infection of CD4+ T cells by increasing cholesterol efflux from cells in an ATP-binding cassette Al (ABCA1)-dependent manner. Together, these data demonstrate the ability of certain ligand-activated NRs to consistently repress HIV-1 expression and provide a solid rationale for studying their potential as therapeutic agents in the context of HIV-1 mucosal transmission.

Innovation spillovers, appropriability, and economic growth

Hanley, Douglas University of Pennsylvania 2014 해외박사(DDOD)

Innovation and technological change are important drivers of economic growth. There is strong evidence that various types of innovation, whether they differ by source, goal, or field, have differing implications for economic outcomes. These arise primarily because of differences in the level of associated externalities (spillovers) and in the ability of innovators to internalize the public benefits from these activities (appropriability). In my research, I focus on identifying the nature and magnitude of these spillovers. Additionally, building on recent advances in the structural modeling of firm incentives, I quantify the extent of appropriation by innovators, particularly as it varies across innovation types. This allows one to provide a detailed accounting of misallocation in the economy and consider policies which can alleviate this. In the first chapter, entitled "Technological Interdependence", I study theoretically and empirically how the level of interdependence between new and old technology affects firm dynamics and the incentives for innovation. In the second chapter, entitled "Back to Basics" (joint work with Ufuk Akcigit and Nicolas Serrano-Velarde), we propose and utilize a novel strategy for quantifying the spillovers associated with basic research as they differ from applied research. Finally, in the third chapter, entitled "Transition to Clean Technology" (joint work with Daron Acemoglu, Ufuk Akcigit, and William Kerr), we construct and estimate a joint model of the climate-economy system and investigate the effects of various carbon policies.

Biophysical and biochemical characterization of selectin-ligand interactions pertinent to cancer metastasis and inflammation

Hanley, William D The Johns Hopkins University 2006 해외박사(DDOD)

Cellular adhesion mediated by biological macromolecules and their respective ligands plays a fundamental role in a number of diverse biological phenomena, including inflammation and cancer metastasis. These processes occur in the fluid dynamic environment of the vasculature and are regulated by highly specific adhesion molecules, which are specialized to interact under physiological shear conditions. While the participation of E-, P- and L-selectin in these pathophysiological phenomena has clearly been demonstrated, the kinetics and molecular constituents that govern these adhesive interactions remain to be fully characterized. Consequently, this study was undertaken to examine the single-molecule biophysics of selectin-mediated binding to leukocytes and colon carcinoma cells. Furthermore, we used novel biochemical techniques to identify and characterize a previously unrecognized selectin counter-receptor on tumor cells that may facilitate hematogenous metastasis. Using single-molecule force spectroscopy, we probed in situ the rupture forces, unstressed off-rates and the reactive compliances of single selectin receptors to single ligands on whole human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and colon carcinoma cells under conditions which preserve the proper orientation and post-translational modifications of the selectin ligands. The rupture force spectra and corresponding Bell model parameters of selectin-ligand bonds provide mechanistic insights that help explain the differential avidity of these cells for different selectin substrates. By performing SDS-PAGE analysis of membrane proteins, metabolic inhibition interventions and blot rolling assays of LS174T colon carcinoma cells, we identified the functional selectin counter-receptor on carcinomas. In particular, our studies show that the variant isoforms of CD44 (CD44v) modified with O-linked glycans function as the high-affinity E-, P- and L-selectin glycoprotein ligands on LS174T cells. This finding provides an explanation for the apparent enhanced metastatic potential associated with CD44v over-expression on many types of tumor cells. By combining our knowledge on the biophysics of receptor-ligand binding and drug delivery via the blood, we aim to provide guidelines to engineer novel anti-carcinogenic therapeutic agents that will selectively recognize novel antigens on tumor cells and impede metastatic spread.

Impact of Internalized Homophobia and Coming Out on Relationship Satisfaction in Gay and Lesbian Couples

Hanley, Danielle ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Alliant Internatio 2020 해외박사(DDOD)

Internalized homophobia (IH) and the coming out process have been shown to have a negative impact on self-concept, mental health (i.e. depression and anxiety), and well-being as well as having a negative impact on romantic relationships (Cogan, Gillis, & Herek, 2009; Meyer & Dean, 1998; Cass, 1979). The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact that IH and coming out have on same-sex romantic relationships, more specifically, the perceived quality of the relationship. Individuals from the United States were recruited through Qualtrics (N = 81; 41 couples) and completed surveys that identified the impact that varying levels of IH and outness have on romantic relationship satisfaction. Internalized homophobia was negatively correlated with relationship satisfaction, where greater IH was associated with lower relationship satisfaction. Additionally, couples where both members had high IH or where one had high and one had low, had significant differences on relationship satisfaction, cohesion, consensus, affectional expression and total. Furthermore, couples where both members had low IH were significantly different from the divergent couples, where scores were lower for divergent IH couples on these measures, expect for affectional expression. Finally, couples that were considered to be in different stages of Cass’s Identity model reported lower overall relationship satisfaction, as well as Satisfaction and Consensus, compared to couples that were in the same stage of Cass’s Identity model. Results also indicated that couples who reported being in earlier stages of Cass’s model had lower Consensus, Cohesion, and Total scores compared to couples in later stages. The results demonstrate the impact that the unique external stressors of same-sex relationships, such as internalized homophobia and levels of coming out have on relationship satisfaction. This study adds to the literature and helps inform clinical interventions to promote positive outcomes in gay and lesbian relationships and lives.

Three Essays on Information and Accountability in American Politics

Hanley, Michael K ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Emory University 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

Accountability is central to understanding the distribution, use, and abuse of power in American politics. Information is required to administer accountability. This disser- tation examines the relationship between information and accountability in three separate contexts in American politics: (1) In a survey experiment, I demonstrate that, on aver- age, American voters respond to policy-based information, assuaging a legitimate concern that they behave like tribal partisans. Yet paradoxically, party ID performs just as well as having complete information about candidate policy preferences. (2) Through a formal model of credit claiming in an election, I prove that it is incentive-compatible to chal- lenge exaggerated claims less than one might intuitively expect. Further, I show that while media accountability and voter accountability do limit the incentives for exaggerated claim- ing, increased media accountability diminishes the impact of voter accountability. (3) In the realm of bureaucratic accountability, I develop a machine-learning-based measure of responsiveness, leveraging the information-sharing that occurs during the appropriations process. This measure is validated by comparing it to another measure of accountability, limitation riders. Its usefulness for future research is then explored by using it to arrive at novel results related to agency politicization and responsiveness to Congress.Overall, this dissertation provides three separate contributions to our understanding of information and accountability, and suggests several broader implications: (1) More information does not equate to more accountability, and (2) the coarseness of information might correspond to the ideal coarseness of the accountability judgement. These suggested implications provide fruitful avenues for further research.

Sources of variance in suspended microarray assays and Intraplex method for improving precision and repeatability

Hanley, Brian Paul University of California, Davis 2009 해외박사(DDOD)

Flow cytometry based suspended microarray assays are susceptible to error in the assays and instrument. I present the Intraplexing method for compensating for these sources of error, evidence for the major sources of variance, and straightforward models which suggest other minor contributing factors of error. Intraplexes require little sample, are inexpensive, sensitive, and quantify within statistical confidence limits. The Intraplex method uses ratios of sensitivity in multiplexed assay sets to the same analyte within a sample. The intraplex method compensates for the sources of variance that have been identified in suspended microarray assays. It requires no changes to instruments to construct precision assays. The major sources of error are: The suspended microarray system generates statistical distributions of counts. The number of microbeads picked up for different bead regions (sets) will vary in a classic bell curve. This problem can be ignored with small numbers of multiplexed assays, but it is significant when the number of assays multiplexed together rises. The microparticles on which assays are conducted vary significantly in size. Random carryover of microbeads between wells is an intractable source of error. I show that instruments carry over microbeads in sufficient numbers to be considered a statistically valid sample. This source of error is the probable primary reason why it has been so difficult for suspended microarray assays to get through approval as diagnostics. Opto-electronics may not respond similarly on different instruments. The opto-electronic system does not necessarily respond identically between different instruments at differing signal intensity. Inter-instrument ratio can be unity for calibration point and two logs for lower intensity signal. There are other sources of error. Aside from microsphere agglutination, they appear to be minor contributors compensated for by the Intraplex method; however, these sources of error deserve further study. Intraplexing can enable reliable, precise, time course studies in small animals for virtually any assay of interest. If Intraplexing is used, then the assay should be suitable for use in human diagnostics, as well as making for better science. I believe the Intraplexing method should become standard practice for assay development and analysis.

Block copolymers: Phase behavior in neutral and selective solvents

Hanley, Kenneth Jason University of Minnesota 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

The effect of the thermodynamic selectivity of a solvent on the self-assembly behavior of styrene-isoprene (SI) diblock copolymers is investigated. We explore the phase behavior from the melt state to dilute solution in solvents that are of varying selectivities for the two blocks. Bis(2-ethyl hexyl phthalate) (DOP) is a neutral good solvent for SI, while di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and dimethyl phthalate (DMP), are increasingly PS-selective; n-tetradecane (C14) is utilized as a complementary PI-selective solvent. The model SI diblock copolymers were synthesized via anionic polymerization and are of the appropriate molecular weights and compositions to access all initial melt-state morphologies with differing degrees of segregation. Small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering, rheology, and static birefringence are used to locate and identify order-order transitions (OOT) and order-disorder transitions (ODT). Dynamic and static light scattering were used to characterize the dilute solution micellar behavior. Dilution with DOP lowers the OOT and ODT temperatures due to the decrease in segregation between the S and I-blocks. For each polymer examined, the experimental results indicate the scaling of the interaction parameter at the ODT follows a stronger scaling than that of the predicted “dilution approximation”. In contrast, three different morphological OOTs followed exactly the dilution approximation. These results confirm an increased stability of the disordered state that has previously been ascribed to non-universal, non-random mixing. The effect of increasing the solvent selectivity is to enlarge the region of ordered states. Rich lyotropic and thermotropic behavior is observed among regions of lamellae, and normal and inverted versions of the bicontinuous gyroid, hexagonal-packed cylinder, body-centered and face-centered cubic-packed sphere phases. The overall sequence of phases with dilution and/or heating is rationalized on the basis of diagonal trajectories across the phase map (temperature versus composition) for undiluted block copolymers. However, a variety of novel features emerge in the more selective solvents DEP and DMP: the formation of FCC-packed micelles, re-entrant thermotropic ODTs, and substantial windows of lamellar/hexagonal-packed cylinder coexistence. The temperature dependence of the principal length scale, d*, on &phis;, T and structure is also considered via experiment and theory.

Mindful growth: The relationship between dispositional mindfulness, cognitive coping, posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth

Hanley, Adam W The Florida State University 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

This study explored the relationship between dispositional mindfulness, posttraumatic outcomes (i.e., stress and growth) and cognitive coping strategies (i.e., intrusive rumination, deliberate rumination, and positive reappraisal) that may support more positive posttraumatic outcomes. In blending a literature base addressing posttraumatic growth with a literature base exploring mindfulness and positive reappraisal, it appears that dispositional mindfulness is uniquely situated to positively influence posttraumatic cognitions, recovery and growth. The relationship between mindfulness, cognitive coping and posttraumatic outcomes was investigated in a sample (N=437) of university students given the high, traumatic exposure prevalence rate (e.g., 72%-92%) and the elevated rates of posttraumatic distress observed in college students (approximately 20% report clinical or subclinical levels of distress). Path analysis revealed that both dispositional mindfulness and the amount of schematic disruption associated with the traumatic exposure had significant direct and indirect effects on posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth. Interpretation of the path analysis suggested three, broad paths: 1) An intrusive path linking traumatic disruption to posttraumatic stress through intrusive rumination, 2) A deliberate path linking traumatic disruption to both posttraumatic outcomes through deliberate rumination, associated with greater posttraumatic stress and greater posttraumatic growth, and 3) A mindful-reappraisal path linking mindfulness to both posttraumatic outcomes through positive reappraisal and both ruminative types, associated with reduced posttraumatic stress and greater posttraumatic growth. Results suggest that dispositional mindfulness, the amount of schematic disruption following a traumatic exposure, and cognitive coping styles all affect posttraumatic outcomes. As such, appropriately selected and implemented mindfulness-based interventions may facilitate recovery and growth in the aftermath of trauma.

Privileged nature: Ornithologists, hunters, sportsmen and the dawn of environmental conservation in Spain, 1850 to 1935

Hanley, Patrick ProQuest Dissertations & Theses The University of 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation argues the foundation of Spain's first national park, the Parque Nacional de la Montana de Covadonga, was the culmination of a four-century-long historical development in which Spaniards redefined the manner in which they conceived of and interacted with nature. The establishment of the Parque Nacional de la Montana de Covadonga resulted from two different historical processes, the formation of empirical science in Spain and the pursuit of noble hunting, which converged in the late nineteenth-century in the form of species protection and the environmental conscience it reflected. This environmental conscience permeated discourses on Spanish reinvigoration including those of nobleman, sportsman, and politician Pedro Jose Pidal y Bernaldo de Quiros whose own articulation of this environmental consciousness materialized in the form of the Parque Nacional de la Montana de Covadonga which legislatively meshed species and landscape protection for the first time in Spain in 1916.