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Survival of norovirus surrogate on various food-contact surfaces.
Kim, An-Na,Park, Shin Young,Bae, San-Cheong,Oh, Mi-Hwa,Ha, Sang-Do Springer New York 2014 Food and environmental virology Vol.6 No.3
<P>Norovirus (NoV) is an environmental threat to humans, which spreads easily from one infected person to another, causing foodborne and waterborne diseases. Therefore, precautions against NoV infection are important in the preparation of food. The aim of this study was to investigate the survival of murine norovirus (MNV), as a NoV surrogate, on six different food-contact surfaces: ceramic, wood, rubber, glass, stainless steel, and plastic. We inoculated 10(5) PFU of MNV onto the six different surface coupons that were then kept at room temperature for 28 days. On the food-contact surfaces, the greatest reduction in MNV was 2.28 log10 PFU/coupon, observed on stainless steel, while the lowest MNV reduction was 1.29 log10 PFU/coupon, observed on wood. The rank order of MNV reduction, from highest to lowest, was stainless steel, plastic, rubber, glass, ceramic, and wood. The values of d R (time required to reduce the virus by 90%) on survival plots of MNV determined by a modified Weibull model were 277.60 h (R(2) = 0.99) on ceramic, 492.59 h (R(2) = 0.98) on wood, 173.56 h on rubber (R(2) = 0.98), 97.18 h (R(2) = 0.94) on glass, 91.76 h (R(2) = 0.97) on stainless steel, and 137.74 h (R(2) = 0.97) on plastic. The infectivity of MNV on all food-contact surfaces remained after 28 days. These results show that MNV persists in an infective state on various food-contact surfaces for long periods. This study may provide valuable information for the control of NoV on various food-contact surfaces, in order to prevent foodborne disease.</P>
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Zhao, TingTing,Choi, Nakyung,Kim, Heejin,Kim, Yangha,Kim, Hak-Ryul,Kim, In-Hwan Springer New York LLC 2017 Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society Vol. No.
<P>Lipase-mediated transesterification of soybean oil with a blending alcohol consisting of methanol and 1-butanol for synthesis of fatty acid esters was carried out. Lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosa (Lipozyme TL IM) was used as a biocatalyst. The lipase was purchased from Novozymes (Seoul, Republic of Korea). The effects of the molar proportions of methanol and 1-butanol in the blending alcohol, reaction temperature, enzyme loading and water content were investigated, for reaction optimization. The relative consuming rates of methanol and 1-butanol during the reaction were also explored. Among seven different ratios of alcohol blends employed in this study, that containing 80 mol% methanol gave the highest yield of fatty acid esters. Optimum reaction temperature, enzyme loading, and water content were 30 A degrees C, 15% (based on the substrate weight), and 0.3% (based on the substrate weight), respectively. Water influenced significantly the reaction rate and yield. On the transesterification, the degree of reaction of methanol was higher than that of 1-butanol and the presence of 1-butanol contributed to increase of the reaction rate as well as yield. The maximum yield of ca. 98 wt% was achieved under the optimized condition.</P>
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Cho, Yunju,Qi, Yulin,O’Connor, Peter B.,Barrow, Mark P.,Kim, Sunghwan Springer New York LLC 2014 Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrome Vol.25 No.1
<P>In this study, a phase-correction technique was applied to the study of crude oil spectra obtained using a 7 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). 7 T FT-ICR MS had not been widely used for oil analysis due to the lower resolving power compared with high field FT-ICR MS. For low field instruments, usage of data that has not been phase-corrected results in an inability to resolve critical mass splits of C<SUB>3</SUB> and SH<SUB>4</SUB> (3.4 mDa), and <SUP>13</SUP>C and CH (4.5 mDa). This results in incorrect assignments of molecular formulae, and discontinuous double bond equivalents (DBE) and carbon number distributions of S<SUB>1</SUB>, S<SUB>2</SUB>, and hydrocarbon classes are obtained. Application of phase correction to the same data, however, improves the reliability of assignments and produces continuous DBE and carbon number distributions. Therefore, this study clearly demonstrates that phase correction improves data analysis and the reliability of assignments of molecular formulae in crude oil anlayses.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>
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Jahng, Geon-Ho,Xu, Songfan Springer New York LLC 2012 BRAIN IMAGING AND BEHAVIOR Vol.6 No.3
<P>Recent studies with positron emission tomography (PET) using the Pittsburgh compound B (PIB) found widespread amyloid plaque depositions in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and even in cognitively normal (CN) subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the local susceptibility gradients in brain tissue alter regional diffusion measurements using MRI in patients with AD and MCI. Two diffusion tensor (DT)-MRI data sets were acquired with alternating polarities of the external diffusion-sensitizing gradients. Three subject groups were included: 15 patients with AD, 18 patients with MCI and 16 CN. Maps of mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) were computed separately for positive (p) and negative (n) polarities (pMD and nMD, pFA and nFA). Voxel-wise paired t-tests were performed between pMD versus nMD or between pFA versus nFA maps, separately for each subject group. We also investigated regions-of-interest (ROIs) in the brain. Based on the pair-wise comparisons, we found significant differences between pMD and nMD in all three groups. Results of ROI-based analyses showed that the non-linear behaviors of the ROI data sets were shown for all three groups. In conclusion, significant differences of MD maps between the two polarities of diffusion-sensitizing gradients were found, suggesting that the intrinsic background gradients may alter MD signals in specific regions. It can be important to take into account the effects of local gradient alterations during diffusion measurements in patients with AD, MCI and elderly controls.</P>
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High-density mapping of quantitative trait loci for grain-weight and spikelet number in rice
Kim, Dong-Min,Lee, Hyun-Sook,Kwon, Soo-Jin,Fabreag, Mark Edward,Kang, Ju-Won,Yun, Yeo-Tae,Chung, Chong-Tae,Ahn, Sang-Nag Springer New York 2014 Rice Vol.7 No.-
<P><B>Background</B></P><P>High grain yield is one of the most important traits requiring improvement in rice breeding programs. Consequently, the genetic basis of spikelets per panicle (SPP) and grain weight (TGW) have received much research focus because of their importance in rice yield.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>In this study, IL28, which is a near isogenic line (NIL) developed by introgressing chromosomal segments of the cultivar ‘Moroberekan’ into the cultivar ‘Ilpumbyeo’, showed a significant increase in the number of spikelets per panicle (SPP) and 1,000-grain weight (TGW) compared to the recurrent parent, Ilpumbyeo. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis in 243 F2 plants derived from a cross between IL28 and Ilpumbyeo indicated that both <I>qSPP6</I> and <I>qTGW6</I> are located in the interval RM3430–RM20580. Following substitution mapping with 50 F<SUB>3:4:5</SUB> lines, <I>qSPP6</I> was mapped to a 429-kb interval between RM20521 and InDel-1, while <I>qTGW6</I> was mapped to a 37.85-kb interval between InDel-1 and SNP--3 based on the <I>japonica</I> genome sequence. This result indicates that <I>qSPP6</I> and <I>qTGW6</I> are different genes. Yield trials with substitution lines indicated that lines harboring the homozygous Moroberekan segment at both the <I>qSPP6</I> and <I>qTGW6</I> region showed significantly higher grain yield than Ilpumbyeo.</P><P><B>Conclusion</B></P><P>Because the Moroberekan alleles for SPP and TGW have been shown to be beneficial in the genetic background of Ilpumbyeo, both the <I>qSPP6</I> and <I>qTGW6</I> alleles might prove valuable in improving rice yields. Closely linked SSR markers are expected to facilitate the cloning of genes that underlie these QTLs, as well as with marker-assisted selection for variation in SPP and TGW in rice breeding programs.</P><P><B>Electronic supplementary material</B></P><P>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12284-014-0014-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</P>
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Zelenyuk, Alla,Imre, Dan,Wilson, Jacqueline,Zhang, Zhiyuan,Wang, Jun,Mueller, Klaus Springer New York LLC 2015 Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrome Vol.26 No.2
<P>Understanding the effect of aerosols on climate requires knowledge of the size and chemical composition of <I>individual</I> aerosol particles-two fundamental properties that determine an aerosol’s optical properties and ability to serve as cloud condensation or ice nuclei. Here we present our aircraft-compatible single particle mass spectrometers, SPLAT II and its new, miniaturized version, miniSPLAT that measure in-situ and in real-time the size and chemical composition of individual aerosol particles with extremely high sensitivity, temporal resolution, and sizing precision on the order of a monolayer. Although miniSPLAT’s size, weight, and power consumption are significantly smaller, its performance is on par with SPLAT II. Both instruments operate in dual data acquisition mode to measure, in addition to single particle size and composition, particle number concentrations, size distributions, density, and asphericity with high temporal resolution. We also present ND-Scope, our newly developed interactive visual analytics software package. ND-Scope is designed to explore and visualize the vast amount of complex, multidimensional data acquired by our single particle mass spectrometers, along with other aerosol and cloud characterization instruments on-board aircraft. We demonstrate that ND-Scope makes it possible to visualize the relationships between different observables and to view the data in a geo-spatial context, using the interactive and fully coupled Google Earth and Parallel Coordinates displays. Here we illustrate the utility of ND-Scope to visualize the spatial distribution of atmospheric particles of different compositions, and explore the relationship between individual particle compositions and their activity as cloud condensation nuclei.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>
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Acter, Thamina,Cho, Yunju,Kim, Sungji,Ahmed, Arif,Kim, Byungjoo,Kim, Sunghwan Springer New York LLC 2015 Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrome Vol.26 No.9
<P>A systematic study was performed to investigate the utility of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (APCI HDX MS) to identify the structures of nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds. First, experiments were performed to determine the optimized experimental conditions, with dichloromethane and CH<SUB>3</SUB>OD found to be good cosolvents for APCI HDX. In addition, a positive correlation between the heated capillary temperature and the observed HDX signal was observed, and it was suggested that the HDX reaction occurred when molecules were contained in the solvent cluster. Second, 20 standard nitrogen-containing compounds were analyzed to investigate whether speciation could be determined based on the different types of ions produced from nitrogen-containing compounds with various functional groups. The number of exchanges occurring within the compounds correlated well with the number of active hydrogen atoms attached to nitrogen, and it was confirmed that APCI HDX MS could be used to determine speciation. The results obtained by APCI HDX MS were combined with the subsequent investigation of the double bond equivalence distribution and indicated that resins of shale oil extract contained mostly pyridine type nitrogen compounds. This study confirmed that APCI HDX MS can be added to previously reported chemical ionization, electrospray ionization, and atmospheric pressure photo ionization-based HDX methods, which can be used for structural elucidation by mass spectrometry.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>
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Hong, Areum,Lee, Hong Hee,Heo, Chae Eun,Cho, Yunju,Kim, Sunghwan,Kang, Dukjin,Kim, Hugh I. Springer New York LLC 2017 Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrome Vol.28 No.4
<P>With the growth of the pharmaceutical industry, structural elucidation of drugs and derivatives using tandem mass spectrometry (MS<SUP>2</SUP>) has become essential for drug development and pharmacokinetics studies because of its high sensitivity and low sample requirement. Thus, research seeking to understand fundamental relationships between fragmentation patterns and precursor ion structures in the gas phase has gained attention. In this study, we investigate the fragmentation of the widely used anticancer drugs, doxorubicin (DOX), vinblastine (VBL), and vinorelbine (VRL), complexed by a singly charged proton or alkali metal ion (Li<SUP>+</SUP>, Na<SUP>+</SUP>, K<SUP>+</SUP>) in the gas phase. The drug-cation complexes exhibit distinct fragmentation patterns in tandem mass spectra as a function of cation size. The trends in fragmentation patterns are explicable in terms of structures derived from ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and theoretical calculations.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>
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Howlader, Jewel,Park, Jong-In,Kim, Hoy-Taek,Ahmed, Nasar Uddin,Robin, Arif Hasan Khan,Sumi, Kanij Rukshana,Natarajan, Sathishkumar,Nou, Ill-Sup Springer New York 2017 Tropical plant biology Vol.10 No.4
<P> Mildew Locus O (MLO) gene family members have significant functions in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we retrieved 14 MLO sequences designated as Cucumis melo MLO (CmMLO) fromthemelon genome database 'Melonomics'. Phylogenetic analysis distributed the 14 predicted CmMLO proteins into five of the six distinct MLO clades. Tissue-specific reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis using the C. melo 'SCNU1154' line revealed that 14 CmMLO genes were differentially expressed, suggesting their probable roles in specific processes of growth and development. Analysis of stress-induced expression revealed that five of the CmMLO genes were upregulated at 6 h post inoculation (dpi) with Podosphaera xanthii Race 1 or DH487, indicating a possible role for MLO proteins in the host cell as an initial step of disease progress. Seven CmMLO genes were upregulated at 10 d post inoculation (dpi) with both races, timing that corresponds to disease appearance at the later stage of infection. RT-qPCR analysis also revealed that all 14 CmMLO genes were up-regulated under drought stress, 13 were upregulated under salt stress, 10 were upregulated under heat stress, 4 were upregulated under cold, and 12 were upregulated under abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. This information regarding the stress-responsive behavior of CmMLO genes creates a window for developing stress-resistant cultivars in the Cucurbitaceae. </P>
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